Mechanical Properties of Fluids

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MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF FLUIDS
Chapter 10
Angle of contact, drops and bubbles,

A Capillary action (Capillarity) 28%
)
3%
Viscous force, terminal velocity

(2
B Bernoulli's theorem and its applications 25%

D
A (28%)
Pressure, Pressure due to a fluid column,
C Pascal's law and its applications, Buoyant force, 24%
Archimedes' principle, law of floatation
C (24%) D Torricelli's law, Surface Energy 23%

B (25%)
WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW?

10.6.1 Surface Energy
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.6.2 Surface Tension
10.2 PRESSURE
10.6.3 Angle of Contact (C)
10.2.1 Pascal’s Law
10.6.4 Drops and Bubbles
10.2.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth
10.6.5 Capillary Tube And Capillarity
10.3 FLUID DYNAMICS (STREAMLINE FLOW)
10.7 SYNOPSIS
10.4 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
10.8 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
10.4.1 Torricell’s Law of Efflux (Fluid Out Flow)
10.9 NCERT EXEMPLAR
10.4.2 Venturimeter
10.10 ASSERTION & REASON AND STATEMENT
10.5 VISCOSITY
10.11 MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
10.5.1 Stroke’s Law and Terminal Velocity
10.12 ARCHIVE
10.6 SURFACE TENSION
10.13 ANSWER KEY
Atmospheric pressure (P) Absolute pressure (P) Gauge pressure (Pg) Relative density or
Pressure (atm) exerted by the The total or actual Difference between the absolute specific gravity
atmosphere. At sea-level, pressure (P) at a point pressure (P) at a point and the density of substance
1 atm = pressure exerted by absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure (Pa) 
atmospheric pressure density of water at 4°C
0.76 m of Hg = hg Gauge pressure (Pg) = absolute
= 0.76 × 13.6 × 103 × 9.8 + gauge pressure pressure (P) – atmospheric
= 1.013 × 105 Nm–2 = 101.3 kPa pressure (Pa)
mass (M)
Density () 
Pascal's law : The pressure exerted volume (V)
at any point on an enclosed liquid is thrust (F) F Density of water at 4°C
transmitted equally in all directions. Pressure P =  lim i.e., maximum density of water
area (A) A  0 A
Hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3
are based on Pascal's law. Pressure exerted by a liquid column
of height h, density , P = hg
Flow of fluids Viscosity
Streamline : When the liquid flow velocity Opposing force between different
is less than critical velocity, each particle of MECHANICAL PROPERTIES layers of fluid in relative motion
the liquid passing through a point travels OF FLUIDS dV
Fluids – Liquids and Gases Viscous drag F   A
along the same path sand same velocity as dx
the preceding particles passing. that can flow  = coefficient of viscosity
Tarbulent : When velocity of liquid flow
greater than critical velocity particles follow Bernoulli's Principle f
Surface tension, S 
zig-zig path. For an incompressible, non-viscous l
streamline, irrotational flow of fluid,
1 Work done in
Equation of continuity, m = a1 v1 r1 = a2 v2 r2 P   v 2   gh  constant increasing surface
2
For an incompressible liquid, r1 = r2, then Surface energy 
area
a1v1 = a2v2 or av = constant increase in
Applications of Bernoulli's surface area
principle 2S cos 
Capillary rise or fall, h 
rg
Excess pressure inside a drop (liquid)
Lift of an aircraft wing. Torricelli's law Venturimeter : A device 2S
Sprayer or atomizer Velocity of efflux of liquid used to measure rate of Pexcess 
through an orifice, flow of liquid. Volume of R
Blowing off the roofs Excess pressure inside a bubble (soap)
during windstorm. V  2 gh liquid flowing per second.
4S
2hmg Pexcess 
Q  a1a2 R
 (a12  a22 )
Mechanical Properties of Fluids 25
10.1 P.No.:250
 Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and identify material. The most common properties
considered are strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture toughness. Most structural mate-
rials are anisotropic, which means that their material properties vary with orientation.
 A body is said to be rigid if the relative positions of its constituent particles remains unchanged when external
deforming forces are applied to it. The nearest approach to a rigid body is diamond or carborundum.
 Actually no body is perfectly rigid and every body can be deformed more or less by the application of suitable
forces. All these deformed bodies however regain their original shape or size, when the deforming forces are
removed.
 The property of matter by virtue of which a body tends to regain its original shape and size after the removal
of deforming forces is called elasticity.
10.6 P.No.:264
Surface tension is basically a property of liquid. The liquid surface behaves like a stretched elastic membrane
which has a natural tendency to contract and tends to have a minimum possible area. This property of liquid
is called surface tension.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
 The force which acts between the atoms or the molecules of different substances is called intermolecular
force. This force is of two types.
 Cohesive force : The force acting between the molecules of one type of molecules of same substance
is called cohesive force.
 Adhesive force : The force acting between different types of molecules or molecules of different substance
is called adhesive force.
 Intermolecular forces are different from the gravitational forces not obey the inverse–square law
 The distance upto which these forces effective, is called molecular range. This distance is nearly 10–9 m.
Within this limit this increases very rapidly as the distance decreases.
 Molecular range depends on the nature of the substance
For Examples :
Water Glass : Water wets glass surface but mercury does not. Because when water comes in contact with
glass the adhesive force acts between water and glass molecules. As adhesive force is greater than the
cohesive force of water molecules, the water molecules, cling with glass surface and surface become wet.
In case of mercury adhesive force is less than that of cohesive force and Hg–molecules do not cling with
glass surface and surface does not wet with Hg–molecules.
 Oil–water : Since Cohesive force of water > Adhesive force oil–water > Cohesive force of oil.
 If water drop is poured on the surface of oil, it contracts in the form of globule.
 If oil drop is poured on the surface of water it spreads to a larger area in the form of thin film.
 Ink–paper : Since adhesive force between ink–paper > cohesive force on ink, the ink sticks to the paper.
EXPLANATION OF SURFACE TENSION (MOLECULAR THEORY OF SURFACE TENSION)
 Laplace firstly explained the phenomenon of surface tension on the basis of intermolecular forces. According
to him surface tension is a molecular phenomenon and its root causes are electromagnetic forces. He explained
the cause of surface tension as described under. If the distance between two molecules is less than the
molecular range C (10–9 m) then they attract each other, but if the distance is more than this then the
attraction becomes negligible. If a sphere of radius C with a molecule at centre is drawn, then only those
molecules which are enclosed within this sphere can attract or be attracted by the molecule at the centre
of the sphere. This sphere is called sphere of molecular activity or sphere of influence. In order to understand
26 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

the tension acting at the free surface of liquid, let us consider four liquid molecules like A, B, C and D
along with their spheres of molecular activity.
 According to figure D sphere is completely inside liquid. So molecule is attracted equally in all directions
and hence resultant force is equal to zero.
 According to figure sphere of molecule C is just below the liquid surface. So resultant force is equal
to zero.
 The molecule B which is a little below the liquid surface is more attracted downwards due to excess of
molecules downwards. Hence the resultant force is acting downwards.
liquid surface
 Molecule A is situated at surface so that its sphere of molecular A B
C
activity is half outside the liquid and half inside. Only down X C Y
portion has liquid molecules. Hence it experiences a maximum net downward
force
downward force. Thus all the molecules situated between the
zero resultant
surface and a plane XY, distant C below the surface, experience D
P force
a resultant downward cohesive force. When the surface area of
liquid is increased molecules from the interior of the liquid rise
to the surface.
As these molecules reach near the surface, work is done against the downward cohesive force. This
work is stored in the molecules in the form of potential energy. Thus the potential energy of the molecules
lying in the surface is greater than that of the molecules in the interior of the liquid. A system is in
stable equilibrium when its potential energy is minimum. Hence in order to have minimum potential
energy the liquid surface tends to have minimum number of molecules in it. In other words the surfaces
tends to contract to a minimum possible area. This tendency is exhibited as surface tension.
1. Surface tension is a scalar quantity.

2. It acts tangential to liquid surface.
3. Surface tension is always produced due to cohesive force.
4. More is the cohesive force, more is the surface tension.
5. When surface area of liquid is increased, molecules from the interior of the liquid rise to the surface.
For this, work is done against the downward cohesive force.
As a result, its potential energy increases and internal energy decreases. So on increase in surface
area cooling occurs. If liquid temperature remains same, then extra energy may be given by external
agency. So the molecules in the surface have some additional energy due to their position. This
additional energy per unit area of the surface is called Surface Energy, free surface energy or surface
energy density.
DEPENDENCY OF SURFACE TENSION

 On Cohesive Force : Those factors which increase the cohesive force between molecules increase the
surface tension and those which decrease the cohesive force between molecules decrease the surface tension.
 On impurities : If the impurity is completely soluble then on mixing it in the liquid, its surface tension
increases. For example, on dissolving ionic salts in small quantities in a liquid, its surface tension increases.
If the impurity is partially soluble in a liquid then its surface tension decreases because adhesive force
between insoluble impurity molecules and liquid molecules decreases cohesive force effectively, For
example,
 On mixing detergent in water its surface tension decreases.
 Surface tension of water is more than (alcohol + water) mixture.
 On temperature : On increasing temperature surface tension decreases. At critical temperature and boiling
point it becomes zero.

