terse) Tong bien tap PHAM VAN THIEU. Thu ky Toa soan : DOAN NGOC CAN BAN BIEN TAP: Ha Huy Bang, Nguyen Van Buu, ‘Doan Ngoc Can, To Ba Ha, Le Nhu Hung, Bui Thé Hung, Nguyen Thé Khoi, Hoang Xuan Nguyen, Neuyén Van Phan Nguyén Xuan Quang (Pho truding ban), Boan Van Ro Pham Van Thiéu (Truong ban), Chu Binh Thuy, Va Binh Tuy. TRI SU & PHAT HANH Le Thi Phuong Dung, Trinh Tién Binh, ‘Bao Thi Thu Hang Dia chi lien lac va dat mua bao TOA SOAN VAT LY & TUOI TRE 10 - Dao Tan Thu Lé, Q. Ba Dinh, Ha Not Tel : (04) 37 669 209 Emall : tapchivatlytuoitre@gmail.com + Ban c6 thé dat mua béo 6 Buu di¢n TRONG SO NAY TIM HIEU SAU THEM VAT LY SO CAP 18 PHUONG PHAP THU NGUYEN DE RAKY NAY 15 TRUNG HOC CO SO, TRUNG HOC PHO THONG, DANH CHO CAC LOP KHONG CHUYEN VAT LY, DANH CHO CAC. BAN YEU TOAN GIAI DE KY TRUOC WW TRUNG HOC CO SG, TRUNG HOC PHO THONG, DANH CHO CAC LOP KHONG CHUYEN VAT LY, DANH CHO CAC BAN YEU TOAN GIGI THIEU CAC DE THI 15 € THI TOT NGHIEP THCS NAM 2008 TINH CAT LAM TRUNG QUOC GIUP BAN ON TAP Te? ON TAP VAT LY LOP 10 & LOP 11 GIUP BAN ON THI DAI HOC 122 DAO DONG VA SONG CO VAT LY DOI SONG 123 & Bia 3 + Cac tinh phia Nam o6 thé dat mua tal Trung tam Phat trién KHCN va DV (CENTEC), Hol Vat ly TP. HCM, 40 Béng Khoi, Q.1, TP. HOM, CAU LAC BO VL&IT Bia 4 DT : (08)38292954 Email : detec@hcm fpt.vn GIA: 72000. TRANSITO TRUONG CONG NOI VA BO NHO FLASH Anh Dia 1 : Doan hoe sinh Viet ‘Nam tai 1PHO 2010, In tai Cong ty CP Nha in Khoa hoc va Cong nghé, 189/89 Hoang Hoa Tham, 2. Ba Binh, Ha NOI. In xong va n6p lu chigu thang 9 nam 2010.VAT LY & TUGHTRE TIM HIEU SAU VE VAT LY SO CAP PHUONG PHAP THU NGUYEN Trudc hét ta hay nhac lai van tat vé don vi do cac dai luong vat ly va. khai nigm tha nguyen. Cc dai lugng vat ly thuong 6 méi quan hé voi nhau va duoc biéu thi bang mét phuong trinh vat ly. Vi du van téc bang quang duéng chia cho thoi gian, luc béing khdi lung nihén véi gia t6c. Vi vay chi can chon don vi do cho mét sé ai lung, con don vi cla céc dai iugng khac duge suy ra ts ching. Cac dai lung ma c6 don vi dugc chon truéc goi la dai luong co bn, don vi do cia chiing duoc goi la don vi co ban. Bon vi cua cac yong duoc biéu thi qua cae don vi co ban thi goi la don vi dan suat (cae dai lugng tuang ung duge goi la dai lugng dan suat). Trong hé don vi SI cée don vi co ban la: = met (m) - don vi do d6 dai - kilogam (kg) - don vi do khéi luong ~ giay (s) - don vi do thoi gian ~ ampe (A) - don vi do cudng d6 dong dién ~ Candela (Cd) - dan vi do cudng 46 sing = d6 Kelvin (K) - don vi do nhiét 46 tuyét di = Mol - don vi do s6 hat cau thanh thyc thé bang véi sé nguyén ti trong 0,012 kildgam cacbon-12 nguyén chai. Thu nguyén cia mét dai lugng vat ly 1a céng thic biéu thi méiién hé ca don vj mét dai luong dan suat qua cdc don vico ban. Trong co hoe chi cén ba don vi co ban fa mét (m),kil6gam (kg) va giay (s). Nguoi ta dua vao cae ky hiéu cho cdc don vico ban nay in lugt lL, M va T. Thi nguyén cla mot dai luong x bat ky duge quy dinh vidt la [x]. Nhu vay thir nguyén cia thoi gian {f] = T, cua d6 dai {f] = L va cua khdi luong [m] = M. Dé dang suy ra thi nguyén cua dién tich [s] = L*, ia van tée [v] = UT = LT", cua lye [F] = MLT?..wv. Bay gid ching ta noi dén phuong phap thi nguyén, do la phuong phap sti dung thi: nguyén d& xac dinh su phy thude ita cae dai luong trong bai toan vat ly Trinh bay cae co sé chu yéu aia phuong phap thu: nguyén {6t hon ca la qua nhiing vi du cu thé. Chung ta sé lam diéu 6 bang cach phan tich sy bién dang va ap luc sinh ra khi hai vat tuong tac dan héi véi nhau. Khi mét vat tuong tac tructiép voi vat khae thi sé chiu tac dung cla mt luc F lam cho hhinh dang va kich thudc cia vat thay d6i, Gia tr tuyét Gi cua F duoc tinh theo dinh tut Hook: F = kx (1) 6 day x la do bién dang, k la hé s6 dan héi. Béi voi bign dang gian SO 85 THANG 9 - 2010 (hoae nén) c6 thé viét lai cong thuc (1) dudi dang F -Bar (2), 6 day E la m6 dun dan h6i (cdn goi la mé dun Young). E la dai luong dc trung cho kha nang chéng lai téc dung tu bén ngoai cla vat ligu, né khong phy thude gi vao kich thud va hinh dang cua mau vat duge nghién cu. S la dign tich tét dién, vudng gc voi 5 hugng cia ngoai lye tac . dung lan vat. ¢ la dé dai va A€ la d6 bién di d6 dai cia vat bi bién dang. Bay gid ching ta hay xét va cham dan hoi cia hai qua céu. Bai toan 1. Hai qua céu, ban kinh R, duoc lam bang chat 6 khdi long rigng va md dun dan héi E, chuyén dong én gap nhau theo duréng thang néi tém cia ching, voi ting d6 I6n van t6c v (Hinh 1.). Ching va cham dan hoi tuyét di véi nhau. Hay tim d6 bién dang lon nhét x trong thd’ gian va cham. Giai. Ro rang la x c6 thé phy thude vao tat c& cdc tham $6, dc trung cho hai qua céu trong qua trinh va cham, tic Ia phy thudc vao vy, P, R va E: x=x(v,p,R,E) CChiing ta sé tim sy phy thude nay dudi dang sau: x= Avep RE’ (3) 6 day Ala hé s6 tie, khng thu nguyén ({A] = 1), p, b,c, dla cc 86 mii khéng thu nguyén, gid tr ca chung tam thoi chua bit. Nhu da biat, thu: nguyén cua hai vé cua mét phuong tinh phai nhu nhau, déng thai thi nguyén cla cae s6 hang khac nnhau trong hai vé cla phuong trinh cing phai nhu nhau. Nhu vay thi: nguyén cia hai vé biéu thuc (3) phai nhu nhau: bev [oe Te) Biéu thic nay dat nhiing diéu kién nhait dinh lén gia tri cae 86 mii p, b, ¢, d. Ching ta viét thi nguyén cia tat c cdc dai luong trong hai vé cua dng thic (3). {86 dai la dai lugng co ban vi vay ¢6 thé vist ra duge ngay B)=L IRJ=L. Theo dinh nghia, t6c d6 dac trung cho quang dudng di duoc trong mét don vi thai gian, nén {v] = E+ LT". Khéi luong 3VAT LY & TUGH TRE ring 1a khi luong tinh trén mot don vi thé tich, suy ra [e]= ML? Co thé dua vao dinh luat Hooke va dinh luat Newton thi hai dé xac dinh thu nguyén ctia mé dun dan héi. Fe Tucting thi @)suyraréng =F" Theo nh ati Newton, lye bang khéi luong nhan gia téc F = ma, Suyra = "2-1 6). Gia tél 56 doc bin dtc ; uae faleWle ur? trong mét don vi thai gian, vi vay: fale net . Thu nguyén cia cac dai lugng con lai trong biéu tha (3) 06 =[AM=L thé viét duoc ngay: [m] = M, (S] = MLT? L. ML'T* Vivay (E}= Cob Thé thi: nguyén cua cae dai lugng tuong Ung vao (4), ta b= run Say ur’y hay