New-24-8th Grade Literature Exam Study Guide

Partial 2
2023-2024
Topics
1. What Matters
2. When is it right to take a stand?
3. Context Clues
4. 7 types of intelligences
5. Vocabulary
Short stories covered:
1. Barrington Irving Pilot
2. Three Cheers in a Nanny State

General Concepts
What Matters
● The phrase "that is what matters" is a correct and usable part of a sentence in
written English. You can use it to emphasize the importance of something, or to bring
attention to the main point of something. For example: "We may not have all the
answers, but that is what matters.".
● Meaning of all that matters in English.the only thing that is important, or the most
important thing: So long as he's happy - that's all that matters. All that matters to me is
that my son stays happy and healthy.
● WMTY is all about encouraging more meaningful conversations between people.
To help you get the best possible outcome, we need to understand the things that are
really important to you. This could be something very specific or something more
general.
● If you ask someone “What's the matter?” it shows you are concerned about the other
person. You usually ask someone “What's the matter?” if the person looks angry or
worried. But saying, “What's the matter with you?” has a completely different meaning.
And it usually sounds rude or offensive.
● What does it mean when is it right to take a stand?Adopt a firm position about an
issue, as in She was more than willing to take a stand on abortion rights. This idiom
alludes to the military sense of stand, “hold one's ground against an enemy.” [Mid-1800s]
Also see make a stand.
● Often many people and groups must take a stand to bring change to a society. Any
movement for social and political change can require years. Ending slavery, establishing
child labor laws, and fighting against Jim Crow segregation laws and prohibition took
many attempts at change.
Context Clues
● Context clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a
reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.
● Context = the surrounding circumstances, ideas and words woven together to
form the setting or background for an event, statement, or idea. Context—the words
or ideas expressed before and after— provides us with the information we need to fully
understand, evaluate or interpret the ideas in the passage.
● Definition context clues give the reader the actual meaning of the word in the
sentence. Look at this example: The man's obesity, or too much fat, caused much worry
for the doctor. This sentence actually tells the reader that obesity means too much fat.
● A reader must be aware that many words have several possible meanings. Only by
being sensitive to the circumstances in which a word is used can the reader decide upon
an appropriate definition to fit the context.
● Learning the meaning of a word through its use in a sentence or paragraph is the
most practical way to build vocabulary, since a dictionary is not always available
when a reader encounters an unknown word.
● A reader should rely on context clues when an obvious clue to meaning is
provided, or when only a general sense of the meaning is needed for the reader’s
purposes. Context clues should not be relied upon when a precise meaning is required,
when clues suggest several possible definitions, when nearby words are unfamiliar, and
when the unknown word is a common one that will be needed again; in these cases, a
dictionary should be consulted.

7 Types of intelligences

1. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)Linguistic Intelligence is a part of Howard

Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory that deals with sensitivity to the spoken and
written language, ability to learn languages, and capacity to use language to accomplish
certain goals.Linguistic intelligence involves the ability to use language masterfully to
express oneself rhetorically or poetically. It includes the ability to manipulate syntax,
structure, semantics, and phonology of language.
2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning Smart)Logical-mathematical
intelligence refers to the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical
operations, and investigate issues scientifically.Logical-mathematical intelligence
involves the ability to use logic, abstractions, reasoning, and critical thinking to solve
problems. It includes the capacity to understand the underlying principles of some kind
of causal system.People with logical-mathematical intelligence, such as Albert Einstein
and Bill Gates, have an ability to develop equations and proofs, make calculations, and
solve abstract problems.
3. Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart)Spatial intelligence involves the ability to perceive
the visual-spatial world accurately. It includes the ability to transform, modify, or
manipulate visual information. People with high spatial intelligence are good at
visualization, drawing, sense of direction, puzzle building, and reading maps.
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart)Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the
potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body (like the hand or the mouth) to
 solve problems or to fashion products.Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves using the
body with finesse, grace, and skill. It includes physical coordination, balance, dexterity,
strength, and flexibility. People with high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are good at
sports, dance, acting, and physical crafts.
5. Musical Intelligence (Music Smart)Musical intelligence refers to the skill in the
performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns.Musical intelligence
involves the ability to perceive, discriminate, create, and express musical forms. It
includes sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, melody, and tone color. People with high musical
intelligence are good at singing, playing instruments, and composing music.
6. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart)Interpersonal intelligence is the capacity to
understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people and, consequently,
to work effectively with others.
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence (Self-Smart)Intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to
understand oneself, to have an effective working model of oneself, including one’s
desires, fears, and capacities—and to use such information effectively in regulating one’s
own life.It includes self-awareness, personal cognizance, and the ability to refine,
analyze, and articulate one’s emotional life.

Vocabulary
1. determination: the quality of being determined; firmness of purpose.
2. achieve: successfully bring about or reach (a desired objective or result) by effort, skill,
or courage.
3. pursue: follow or chase (someone or something).
4. tackling: make determined efforts to deal with (a problem or difficult task).
5. accomplish: achieve or complete successfully.
6. Purposeful:having or showing determination or resolve.
7. impose:having or showing determination or resolve.
8. justifiable: able to be shown to be right or reasonable; defensible.
9. status quo: the existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues.
10. rational: based on or in accordance with reason or logic.