Note : Surface tension of water is maximum at 4°C
 On contamination : The dust particles or lubricating materials on the liquid surface decreases its surface
tension.
 On Electrification : The surface tension of a liquid decreases due to electrification because a force starts
acting due to it in the outward direction normal to the free surface of liquid.
DEFINITION OF SURFACE TENSION F

B
 Surface tension can be defined in the form of an imaginary line on the surface
or by relating it to the work done. The force acting per unit length of an F
A
imaginary line drawn on the free liquid surface at right angles to the line
and in the plane of liquid surface, is defined as surface tension.
Let an imaginary line AB be drawn in any direction on a liquid surface. The surface on either side of
this line exerts a pulling force, which is perpendicular to line AB. If force is F and length of AB is L
F
then T 
L
SI Units : N/m and J/m2 CGS Units : dyne/cm and erg/cm2 Dimensions : M1 L0 T–2
For Examples,
 When any needle floats on the liquid surface then
2Tl sin  = mg
Example, A mosquito sitting on a liquid surface.
 If the needle is lifted from the liquid surface then F

required excess force will be Fexcess = 2Tl
Minimum force required Fmin = mg + 2Tl
T T
 Required excess force for a circular thick ring
(or hollow disc) having internal and external
radii r1 and r2 is dipped in and taken out from
liquid Fexcess = F1 + F2 = T(2 r 1) + T(2 r 2) = 2 T(r1 + r2)
 Required excess force for a circular ring (r1 = r2 = r)

Fexcess = 2 T (r + r) = 4 rT T T W
r
 Required excess force for a circular disc (r 1 = 0, r2 = r)
Fexcess = 2 rT
T
10.6.1 SURFACE ENERGY P.No.:265
 According to molecular theory of surface tension the molecule in the surface
have some additional energy due to their position. This additional energy per unit
area of the surface is called “Surface energy”. Let a liquid film be formed on a
wire frame and a straight wire of length l can slide on this wire frame as shown
in figure. The film has two surfaces and both the surfaces are in contact with the
sliding wire and hence, exert forces of surface tension on it. If T be the surface
tension of the solution, each surface will pull the wire parallel to itself with a force
Tl.

 Thus, net force on the wire due to both the surfaces is 2Tl. Apply an external force F equal and opposite
to it to keep the wire is equilibrium. Thus, F = 2Tl. Now, suppose the wire is moved through a small distance
dx, the work done by the force is, dW = F dx = (2Tl) dx. But (2l) (dx) is the total increase in area of
both the surfaces of the film. Let it be dA. Then, dW = T dA  T = dW / dA
 Thus, the surface tension T can also be defined as the work done in increasing the surface area by unity.
Further, since there is no change in kinetic energy, the work done by the external force is stored as the
potential energy of the new surface.
dU
T [as dW  dU ]
dA
1. Work done (surface energy) in formation of a drop of radius r = Work done against surface tension
W = Surface tension T × change in area A = T × 4r2 = 4r2T
2. Work done (surface energy) in formation of a soap bubble of radius r :
W = T × A or W = T × 2 × 4r2 = 8r2T [ soap bubble has two surfaces]
The length of a needle floating on water is 2.5 cm. Calculate the added force required to pull the needle
out of water. [T = 7.2 × 10–2 N/m]
The force of surface tension F = T × 2l ( Two free surfaces are there)

 F = 7.2 × 10–2 × 2 × 2.5 × 10–2 = 3.6 × 10–3 N
A paper disc of radius R from which a hole of radius r is cut out, is floating in a liquid of surface tension,
T. What will be force on the disc due to surface tension?
F F
T   F  2 ( R  r )T
L 2 ( R  r )
Calculate the work done against surface tension in blowing a soap bubble from a radius 10 cm to 20 cm,
if the surface tension of soap solution is 25 × 10–3 N/m. Then compare it with liquid drop of same radius.
(i) For soap bubble : Extension in area = 2 × 4r22 – 2 × 4r12 = 8 [(0.2)2 – (0.1)2] = 0.24 m2
Work done W1 = surface tension × extension in area = 25 × 10–3 × 0.24  = 6  × 10–3 J
(ii) For liquid drop : In case of liquid drop only one free surface, so extension in area will be half
of soap bubble
W1
 W2   3  103 J
2
10.6.4 DROPS AND BUBBLES P.No.:268
SPLITTING OF BIGGER DROP INTO SMALLER DROPLETS

 If bigger drop is spitted into smaller droplets then in this process volume of liquid always remain conserved.
Let bigger drop has radius R. It is splitted into n smaller drops of radius r then by conservation of volume
3
4 3 4  R R
  R  n   r 3   n     r  1/3
3 3  r n
 Initial surface area = 4R and final surface area = n (4r2)
2
Therefore initial surface energy Ei = 4R2T and final surface energy Ef = n(4r2T)
 Change in area A = n4r2 – 4R2 = 4 (nr2 – R2)
Therefore the amount of surface energy absorbed i.e. E = Ef – Ei = 4T (nr2 – R2)
 Magnitude of work done against surface tension i.e. W = 4 (nr2 – R2)T
R  1 1 
W  4 T (nr 2  R 2 )  4 R 2T (n1/3  1)  4 R 2T   1  W  4 R 3T   
r  r R
In this process temperature of system decreases as energy gets absorbed in increasing surface area.
1 1  4 R 3T  1 1  3T  1 1 
W  Jm  4 R 3T            
4 3
r R  R J s  r R  J s r R 
3
Where  = liquid density, s = liquid's specific heat
Thus in this process area increasing, surface energy increasing, internal energy decreasing, temperature
decreasing, and energy is absorbed.
A big drop is formed by coalescing 1000 small droplets of water .What will be the change in surface energy.
What will be the ratio between the total surface energy of the droplets and the surface energy of the big
drop ?
4 3 4 R
By conservation of volume  R  1000   r 3  r 
3 3 10
2
R
Surface energy of 1000 droplets  1000  T  4    10 (T  4 R 2 )
10 
Surface energy of the big drop = T × 4R2
Surface energy will decrease in the process of formation of bigger drop, hence energy is released and
temperature increases.
Total surface energy of 1000 droplets 10(T  4 R 2 ) 10
  
Surface energy of big drop T  4 R 2 1
A water drop of radius 1mm is broken into 106 identical drops. Surface tension of water is 72 dynes/cm.
Find the energy spent in this process.
4 3 4 R
As volume of water remains constant, so  R  n  r 3  r  1/3
3 3 n
Increase in surface area A = n (4 r 2) – 4 R 2 = 4  (n 1/3 – 1) R2 = 4  (100 – 1)10 –6
 Energy spent = TA = 4 × 99 × 10–6 × 72 × 10–3 = 89.5 × 10–6 J
EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE A CURVED LIQUID SURFACE

 The pressure on the concave side of curved liquid surface is greater than that on the convex side. Therefore
pressure difference exists across two sides of a curved surface. This pressure difference is called excess
pressure.
EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE THE DROP

 Let a drop of radius r having internal and external pressure P i and P 0
respectively, so that excess pressure
dr
Pex = (Pi – P0).
If the radius of the drop is changed from r to (r + dr) then P0
Work done = F . dr = (PA) dr = P 4 r 2dr r Pi
Change in surface area = r  (r + dr) 2 – 4 r 2 = 8 r dr

W 4 r 2 Pdr 2T
So by definition of surface energy T    Pex  ( Pi  P0 ) 
A 8 rdr r
EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE SOAP BUBBLE :

 Since the soap bubble has two surfaces. The excess pressure will get
doubled as compared to a drop P0
r Pi
2T 2T 4T P’
Pi  P '  , P ' P0   excess pressure  Pi  P0 
r r r
1. For liquid surface, pressure on concave side is always higher than convex side
low
high
high
high
low
2. If a bubble is formed inside a liquid, the pressure inside the bubble is more than the pressure outside
the bubble.
3. A soap film is formed in a wire frame. A loop of thread is lying on the film. If the film inside the
loop is broken then the tension in the thread will be 2Tr.
4. In the following arrangement, air will flow from bubble A to B if T2 and T3 are opened, because pressure
in A is greater than in B.
T2 T3
T1
A B
2AT
5. The force required to separate two plates of Area A is given by F  .
d
Prove that, if two bubbles of radii r1 and r2 coalesce isothermally in vacuum then the radius of new bubble
will be r  r12  r22 .
When two bubbles coalesce then number of molecules of air will remain constant and temperature also
constant so
4T  4 3  4T  4 3  4T  4 3  2 2
n1  n2  n  PV
1 1
 PV
2 2
 PV    r1     r2     r   r  r1  r2
r1  3  r2  3  r 3 
Prove that, if two bubbles of radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2) come in contact with each other then the radius of
r1 r2
curvature of the common surface r  .
r2  r1
 r1 < r 2  P1 > P2 Small part of bubbles is in equilibrium
P1 P2
r1 r2
4T 4T 4T 4T rr
 P1 (A)  P2 (A)  A    r 1 2
r r1 r2 r r2  r1
Calculate the excess pressure within a bubble of air of radius 0.1 mm in water. If the bubble had been
formed 10 cm below the water surface on a day when the atmospheric pressure was 1.013 × 105 Pa,
then what would have been the total pressure inside the bubble? Surface tension of water = 73 × 10–3
N/m.
3
Excess pressure Pexcess  2T  2  73  10  1460 Pa
r 0.1  103
The pressure at a depth d, in liquid is P = hdg. Therefore, the total pressure inside the air bubble is
2T
Pin  Patm  hdg   (1.013  105 )  (10  102  103  9.8)  1460
r
= 101300 + 980 + 1460 = 103740 = 1.037 × 105 Pa
The limbs of a manometer consist of uniform capillary tubes of radii are 10–3 and 7.2 × 10–4 m. Find out
the correct pressure difference if the level of the liquid in narrower tube stands 0.2 m above that in the
broader tube. (Density of liquid = 103 kg/m3, Surface tension = 72 × 10–3 N/m)
If P1 and P2 are the pressures in the broader and narrower tubes of radii r1 and r2 respectively, the pressure
2T 2T
just below the meniscus in the respective tubes will be P1  and P2 
r1 r2
 2T   2T  1 1
So that  P1  r    P2  r   h g or P1  P2  h  g  2T  r  r 
 1   2   2 1
 1 1 
P1  P2  0.2  103  9.8  2  72  103  4
 4 
 1960  97  1863 Pa
 7.2  10 14  10 
5. A beaker of radius 15 cm is filled with a liquid of surface