U= ng thi thu nguyén 6 vé trai va vé phai sé nhu nhau néu ccho s6 mii cia cac ky hiéu thu nguyén giéng nhau 6 vé trai va vé phai bing nhau. Vit la (6) dui dang: UMOT? = yes pane duge: Lym ) Ln lugt cho s6 md ciia cdc ky higu thu nguyén cua cing ‘mot dai iuong 6 hai vé bang nhau, ta duge: [l=p-3b+ce-d O=b+d | = p+2d Ti do tinh duoc ¢ = 1, va0 (3) $8 duge x= x (ov _f pvt V? hay £2422) 4% -™ Rover) . Biéu thuc (7) xe dinh dang ca phuong trinh doi véi do bién dang tuong déi xR cua céc qua céu. Trong dé Ava p van chua biét. So sanh (3) va (7) c6 thé nhan thay rang bang cach xét tha nguyén cia cdc dai lugng cho phép ta thay thé hé thuc giua nam dai lugng c6 this nguyén (x, v, ,R,E) bang hé thuc gida hai dai luong khong thi nguyén [z Vay [ow ay Te N&u nu tim duge sy phy thug x = x{ v0. R.E) bang thyc 4 Inghiém thi viée sii dung phuong phap thi: nguyén cho phép ta thay cho khdo sat su anh hudng cua bén dai luong c6 thi nguyén lén x, ta chi Khdo sat sy anh husng cia mat dai [ pv ] l z | [4 R {ai rat nhiéu tién foi cho nha thuc nghiém vi cho phép giam duoc niu s6 thi nghiém cén lam. Cn chi y rang, hé 86 A khong thé xée dinh duoc bang Phuong phép thi: nguyén, vind chang lién quan gi dén cac 86 mi trong céng thc thi nguyén ca cac dai luong. S6 md p c6 quan hé voi cong thie thi: nguyén nén trong mot 6 truong hop c6 thé xéc dinh duge no. Ching ta thi xét riéng mot trudng hgp co thé lam duge diéu nay. Trong bai todn cia chiing ta cd 4 s6 mi p, b,c, d nhung lai chi cb 3 phuong tri ién he gita ching, BE xéc dinh git bang s6 cla bén an la cdc s6 mi thi cén phai co bon phuong trinh, Biéu nay chi co thé c6 dugc trong hai truong hop: hoae chon bén don vi co ban (déi véi co hoc) chu kkhéng phai fa ba, hoe gidm s6 an (tic s6 c&c sé md) di mot, Chung ta sé di theo cach thu hai. Gid su dé bién dang sinh ra khi va cham chi phy thude vao mé dun dan hdi E va - a 6 ok my? dong nang cia qua cau K= lugng khéng thir nguyén | - Bigu nay dua i m la kh6i ong cia Val. 6 day ching ta da tinh dén kich thuéc qua céu trong 4 23 thiét tho vi d6 bién dang khang nhung phu thude déng nang ma con phy thudc ca vao ban kinh R cia qua cu). Gid tit 6 cho phép viét ra mét cach gn dung: x n bigu thie dong nang K=-"rR*py" (Bay fa mot gid Thu nguyén cla dong ning [K]=[mv*? Bay gid lam tuong ty nhu é phan trén, sau khi lap ra hé phuong trinh va xac dinh P,- 4, , chung ta sé thu dugc A( KY". (pw ile) -4(F) S6 mia trong céng thi (8) gén gidng véi sé mi 2/5 khi gidi bai toan mot cach chat ché. hi sti dung phuong phap this nguyén thi phat bigu ding bai toan la hét suc quan trong, vi viéc phat biéu bai toan sé tach ra nhing tham s6 ma dai lugng cén tim phy thuge vao cchiing. Khi gidi bai toan vé va cham dan héi clia cac qua ‘cu chung ta da tinh dén cac yéu tc ua cu chéng lai sy lan truyén d6 bign dang trong qua cau (m6 dun €), hinh dang va kich thude cua mign duge xét (qua céu ban kinh R), téc dung tis ben ngoai lén mién duge x61 (qua tc d6 v va khdi luong riéng_ cc céc qua céu).. (Xem tiép ky sau ) ; x bidu thuc sau: = = iéu 7 86 85 THANG 9 - 2010