tension 0.075 N/m. Force across an imaginary diameter
1. Writing on black board with a piece of chalk is possible on the surface of the liquid is
by the property of (1) 0.075 N (2) 1.5 × 10–2 N
(1) Adhesive force (2) Cohesive force (3) 0.225 N (4) 2.25 × 10–2 N
(3) Surface tension (4) Viscosity 6. If temperature increases, the surface tension of a liquid
2. Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by decrease (1) Increases
in its surface energy, so that its temperature remains (2) Decreases
unchanged. What should be the minimum radius of
(3) Remains the same
the drop for this to be possible? The surface tension is
T, density of liquid is  and L is its latent heat of (4) Increases then decreases
vaporization. 7. A thread is tied slightly loose to a wire frame as in figure
2T L and the frame is dipped into a soap solution and taken
(1) (2) out. The frame is completely covered with the film. When
L T
the portion A punctured with a pin, the thread
T T
(3) (4)
L L Frame
A
3. A thin liquid film formed between a U-shaped wire and
a light slider supports a weight of 1.5 × 10 –2 N (see B
Thread
figure). The length of the slider is 30 cm and its weight
negligible. The surface tension of the liquid film is
(1) Becomes Concave toward A
FILM (2) Becomes convex towards A
(3) Remains in the initial position
w (4) Either (A) or (B) depending on the siae of A w.r.t.
(1) 0.1 N m –1
(2) .05 N m –1 B
(3) 0.025 N m–1 (4) 0.0125 N m–1 8. Energy needed in breaking a drop if radius R into n
4. A pin or a needle floats on the surface of water, the drops of radii r is given by
reason for this is 4
(1) 4 T (nr 2  R 2 ) (2)  (r 3n  R2 )
(1) Surface tension (2) Less weight 3
(3) Upthrust (4) None of the above (3) 4 T ( R 2  nr 2 ) (4) 4 T (nr 2  R 2 )

9. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of radius 16. A big drop of radius R is formed by 1000 small droplets
r coalesce to form a single drop of radius R and volume of water, then the radius of small drop is
V. If ‘T’ is the surface tension of the liquid, then (1) R/2 (2) R/5
1 1  (3) R/6 (4) R/10
(1) Energy = 3VT    is released
r R 17. The excess pressure in a bubble of radius R of a gas in
(2) Energy is neither released nor absorbed a liquid of surface tension S is
1 1 2S 2R
(3) Energy = 4VT    is released (1) (2)
r R R S
1 1 
(4) Energy = 3VT    is absorbed 2S 2R 2
r R (3) (4)
10. Two droplets merge with each other and forms a large R2 S
droplet. In this process
18. If two soap bubble of different radii are in
(1) Energy is liberated communication with each other
(2) Energy is absorbed (1) Air flows from larger bubble into the smaller
(3) Neither liberated nor absorbed one
(4) Some mass is converted into energy (2) The size of the bubbles remains the same
11. Radius of a soap bubble is ‘r’, surface tension of soap (3) Air flows from the smaller bubble into the large
solution is T. Then without increasing the temperature, one of the larger bubble grows at the expense of
how much energy will be needed to double its radius the smaller one.
(1) 42T (2) 2r2T (4) The air flows from the larger
(3) 12r T 2
(4) 2
24r T 19. The excess pressure inside one soap bubble is three
12. Work done in splitting a drop of water of 1 mm radius into times that inside a second soap bubble, then the ratio
106 droplets is (Surface tension of water = 72 × 10–3 J/m2) of their surface areas is
(1) 9.58 × 10 –5 J (1) 1:9 (2) 1:3
–5
(2) 8.95 × 10 J (3) 3:1 (4) 1 : 27
–5
(3) 5.89 × 10 J 20. A large number of liquid drops each of radius ‘a’ are merged
(4) 5.98 × 10 J–6 to form a single spherical drop of radius ‘b’. The energy
13. A spherical liquid drop of radius R is divided into eight released in the process is converted into kinetic energy of
equal droplets. If surface tension is T, then the work the big drop formed. The speed of the big drop is [ =
done in this process will be density of liquid, T = surface tension of liquid]
(1) 22T (2) 3r2T 1/2

 6T  1 1  
(3) 2
4r T (4) 2rT 2 (1)    a  b 
6
  
14. When 10 small drops coalesce to make a new large
drop then the drop 1/ 2
 6T  1 1  
(1) Density increases (2)    b  a 
  
(2) Density decreases
(3) Temperature increases 1/ 2
   1 1 
(4) Temperature decreases (3)  6T  a  b  
  
15. If T is the surface tension of soap solution, the amount
of work done in blowingh a soap bubble from a diameter 1/2
D to 2D is    1 1 
(4)  6T  b  a  
(1) 2D2T (2) 4D2T   
(3) 6D2T (4) 8D2T
10.6.3 ANGLE OF CONTACT (c) P.No.:267

The angle enclosed between the tangent plane at the liquid surface and the tangent plane at the solid surface
at the point of contact inside the liquid is defined as the angle of contact. The angle of contact depends the
nature of the solid and liquid in contact.
 Effect of temperature on angle of contact : On increasing temperature surface tension decreases, thus
 1
cos  c increases  cos c   and  c decrease.
 T
So on increasing temperature, c decreases.
 Effect of impurities on angle of contact
 Solute impurities increase surface tension, so cos c decreases and angle of contact c increases.
 Partially solute impurities decrease surface tension, so angle of contact c decreases.
 Effect of water proofing agent : Angle of contact increases due to water proofing agent. It gets converted
acute to obtuse angle.
TABLE OF ANGLE OF CONTACT OF VARIOUS SOLID–LIQUID PAIRS
S o lid - Liquid Pair ° C
Glass -Normal water 8°
Glass -Distilled water 0°
Glass - Alcohol 0°
Glass - Mercury 135°
Paraffin wax - Water 108°
Silver - Water 90°
SHAPE OF LIQUID SURFACE

 When a liquid is brought in contact with a solid surface, the surface of the liquid becomes curved near
the place of contact. The shape of the surface (concave or convex) depends upon the relative magnitudes
of the cohesive force between the liquid molecules and the adhesive force between the molecules of the
liquid and the solid.
 The free surface of a liquid which is near the walls of a vessel and which is curved because of surface
tension is known as meniscus. The cohesive force acts at an angle 45° from liquid surface whereas the
adhesive force acts at right angles to the solid surface. The relation between the shape of liquid surface,
cohesive / adhesive forces, angle of contact, etc are summarised in the table below :
RELATION BETWEEN COHESIVE AND ADHESIVE FORCE

convex surface
FA FA horizontal surface
concave surface FA
FC FC
FR FR FC
water FR
water mercury
silver
glass glass
FC FC FC
FA  FA  FA 
2 2 2
Shape of meniscus Concave Plane Convex
Angle of contact C < 90° C = 90° C > 90°
(Acute angle) (Right angle) (Obtuse angle)
Shape of liquid drop C
Level of liquid Liquid rises up nor falls Liquid neither rises Liquid falls
Wetting property Liquid wets the Liquid does not wet Liquid does not wet
solid surface the solid surface the solid surface
Example Glass – Water Silver – Water Glass – Mercury
10.6.5 CAPILLARY TUBE AND CAPILLARITY P.No.:268
 A glass tube with fine bore and open at both ends is known as capillary tube. The property by virtue of
which a liquid rise or depress in a capillary tube is known as capillarity. Rise or fall of liquid in tubes of
narrow bore (capillary tube) is called capillary action.
CALCULATION OF CAPILLARY RISE
 When a capillary tube is first dipped in a liquid as shown in the figure, the liquid climbs up the walls curving
the surface. The liquid continues to rise in the capillary tube until the weight of the liquid column becomes
equal to force due to surface tension. Let the radius of the meniscus is R and the radius of the capillary
tube is r. The angle of contact is , surface tension is T, density of liquid is  and the liquid rises to a
height h.
Now let us consider two points A and B at the same horizontal level as shown. by Pascal's law
PA = PB  PA = PC + gh  PA – PC = gh ( PB = PC + gh)
Now, the point C is on the curved meniscus which has PA and PC as the two pressures on its concave
and convex sides respectively.
2T 2T 2T 2T cos 
 PA  PC      gh  2T cos   r  gh  h 
R r / cos r / cos r g
Zurin's Law :
 The height of rise of liquid in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to the radius of the capillary tube,
1
if T, ,  and g are constant h  or rh  constant. It implies that liquid will rise more in capillary tube
r
of less radius and vice versa.
1. For water and clean glass capillary c  0°.

2. If angle of contact c is acute then cos c is positive, so h is positive and liquid rises. If c is obtuse
then cos c is negative, so h is negative, therefore liquid depresses.
3. Rise of liquid in a capillary tube does not obey the law of conservation of energy.
h2 r1
4. For two capillaries of radii r1 and r2, the capillary rise h1 and h2 are such that  . The relation
h1 r2
h
between h and r is graphically represented as
r
5. Inside a satellite, water will rise upto top level but will not come outside. Radius of curvature (R')
hR
increases in such a way that final height h' is reduced and given by h '  . (It is in accordance
R'
with Zurin's law).
6. If a capillary tube is dipped into a liquid and tilted at an angle  from vertical then the vertical height
of liquid column remains same whereas the length of liquid column in the capillary tube increases.
h
h  l cos   l 
cos 
7. The height ‘h’ is measured from the bottom of the meniscus. However, there exist some liquid above
 1 
r  g h  r 
 3 
this line also. If correction of this is applied then the formula will be T 
2cos 
8. If a hollow sphere of radius r which has a fine hole, drowned in a vessel upto h depth, then liquid
2T cos
will not enter upto critical height h, given by h g  [normally   0° therefore cos  1]
r
Calculate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter 1 × 10–3 m. [Given : surface
tension of water is 0.072 N m–1, angle of contact is 0°, g = 9.8 ms–2 and density of water = 1000 kg m–3]
2T cos  2  0.072  cos 00

Height of capillary rise h   4
m  2.94  102 m
r g 5  10  1000  9.8
Water rises to a height of 20 mm in a capillary. If the radius of the capillary is made one third of its previous
value then what is the new value of the capillary rise?
2T cos 
Since h  and for the same liquid and capillaries of difference radii h1r1 = h2r2
rdg
h2 r1 1
    3, hence h2 = 3h1 = 3 × 20 mm = 60 mm
h1 r2 (1 / 3)
27. A glass capillary tube is ofthe shape of a truncated
cone with an apex angle a so that its two ends have
21. A liquid does does not wet the sides of a solid, if the cross sections of different radii.
angle of contact is
(1) Zero
h
(2) Obtuse (More than 90°)
(3) Acute (Less than 90°)
(4) 90°
22. A liquid rises in a capillary tube if the angle of contact When dipped in water vertically, water rises in it to a
is height h, where the radius of its cross section is b. If
the surface tension of water is S, its density is , and
(1) Acute (2) Obtuse
its contact angle with glass is , the value of h will be
(3) /2 (4) 
(g is the acceleration due to gravity)
23. What is the shape when a non-wetting liquid is placed
in a capillary tube 2S
(1) cos(   )
(1) Concave upward b g
(2) Convex upward
(3) Concave downward
2S
(2) cos(   )
(4) Convex downward
b g
24. A liquid wets a solid completely. The meniscus of the
2S
liquid in a sufficiently long tube is (3) cos(   / 2)
b g
(1) Flat
(2) Concave 2S
(4) cos(   / 2)
(3) Convex b g
(4) Convex downward
28. For different capillarities of radii (r), the condition of
25. Angle of contact of a liquid with a solid depends on liquid rise (h) due to surface tension is
(1) Solid only (1) rh = constant
(2) Liquid only
h
(3) Both solid and liquid only (2) = constant
r
(4) Orientation of the solid surface in liquid
(3) h + r = constant
26. If the surface of a liquid is plane, then the angle of
contact of the liquid with the walls of container is (4) h – r = constant
(1) Acute angle 29. Due to capillary action, a liquid will rise in a tube, if the
angle of contact is
(2) Obtuse angle
(1) Acute (2) Obtuse
(3) 90°
(3) 90° (4) Zero
(4) 0°

30. A capillary tube (A) is dipped in water. Another 33. In a capillary rise experiment, the water level rises to a
identical tube (B) is dipped in a soap-water solution. height of 5 cm. If the same capillary tube is placed in
Which of the following shows the relative nature of water such that only 3 cm of the tube projects outside
the liquid columns in the two tubes the water level, then
(1) Water will begin to overflow through the capillary
A B
(2) Angle of contact decreases
(1) (3) Angle of contact increases
(4) The meniscus completely vanishes
34. Water rises in plant fibres due to
A B (1) Capillarity (2) Viscosity
(3) Fluid pressure (4) Osmosis
(2)
35. A liquid rises to a height of 1.8 cm in a glass capillary
‘A’. Another glass capillary ‘B’ having diameter 90%
B of capillary ‘A’ is immersed in the same liquid. The rise
A
of liquid in capillary ‘B’ is
(3) (1) 1.4 cm (2) 1.8 cm
(3) 2.0 cm (4) 2.2 cm
36. A capillary tube of radius R is immersed in water and water
A B
rises in it to a height H. Mass of water in the capillary tube
(4) is M. If the radius of the tube is doubled, mass of water
that will rise in the capillary tube will now be
(1) M (2) 2M
(3) M/2 (4) 4M
31. Water rises to a height ‘h’ in capillary tube. If the length
37. A 20 cm long capillary tube is dipped vertically in water
tube the surface of water is made less than ‘h’ then
and the liquid rises upto 10 cm. If the entire system is
(1) Water rises upto top of capillary tube and stays
kept in a freely falling platform, the length of water
there without overflowing.
column in the tube will be
(2) Water rises upto a point a little below the top and
(1) 5 cm (2) 10 cm
stays there
(3) 15 cm (4) 20 cm
(3) Water does not rise at all
38. Under a constant pressure head, the rate of flow of orderly
(4) Water rises upto the tip of capillary tube and then volume flow of liquid through a capillary tube is V. If the
starts overflowing like fountain length of the capillary is doubled and the diameter of the
32. In a capillary tube experiment, a vertical 30 cm long bore is halved, the rate of flow would become
capillary tube is dipped in water. The water rises up to (1) V/4 (2) V/8
a height of 10 cm due to capillary action. If this (3) 16V (4) V/32
experiment is conducted in a freely falling elevator, the 39. A glass capillary of radius 0.4 mm is inclined at 60º with the
vertical in water. Find the length of water in the capillary
length of the water column becomes
tube. (Surface tension of water = 7 × 10–2 N m–1)
(1) 10 cm (2) 20 cm (1) 7.1 cm (2) 3.6 cm
(3) 30 cm (4) Zero (3) 1.8 cm (4) 0.9 cm
FLUIDS STATICS
 Matter exists in three states solid, liquid and gas. Liquids and gases are referred to as fluids. Any state
of matter that can flow is a fluid. Study of a fluid at rest is called fluid statics or hydrostatics and the
study of fluid in motion is called fluid dynamics of hydrodynamics. Both combined are called fluid mechanics.
 The intermolecular force in liquids are comparatively weaker than in solids. Therefore, their shape can
be changed easily. Thus liquids assume the shape of the container. But their volume (or density) cannot
be changed so easily. Liquids are incompressible and have free surface of their own.

 The intermolecular forces are weakest in gases, so their shape and size can be changed easily. Gases are
compressible and occupy all the space of the container.
DENSITY ( )
 Mass per unit volume is defined as density. So density at a point of a fluid is represented as
m dm
  Lim  Density is a positive scalar quantity..
V dV
V  0
SI Unit : kg/m3 CGS Unit : g / cc Dimensions : [ML –3 ]
RELATIVE DENSITY
 It is defined as the ratio of the density of the given fluid to the density of pure water at 4°C.
density of given liquid

Relative density (R.D.) =
density of pure water at 4C
 Relative density or specific gravity is a unitless and dimensionless positive scalar physical quantity.
 Being a dimensionless/unitless quantity R.D. of a substance is same in SI and CGS system.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 It is defined as the ratio of the specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of pure water at
4°C.
specific weight of given liquid   g l
Specific gravity = 3
 l  = R.D. of the liquid
specific weight of pure water at 4°C (9.81 kN/m )  w  g  w
 Thus specific gravity of a liquid is numerically equal to the relative density of that liquid and for calculation
purposes they are used interchangeably.
A hollow metallic sphere has inner and outer radii, respectively, as 5 cm and 10 cm. If the mass of the
sphere is 2.5 kg, find (a) density of the material, (b) relative density of the material of the sphere.
The volume of the material of the sphere is
4 4  10 3  5 3  4
V     (r23  r13 )   3.14         3.14  [0.001  0.000125]
3 3  100   100   3
4
  3.14  0.000875 m3  0.00367 m3
3
M 2.5
(a) Therefore, density of the material of the sphere is    kg/m3  681.2 kg/m3
V 0.00367
681.2
(b) Relative density of the material of the sphere  r   0.6812
1000

DENSITY OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCE IN THE PROPORTION OF MASS
 Let a number of substances of masses M1, M2, M3 etc., and densities 1, 2, 3 etc. respectively are mixed
together. The total mass of the mixture = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 + ....
M1 M2 M3 M 1  M 2  M 3 ....
The total volume     ... therefore, the density of the mixture is  
1 2 3 M1 M 2 M 3
   ....
1 2 3
1  2  M 1  M 2 
For two substances the density of the mixture   .
1M 2   2 M 1
Two immiscible of densities 2.5 g/cm3 and 0.8 g/cm3 are taken in the ratio of their masses as 2 : 3 respectively.
Find the average density of the liquid combination.
 2m 3m  3
Let masses be 2 mg and 3 mg, then V  V1  V2     cm
 2.5 0.8 
Total mass = 2m + 3m = 5m g.
5m 5m 5 10
Therefore, the average density av     gm/cm 3  1.09 gm/cm 3
V 2m 3m 2 3 9.1
 
2.5 0.8 2.5 0.8
DENSITY OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCE IN THE PROPORTION OF VOLUME

 Suppose that a number of substances of volume V1, V2, V3 etc. and densities 1, 2, 3 etc. respectively
are mixed. The total mass of the mixture is = 1V1 + 2V2 + 3V3 + .........
The total volume of the mixture is = V1 + V2 + V3 + .........
1V1  2V2  3V3
Therefore, the density of the mixture is  
V1  V2  V3  ....
1V1  2V2
Therefore, for two substances we can write  
V1  V2
Two miscible liquids of densities 1.2 gm/cc and 1.4 gm/cc are mixed with a proportion ratio of their volumes
equal to 3 : 5. What is the density of resulting liquid?
V1 3
1  2 (1.2)    1.4
1V1   2V2 V2 5 3.6  7
1        1.325
V1  V2 V1 3 8
1    1
V2 5
10.2 P.No.:250
 The pressure P is defined as the magnitude of the normal force acting on a unit surface area.
F
P here F = normal force on a surface area A
A
 The pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because hydrostatic pressure is transmitted equally in all directions
when force is applied, which shows that a definite direction is not associated with pressure.
CONSEQUENCES OF PRESSURE
 Railway tracks are laid on large sized wooden or iron sleepers. This is because the weight (force) of the
train is spread over a large area of the sleeper. This reduces the pressure acting on the ground and hence
prevents the yielding of ground under the weight of the train.
 A sharp knife is more effective in cutting the objects than a blunt knife. The pressure exerted = Force
/ area. The sharp knife transmits force over a small area as compared to the blunt knife. Hence the pressure
exerted in case of sharp knife is more than in case of blunt knife.
 A camel walks easily on sand but a man cannot inspite of the fact that a camel is much heavier than man.
This is because the area of camel's feet is large as compared to man's feet. So the pressure exerted by
camel on the sand is very small as compared to the pressure exerted by man. Due to large pressure, sand
under the feet of man yields and hence he cannot walk easily on sand.
TYPES OF PRESSURE
There are three types of pressure up to top of
atmosphere
(i) Atmospheric pressure (P0) (ii) Gauge pressure (P gauge)
(iii) Absolute pressure (Pabs.) air area=1m
2
 Atmospheric pressure : Force exerted by air column on unit sea column

cross–section area of sea level called atmospheric pressure (P0) level
F
P0   101.3 kN/m 2  P0  1.013  105 N/m 2
A
Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Which was discovered by Torricelli.
Atmospheric pressure varies from place to place and at a particular place from time to time.
 Gauge Pressure : Excess Pressure (P – Patm) measured with the help of pressure measuring instrument
called Gauge pressure.
Patm
manometer
gas
Pabsolute
h
P gauge = h g or P gauge  h
Gauge pressure is always measured with help of “manometer”.


 Absolute Pressure : Sum of atmospheric and Gauge pressure is called absolute pressure.
P abs = P atm + P gauge  P abs = P o + h  g
The pressure which we measure in our automobile tyres is gauge pressure.
10.2.2 VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH P.No.:252
P1
y1
 Let pressure at L is P1 and pressure at M is P2 L A
Then, P2A = P1A + gA (y 2 – y 1)  P2 = P1 + g (y 2 – y 1) y2
dP
Here pressure gradient  g M A
dy
P2
 Pressure is same at two points in the same horizontal level.
As body is in equilibrium, P1A = P2A  P1 = P2
L M
Note : Pressure P is independent of shape of container P1 P2
A A
Assuming that the atmosphere has a uniform density of (1.3 kg/m3) and an effective height of 10 km, find
the force exerted on an area of dimensions 100 m × 80 m at the bottom of the atmosphere.
F = PA = A = (1.3) (9.8) (104) (100 × 80) = 12.74 × 8 × 107 N = 1.0192 × 109 N
PRESSURE EXERTED BY A LIQUID (EFFECT OF GRAVITY) :

Consider a vessel containing liquid. As the liquid is in equilibrium, so every volume element of the fluid
is also in equilibrium. Consider one volume element in the form of a cylindrical column of liquid of height
h and of area of cross section A. The various forces acting on the cylindrical column of liquid are :
 Force, F1 = P1A acting vertically downward on the top face of the column. P1 is the pressure of the liquid
on the top face of the column and is known as atmospheric pressure.
 Force, F2 = P2A acting vertically upward at the bottom face of the cylindrical column. P2 is the pressure
of the liquid on the bottom face of the column.
 Weight, W = mg of the cylindrical column of the liquid acting vertically downward. Since the cylindrical
column of the liquid is in equilibrium, so the net force acting on the column is zero.
i.e. F1 + W – F 2 = 0
mg
 P1A + mg – P2A = 0  P1A + mg = P2A  P2 = P1 + ...(i)
A
Now, mass of the cylindrical column of the liquid is,
m = volume × density of the liquid = Area of cross section × height × density = Ah
Ah g
 equation (i) becomes P2  P1  , P2  P1  h g ...(ii)
A
P2 is the absolute pressure at depth h below the free surface of the liquid. Equation (ii), shows that the
absolute pressure at depth h is greater than the atmospheric pressure (P1) by an amount equal to hg.
Equation (ii) can also be written as (P2 – P1) = hg, which is the difference of pressure between two
points separated by a depth h.

PRESSURE IN CASE OF ACCELERATING FLUID
 Liquid placed in elevator :
When elevator accelerates upward with acceleration a 0 then a0
pressure in the fluid, at depth ‘h’ may be given by,
P  h   g  a0  h
 Free surface of liquid in case of horizontal acceleration :
ma0 a0
tan   
mg g
If P1 and P2 are pressures at point 1 and 2, then P1 – P 2 = g (h1 – h2) = gl tan  = la 0
 Rotating Vessel : Consider a cylindrical vessel, rotating at constant angular velocity about its axis. If
it contains fluid then after an initial irregular shape, it will rotate with the tank as a rigid body. The acceleration
of fluid particles located at a distance r from the axis of rotation will be equal to 2r, and the direction
of the acceleration is toward the axis of rotation as shown in the figure. The fluid particles will be undergoing
circular motion.
Lets consider a small horizontal cylinder of length dr and cross-sectional area A located y below the free
surface of the fluid and r from the axis. This cylinder is accelerating in ground frame with acceleration
2r towards the axis hence the net horizontal force acting on it should be equal to the product of mass
(dm) and acceleration.
dm = Adr 
P2A – P1A = (Adr)2r
If we say that the left face of the cylinder is y below the free surface of the fluid then the right surface
is y + dy below the surface of liquid. Thus P2 – P1 = gdy
dy r 2
Thus solving we get 
dr g
 2r 2
and, therefore, the equation for surfaces of constant pressure is y  + constant
2g
This equation means that these surface of constant pressure are parabolic as shown in figure.
The pressure varies with the distance from the axis of rotation, but at a fixed radius, the pressure varies
hydrostatically in the vertical direction as shown in figure.
An open water tanker moving on a horizontal straight road has a cubical block of cork floating over its
surface. If the tanker has an acceleration of ‘a’ as shown, the acceleration of the cork w.r.t. container is
(ignore viscosity)
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
a
marel  mg sin   ma cos  but for water surface tan    arel  0
g
An open rectangular tank 1.5 m wide, 2 m deep and 2 m long is half filled with water. It is accelerated
horizontally at 3.27 m/s2 in the direction of its length. Determine the depth of water at each end of tank.
[g = 9.81 m/s2]
a 1
Here tan    , , depth at corner ‘A’ = 1 – 1.5 tan  = 0.5 m
g 3
Depth at corner ‘B’ = 1 + 1.5 tan  = 1.5 m
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

 Mercury Barometer : To measure the atmospheric pressure
Torricelli
experimentally, Torricelli invented a mercury barometer in 1643. vaccum
pa = hg h
A
Mercury
The pressure exerted by a mercury column of 1 mm high is called Trough
1 Torr.
1 Torr = 1 mm of mercury column
 Open tube Manometer : Open-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure gauge. When equilibrium
is reached, the pressure at the bottom of left limb is equal to the pressure at the bottom of right limb.
i.e. p + y 1  g = p a + y 2 g
p – pa = g (y2 – y1) = gy
p – p a = g (y 2 – y 1) = gy

p = absolute pressure, p – pa = gauge pressure.
Thus, knowing y and r (density of liquid), we can measure the gauge pressure.
The manometer shown below is used to measure the difference in water level between the two tanks.
Calculate this difference for the conditions indicated
Liquid
(sp gravity = 0.9)
40cm
Water Water
pa  h1  g  40 1 g  40  g  pa  h2  g
h2  g  h1  g  40  g  40 1 g as 1  0.9 
( h2  h1 )  g  40  g  36  g
h 2 – h 1 = 4 cm
WATER BAROMETER
 Let us suppose water is used in the barometer instead of mercury.
1.013  105
h  g  1.013  105 or h 
g
The height of the water column in the tube will be 10.3 m. Such a long tube cannot be managed easily,
thus water barometer is not feasible.
In a given U-tube (open at one-end) find out relation between p and pa.
Given : d2 = 2 × 13.6 gm/cm3, d1 = 13.6 gm/cm3 y=25cm d2 p
x=26cm
Pressure in a liquid at same level is same i.e. at A– A–, d1
pa  d 2 yg  xd1 g  p
In C.G.S. p a + 13.6 × 2 × 25 × g + 13.6 × 26 × g = p
pa + 13.6 × g [50 + 26] = p
 2p a = p as p a = 13.6 × g × 76
Find out pressure at points A and B. Also find angle ‘’.

Pressure at A, PA = P atm – 1 gl sin 

Pressure at B , P B = P atm + 2 gh 
But PB is also equal to PB = PA + 3 gl sin 
Hence - Patm + 2 gh = PA + 3 gl sin 
Patm +  2 gh = P atm – 1 gl sin  + 3 gl sin 
In the given figure, the container slides down with acceleration ‘a’ on an
incline of angle ‘’. Liquid is stationary with respect to container. Find out
(i) Angle made by surface of liquid with horizontal plane.
(ii) Angle if a = g sin  .
Consider a fluid particle on surface. The forces acting on it are shown in figure.
(i) Resultant force acting on liquid surface, will always normal to it,
ma cos  a cos
tan   
mg  ma sin  ( g  a sin  )
1 a cos
Thus angle of liquid surface with the horizontal is equal to   tan
( g  a sin  )
1  a cos   1 g sin  cos 

(ii) If a  g sin  , then   tan  2   tan
 g  g sin   g cos 2 
= tan –1 (tan  )
 a = 
An L shaped glass tube is kept inside a bus that is moving with constant
acceleration.
During the motion, the level of the liquid in the left arm is at 12 cm whereas
in the right arm, it is at 8 cm when the orientation of the tube is as shown.
Assuming that the diameter of the tube is much smaller than levels of the liquid
and neglecting effect of surface tension, acceleration of the bus find the (g =
10 m/s2).
a h2  h1 4 cm
tan      a  2 m/s 2
g h2 tan 45  h1 tan 45 20 cm
FORCE ON SIDE WALL OF VESSEL
 Force on the side wall of the vessel can not be directly determined as a different depths pressures are
different. To find this we consider a strip of width dx at a depth x from the surface of the liquid as shown
in figure, and on this strip the force due to the liquid is given as : dF = xg × bdx
x
dx
dF
h
b
a
 This force is acting in the direction normal to the side wall. Net force can be evaluated by integrating equation
h
 gbh 2
F   dF   x gbdx F
0 2
AVERAGE PRESSURE ON SIDE WALL
 The absolute pressure on the side wall cannot be evaluated because at different depths on this wall pressure
is different. The average pressure on the wall can be given as :
F 1  gbh 2 1
av
P     gh
bh 2 bh 2
Equation shows that the average pressure on side vertical wall is half of the net pressure at the bottom
of the vessel.
TORQUE ON THE SIDE WALL DUE TO FLUID PRESSURE
 As shown in figure, due to the force dF, the side wall experiences a torque about the bottom edge of
the side which is given as d  dF  (h  x)  x  gb dx(h  x)
h
 h3 h3  1
This net force is    d    gb(hx  x 2 ) dx   gb      gbh3
0 2 3 6
Water and liquid is filled up behind a square wall of side l. Find out
(a) Pressures at A, B and C

(b) Forces in part AB and BC
(c) Total force and point of application of force. (Neglect atmosphere pressure in every calculation)
(a) As there is no liquid above ‘A’

So pressure at A, p A = 0
Pressure at B, p B = gh 1
Pressure at C, p C = gh 1 + 2 gh 2
(b) Force at A = 0
Take a strip of width ‘dx’ at a depth ‘x’ in part AB.
Pressure is equal to gx.
Force on strip = pressure × area
dF =  gx ldx
h1
 gxlh12 1000  10  10  5  5
Total force upto B : F    gxldx    1.25  106 N
0
2 2
In part BC for force take a elementary strip of width dx in portion BC.
Pressure is equal to = gh 1 + 2 g(x – h 1)
Force on elementary strip = pressure × area dF = [ gh 1 + 2 g(x – h1)] l dx
l
Total force on part BC F   [  gh1  2  g ( x  h1 )] l dx
h1
l
  x2  A
=   gh1 x  2  g   h1 x   l
 2   h1 h1
x
 l 2  h12  B
  gh1h2l  2  gl   h1l  h12  dx
 2 
2  gl 2 C
  gh1h2l  [l  h12  2h1l ]   gh1h2l   gl (l  h1 ) 2
2
  gh2l[h1  h2 ]   gh2l 2  1000  10  5  10  5  106 N
(c) Total force = 5 × 106 + 1.25 × 106 = 6.25 × 106 N
Taking torque about A
h1
Total torque of force in AB =  dF  x    gxl dx  x

0
3 h1 3
  glx   glh 1000  10  10  125 1.25  107
1
     N-m
 3 0 3 3 3
Total torque of force in BC   dF  x
 h   2h 
On solving we get   gh1h2 l  h1  2    gh22 l  h1  2 
 2  3 
 10 
= 1000 × 10 × 5 × 5 × 10 [5 + 2.5] + 1000 × 10 × 25 × 10 5  
 3
62.5 118.75
 2.5  7.5  106   106   106
3 3
11.875  107 1.25  107 13.125  107

Total torque   
3 3 3
Total torque = total force × distance of point of application of force from top = F . xp
13.125  107
6.25  106 x p 
3
xp = 7 m
10.2.1 PASCAL’S LAW P.No.:252
 If the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular point, the change is transmitted to the entire liquid
without being diminished in magnitude. Pascal's law is stated in following ways –
1. The pressure in a fluid at rest is same at all the points if gravity is ignored.
2. A liquid exerts equal pressures in all directions.
3. If the pressure in an enclosed fluid is changed at a particular point, the change is transmitted to every
point of the fluid and to the walls of the container without being diminished in magnitude.
Applications of pascal's law hydraulic jacks, lifts, presses, brakes, etc
For the hydraulic lift
F1
Pressure applied  A F1
1 P A1 Q A2
F2 F F
 Pressure transmitted   1 2
A2 A1 A2
F1 A
 Upward force on A2 is F2   A2  2  F1
A1 A1
A vertical U–tube of uniform cross–section contains mercury in both

arms. A glycerine (relative density = 1.3) column of length 10 cm is C
introduced into one of the arms. Oil of density 800 kg m–3 is poured h
into the other arm until the upper surface of the oil and glycerine are
at the same horizontal level. Find the length of the column. Density of 10cm
mercury is 13.6 × 103 kgm–3. 0.1 h
Pressure at A and B must be same A B

Pressure at A = P0 + 0.1 × (1.3 × 1000) × g
Pressure at B = P0 + h × 800 × g + (0.1 – h) × 13.6 × 1000 g
 0.1 × 1300 = 800 h + (0.1 – h) × 13600
 h = 0.096 m = 9.6 cm

42. Spheres of i ron and lead having same mass are
completely immersed in water. Density of lead is more
than that of iron. Apparent loss of weight is W1 for iron
40. If pressure at half the depth of a lake is equal to 2/3
sphere and W2 for lead sphere. Then (W1 / W2) is :
pressure at the bottom of the lake then what is the
(1) 1
depth of the lake
(2) Between 0 and 1
(1) 10 m (2) 20 m
(3) 0
(3) 60 m (4) 30 m
41. There is a circular tube in a vertical plane. Two liquids (4) > 1
which do not mix and of densities d1 and d2 are filled in 43. The pressure at the bottom of a tank containing a liquid
the tube. Each liquid subtends 90º angle at centre. does not depend on
Radius joining their interface makes an angle  with (1) Acceleration due to gravity
d1 (2) Height of the liquid column
vertical. Ratio
d 2 is (3) Area of the bottom surface
(4) Nature of the liquid
d2 44. A stone of density 2000 kg m–3 completely immersed in
 a lake is allowed to sink from rest. If the effect of friction
d1 is neglected, then after 4 seconds, the stone will reach
a depth of
1  sin  1  sin  (1) 78.4 m
(1) (2)
1  cos  1  sin  (2) 39.2 m
1  cos  1  tan  (3) 19.6 m
(3) (4) (4) 9.8 m
1  cos  1  tan 
BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDE’S PRINCIPLE

 Buoyant force : If a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward force due
to the fluid surrounding it. This phenomenon of force exerted by fluid on the body is called buoyancy and
force is called buoyant force or upthrust.
 Archimede's principle : It states that the buoyant force on a body that is partially or totally immersed
in a liquid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
Now consider a body immersed in a liquid of density .
Top surface of the body experiences a downward force
F1 h1
F1 = AP 1 = A [h 1g + P0] ...(i) h2
Lower face of the body will experiences a upward force L
F2 = AP 2 = A [h 2g + P0] ...(ii)
F2
As h 2 > h 1. So F2 is greater than F 1
So net upward force : F = F2 – F1 = Ag [h 2 – h1]
 F = AgL = Vg [ V = AL]
FLOATATION
When a body of density () and volume (V) is completely immersed in a liquid of density (), the forces
acting on the body are :
 Weight of the body W = Mg = Vg (directed vertically downwards through C.G. of the body).
 Buoyant force or upthrust Th = Vg (directed vertically upwards through C.B.).
The apparent weight WApp is equal to W – Th.
 The following three cases are possible :
Case I : Density of the body () is greater than that of liquid ()
In this case if  >  then W > Th

So the body will sink to the bottom of the liquid.
WApp = W – Th = Vg – Vg = Vg (1 – / ) = W (1 – /r).
Case II : Density of the body is equal to the density of liquid ( = )
In this case if  =  then W = Th
So the body will float fully submerged in the liquid. It will be in neutral equilibrium.
WApp = W – Th = 0
Case III : Density of the body is lesser than that of liquid ( < )
In this case if  <  then W < Th
 So the body will float partially submerged in the liquid. In this case the body will move up and the volume
of liquid displaced by the body (Vin) will be less than the volume of body (V). So as to make Th equal
to W
 WApp = W – Th = 0
 The above three cases constitute the law of flotation which states that a body will float in a liquid if weight
of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body is at least equal to the weight of the body.
ROTATORY – EQUILIBRIUM IN FLOATATION :

 When a floating body is slightly tilted from equilibrium position, the centre of buoyancy B shifts. The vertical
line passing through the new centre of buoyancy B' and initial vertical line meet at a point M called meta
– centre. If the metacentre M is above the centre of gravity the couple due to forces at G (weight of
body W) and at B' (upthrust) tends to bring the body back to its original position (figure) . So for rotational
equilibrium of floating body the meta–centre must always be higher than the centre of gravity of the body.
 However, if meta–centre goes below centre of gravity, the couple due to forces at G and B' tends to topple
the floating body. This is why a wooden log cannot be made to float vertical in water or a boat is likely
to capsize if the sitting passengers stand on it. In these situations centre of gravity becomes higher than
meta centre and so the body will topple if slightly tilted.
A cubical block of wood of edge 3 cm floats in water. The lower surface of the cube just
touches the free end of a vertical spring fixed at the bottom of the pot. Find the maximum
weight that can be put on the block without wetting it. Density of wood = 800 kg/m3 and
spring constant of the spring = 50 N/m. Take g = 10 m/s2
The specific gravity of the block = 0.8. Hence the height inside water = 3 cm × 0.8 = 2.4 cm. The height
outside water = 3 cm – 2.4 = 0.6 cm. Suppose the maximum weight that can be put without wetting it
is W. The block in this case is completely immersed in the water.
The volume of the displaced water = volume of the block = 27 × 10–6 m3.
Hence, the force of buoyancy = (27 × 10 –6 m3) × 1 (1000 kg/m3) × (10 m/s 2) = 0.27 N.
The spring is compressed by 0.6 cm and hence the upward force exerted by the spring

= 50 N/m × 0.6 cm = 0.3 N.
The force of buoyancy and the spring force taken together balance the weight of the block plus the weight
W put on the block. The weight of the block is
W = (27 × 10–6 m) × (800 kg/m3) × (10 m/s2) = 0.22 N.
Thus, W = 0.27 N + 0.3 N – 0.22 N = 0.35 N.
A wooden plank of length 1 m and uniform cross-section is hinged at one end to the bottom of a tank
as shown in figure.
The tank is filled with water up to a height of 0.5 m. The specific gravity of the plank is 0.5. Find the
angle  that the plank makes with the vertical in the equilibrium position. (Exclude the case  = 0).
The forces acting on the plank are shown in the figure. The height of water level is l = 0.5 m. The length
of the plank is 1.0 m = 2l. The weight of the plank acts through the centre B of the plank. We have OB
= l. The buoyant force F acts through the point A which is the middle point of the dipped part OC of the
plank.
OC l
We have OA   .
2 2cos
Let the mass per unit length of the plank be . Its weight mg = 2lg.
 l 
The mass of the part OC of the plank    .
 cos 
1 l 2l 
The mass of water displaced   .
0.5 cos cos
2l  g
The buoyant force F is, therefore, F  .
cos
Now, for equilibrium, the torque of mg about O should balance the torque of F about O.
 2l    l  2 1 1
So, mg (OB) sin  = F (OA) sin  or, (2l)l     or, cos   , or, cos  , or   45.
 cos   2cos   2 2
1. Buoyant force act vertically upward through the centre of gravity (C.G.) of the displaced fluid. This
point is called centre of buoyancy (C.B.). Thus centre of buoyancy is the point through which the force
of buoyancy is supposed to act.
2. Buoyant force or upthrust does not depend upon the characteristics of the body such as its mass, size,
density, etc. But it depends upon the volume of the body inside the liquid.
3. It depends upon the nature of the fluid as it is proportional to the density of the fluid.
This is the reason that upthrust on a fully submerged body is more in sea water than in pure water
4. It depends upon the effective acceleration.

If a lift is accelerated downwards with acceleration a (a < g) then, Th = Vin  (g – a)
If a lift is accelerated downwards with a = g then, Th = Vin  (g – a) = 0
If a lift is accelerated upward with acceleration a then, Th = Vin  (g + a)
5. If a body is weighed in air (WA), in water (WW) and in a oil (WO), then
loss of weight in oil W  WO
Specific gravity of oil   A
loss of weight in water WA  WW
A body weighs 160 g in air, 130 g in water and 136 g in oil. What is the specific gravity of oil?
loss of weight in oil W  WO 160  136 24 8

Specific gravity of oil   A     0.8
loss of weight in water WA  WW 160  130 30 10
An iceberg is floating partially immersed in sea–water. The density of sea–water is 1.03 gm/cm3 and that
of ice is 0.92 gm/cm3. What is the fraction of the total volume of the iceberg above the level of sea–water ?
In case of flotation weight = upthrust i.e.

  
mg  Vin g  V  g  Vin g  Vin  V So Vout  V  Vin  V 1  
  
Vout     0.92  0.11

 f out   1   1    0.106  f out  10.6%
V     1.03  1.03
A rubber ball of mass 10 gm and volume 15 cm3 is dipped in water to a depth of 10 m. Assuming density
of water uniform throughout the depth if it is released from rest. Find (take g = 980 cm/s2)
(a) the acceleration of the ball, and (b) the time taken by it to reach the surface.
The maximum buoyant force on the ball is FB  V  w g  15  1  980 dyne  14700 dyne
The weight of the ball is mg = 10 × g = 10 × 980 = 9800 dyne
The net upward force, F = (15 × 980 – 10 × 980) dyne = 5 × 980 dyne = 4900 dyne
F 5  980
(a) Therefore, acceleration of the ball upward a    490 cm/s2  4.9 m/s2
m 10
2h 2  10
(b) Time taken by it reach the surface is t   s  2.02 s
a 4.9

49. A jar is filled with two non-mixing liquids 1 and 2 having
densities 1 and 2 respectively. A solid ball, made of a
45. A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M having material of density 3, is dropped in the jar. It comes to
cross-sectional area A is suspended, with its length equilibrium in the position shown in the figure. Which
vertical, from a fixed point by a massless spring, such of the following is true for 1, 2 and 3 :
that it is half submerged in a liquid of density  at
equilibrium position. The extension x 0 of the spring
when it is in equilibrium is
Liquid 1
Mg  LA  Mg
(1) 1   (2)
k  M  k
Mg  LA  Mg  LA 
(3)
k 
1
M 
(4) 1   Liquid 2
k  2M 
46. A think uniform cylindrical shell, closed at both ends,
is partially filled with water. It is floating vertically in
(1) 1 > 3 > 2 (2) 1 > 2 > 3
water in half-submerged state. If  c is the relative
density of the material of the shell with respect to water, (3) 1 < 3 < 2 (4) 3 < 1 < 2
then the correct statement is that the shell is 50. A body of density d1 is counterpoised by Mg of weights
(1) more than half-filled if c is less than 0.5 of density d2 in air of density d. Then the true mass of
(2) more than half-filled if c is less than 1.0 the body is
(3) half-filled if c is less than 0.5
(4) less than half-filled if c is less than 0.5  d 
(1) M (2) M 1  
47. For a body immersed in a liquid, when the weight of  d 2 
the body is less than the upthrust then the body will
(1) float partially immersed  d M (1  d / d 2 )
(3) M 1   (4)
(2) sink  d1 
(1  d / d1 )
(3) float fully immersed
51. An ice berg of density 900 kg/m3 is floating in water of
(4) be of zero weight
density 1000 kg/m3. The percentage of volume of ice-
48. A ball is made of a material of density  where oil < 
cube outside the water is
< water with oil and water representing the densities of
oil and water, respectively. The oil and water are (1) 20% (2) 35%
immiscible. If the above ball is in equilibrium in a mixture (3) 10% (4) 25%
of this oil and water, which of the following pictures
represents its equilibrium position? 52. A log of wood of mass 120 kg floats in water. The
weight that can be put on the raft to make it just sink,
should be (density of wood = 600 kg/m3)
(1) (1) 80 kg (2) 50 kg
(3) 60 kg (4) 30 kg
53. A body when fully immersed in a liquid of specific gravity
1.2 weighs 44 gwt. The same body when fully immersed in
(2) water weighs 50 gwt. The mass of the body is
(1) 36 g (2) 48 g
(3) 64 g (4) 80 g
54. Two solid pieces one of steel and the other of aluminium
(3) when immersed completely in water have equal weights.
When the solid pieces are weighed in air
(1) The weight of aluminium is half the weight of steel
(2) Steel piece will weigh more
(4) (3) They have the same weight
(4) Aluminium piece will weigh more

55. Ice pieces are floating in a beaker A containing water 57. A block of aluminium of mass 1 kg and volume 3.6 × 10–
4
and also in a beaker B containing miscible liquid of m3 is suspended from a string and then completely
specific gravity 1.2 . When ice melts, the level of immersed in a container of water. The decreasein
(1) Water increases in A tension in the string after immersion is
(2) Water decreases in A (1) 9.8 N
(3) Liquid in B decreases (2) 6.2 N
(4) Liquid in B increases (3) 3.6 N
56. A spherical solid ball of volume V is made of a material of (4) 1.0 N
density 1. It is falling through a liquid of density 2 (2 < 58. A piece of wood is floating in water. When the
1). Assume that the liquid applies a viscous force on the temperature of water rises, the apparent weight of the
ball that is proportional to the square of its speed v, i.e., wood will
Fviscous = – kv2 (k > 0). The terminal speed of the ball is (1) Increase
Vg 1 Vg 1 (2) Decreases
(1) (2)
k k (3) May increase or decrease
Vg ( 1  2 ) Vg ( 1   2 ) (4) Remain same
(3) (4)
k k
10.3 P.No.:257
When a fluid moves in such a way that there are relative motions among the fluid particles, the fluid is
said to be flowing.
Types of fluid flow : Fluid flow can be classified as :

 Steady and unsteady flow : Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics
like velocity, pressure and density at a point do not change with time. In an unsteady flow, the velocity,
pressure and density at a point in the flow varies with time.
 Streamline Flow : In steady flow all the particles passing through a given point follow the same path
and hence a unique line of flow. This line or path is called a streamline. Streamlines do not intersect each
other because if they intersect each other the particle can move in either direction at the point of intersection
and flow cannot be steady.
 Laminar and turbulent flow :
 Laminar flow is the flow in which the fluid particles move along well–defined streamlines which are
straight and parallel. In laminar flow the velocities at different points in the fluid may have different
magnitudes, but there directions are parallel. Thus the particles move in laminar or layers gliding smoothly
over the adjacent layer.
 Turbulent flow is an irregular flow in which the particles can move in zig–zag way due to which eddies
formation take place which are responsible for high energy losses.
 Compressible and incompressible flow : In compressible flow the density of fluid varies from point
to point i.e. the density is not constant for the fluid whereas in incompressible flow the density of the fluid
remains constant throughout. Liquids are generally incompressible while gases are compressible.
 Rotational and Irrotational flow : Rotational flow is the flow in which the fluid particles while flowing
along path–lines also rotate about their own axis. In irrotational flow particles do not rotate about their
axis. So they have no net angular velocity.

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
 The continuity equation is the mathematical expression of the law of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics.
 In the steady flow the mass of fluid entering into a tube of flow in a particular time interval is equal to
the mass of fluid leaving the tube.
m1 m2
  1 A1v1   2 A2 v2 ( 1   2 )  A1v1  A2 v2  Av  constant
t t
(Here r = density of fluid, v = velocity of fluid, A = Area of cross–section of tube)
Therefore the velocity of liquid is smaller in the wider parts of a tube and larger in the narrower parts.
10.4 P.No.:258
 Bernoulli's equation is mathematical expression of the law of mechanical energy conservation in fluid dynamics.
 Bernoullis theorem is applied to the ideal fluids.
 Characteristics of an ideal fluid are :
1. The fluid is incompressible. 2. The fluid is non–viscous.
3. The fluid flow is steady. 4. The fluid flow is irrotational.
 Every point in an ideal fluid flow is associated with three kinds of energies :
KINETIC ENERGY
1
 If a liquid of mass (m) and volume (V) is flowing with velocity (v) then Kinetic Energy  mv 2 and kinetic
2
Kinetic Energy 1 m 2 1 2
energy per unit volume   v  v
Volume 2V 2
POTENTIAL ENERGY
 If a liquid of mass (m) and volume (V) is at height (h) from the surface of the earth then its
Potential Energy m
Potential Energy = mgh and potential energy per unit volume   gh   gh
Volume V
PRESSURE ENERGY
 If P is the pressure on area A of a liquid and the liquid moves through a distance (l) due to this pressure
then
Pressure energy = Work done = force x displacement = pressure × area × displacement = PAl = PV
[ Al = volume V]
Pressure Energy
Pressure energy per unit volume  P
Volume

THEOREM
 According to Bernoulli's Theorem , in case of steady flow of incompressible and non–viscous fluid through
a tube of non–uniform cross–section, the sum of the pressure, the potential energy per unit volume and
1
the kinetic energy per unit volume is same at every point in the tube, i.e., P   gh   v 2  constant.
2
Consider a liquid flowing steadily through a tube of non–uniform area of cross–section as shown in figure.
If P1 and P2 are the pressures at the two ends of the tube respectively, work done in pushing the volume
V of incompressible liquid from point B to C through the tube
W = P (V) = (P1 – P2) V ...(i)
This work is used by the liquid in two ways :
 In changing the potential energy of mass m (in the volume V) from
to mgh 2 i.e., U = mg (h 2 – h1) ...(ii)
1 1 1
 In changing the kinetic energy from mv12 to mv22 , i.e. K  m(v22  v12 )
2 2 2
Now as the liquid is non–viscous, by conservation of mechanical energy,
1
W  U  K i.e., ( P1  P2 )V  mg (h2  h1 )  m(v22  v12 )
2
1  m 
P1  P2   g (h2  h1 )   (v22  v12 )  As   V 
2
1 1 1
P1   gh1   v12  P2   gh2   v22  P   gh   v 2  constant
2 2 2
This equation is the Bernoulli's equation and represents conservation of mechanical energy in case of
moving fluids.
10.4.2 VENTURIMETER P.No.:260
It is a gauge put on a flow pipe to measure the speed of flow of a liquid shown in figure.
Let the liquid of density  be flowing through a pipe of area of cross section A1. Let A2 be the area of
cross section at the throat and a manometer is attached as shown in the figure. Let v1 and P1 be the velocity
of the flow and pressure at point A, v2 and P2 be the corresponding quantities at point B.

USING BERNOULLI’S THEOREM :
P1 1 P 1
 gh1  v12  2  gh2  v22
 2  2
P1 1 P 1 1
We get  gh  v12  2  gh  v22 (Since h = h = h) or (P – P ) =  (v22 – v 12) ....(i)
 2  2 1 2 1 2
2
A 
According to continuity equation, A1v1  A2 v2 or v2   1  v1
 A2 
Substituting the value of v2 in equation (i)
1  A  2 2 2
 1 2  A  2 
We have ( P1  P2 )      v1  v1   v1  1   1
1
2  A2   2  A2  
2( P1  P2 ) 2 A22 ( P1  P2 )
Since A1 > A2, therefore, P1 > P2 or v12  
 A 2   ( A12  A22 )
  1   1
 A2  
Where (P1 – P2) = mgh and h is the difference in heights of the liquid levels in the two tubes.
2 m gh
v1 
 A  2 
  1   1
 A2  
The flow rate (R) i.e., the volume of the liquid flowing per second is given by R = v1A1.
10.4.1 TORRICELL’S LAW OF EFFLUX (FLUID OUT FLOW) P.No.:259
 As shown in the figure since the area of cross–section at A is very large

as compared to that at orifice B, speed at A i.e. vA  0. Also the two
fluid particles at A and B are at same pressure P0 (atmospheric pressure).
Applying Bernoulli's theorem at A and B.
1 1 1
P0   gH   vA2  P0   g ( H  h)   vB2   vB2   gh  vB  2 gh
2 2 2
Equation is same as that of freely falling body after falling through h height and is known as Torricelli's
law. Writing equation of uniformly accelerated motion in vertical direction
1 2 1  2( H  h)
H h0 gt  from s y  u y t  a y t 2   t 
2  2  g
2( H  h)
Horizontal range R  vx t  2 gh   2 h( H  h)
g
Range R will be maximum when R2 is maximum. i.e.,
d d H
( R 2 )  0  4 ( Hh  h 2 )  0  H  2h  0, i.e., h 
dh dh 2
H  H
 Rmaximum  2 H  2   H
2  
A cylindrical tank 1 m in radius rests on a platform 5 m high. Initially

the tank is filled with water upto a height of 5 m. A plug whose area
is 10–4 m2 is removed from an orifice on the side of the tank at the
bottom. Calculate
(a) initial speed with which the water flows from the orifice
(b) initial speed with which the water strikes the ground
(a) Speed of efflux vH  (2 gh)  2  10  5  10 m/s

(b) As initial vertical velocity of water is zero, so its vertical velocity when it hits the ground
vv  2 gh  2  10  5  10 m/s
So the initial speed with which water strikes the ground, v  vH2  vv2  10 2  14.1 m/s
In a given arrangement B
(a) Find out velocity of water coming out of ‘C’ container
of area A h2
(b) Find out pressure at A, B and C.
h1
h A
(a) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between liquid surface h3
and point ‘C’.
liquid  area of cross
1 1 section a
pa   v12  pa   gh3   v22 C
2 2
av2 1 a2 1
through continuity equation Av1  av2 , v1    2 v22    gh3   v22
A 2 A 2
2 gh3 2 gh3
v22  2
, v2 
a a2
1 2 1 2
A A
(b) Pressure at A just outside the tube p A = p atm + gh1
1 2
For pressure at B : p A  0  0  pB   gh2   vB
2
1  2 gh3 
pB  PA   gh2    2 2 
2  [1  (a / A )] 
Pressure at C : p C = p atm
A tank is filled with a liquid upto a height H. A small hole is made at the bottom of this tank. Let t1 be
the time taken to empty first half of the tank and t2 time taken to empty rest half of the tank, then find
(t1 / t 2).
Let at some instant of time the level of liquid in the tank is y. Velocity of efflux at this instant of time
 dV1 
v  2 gy . Now, at this instant volume of liquid coming out the hole per second is  
 dt 
 dV2 
Volume of liquid coming down in the tank per second is  
 dt 
dV1 dV2   dy   dy 
  av  A    a 2 gy  A    ...(i)
dt dt  dt   dt 
(Here area of cross-section of hole and tank are respectively a and A)
Substituting the proper limits in equation (i),
t1 H /2
A 2A  H 2A  H A H
 dt    y 1/ 2 dy  t1   y   H   ( 2  1) ...(ii)
0 a 2g H a 2g H /2 a 2g  2 a a
t2 0
A A H
Similarly, 0 dt   a 2 g  y 1/2 dy  t2  ...(iii)
H /2
a g
t1
From equations (ii) and (iii), t  2  1  0.414
2
A fixed container of height ‘H’ with large cross-sectional area ‘A’ is completely filled with water. Two
small orifice of cross-sectional area ‘a’ are made, one at the bottom and the other on the vertical side of
the container at a distance H/2 from the top of the container. Find the time taken by the water level to
reach a height of H/2 from the bottom of the container.
 H 
v1  2 g  h   ; v2  2 gh  By continuity equation
 2 
 dh   dh    H  
A     a (v1  v2 )  A      2 g  h    2 gh 
 dt   dt    2  
H /2 t
A dh 2A H
or     dt  t  ( 2  1)
a 2g H H 0 3a g
h  h
2
A cylindrical vessel filled with water upto a height of 2 m stands on a horizontal plane. The side wall of
the vessel has a plugged circular hole touching the bottom. Find the minimum diameter of the hole so that
the vessel begins to move on the floor if the plug is removed. The coefficient of friction between the bottom
of the vessel and the plane is 0.4 and total mass of water plus vessel is 100 kg.
From Torricelli's theorem, velocity of efflux  2gh

Momentum per second carried by water stream
= density × volume coming out per second × velocity =  × av × v = av 2
Hence force on cylindrical vessel = a2gh
Cylinder starts to move when reaction force is just equal to maximum force of friction.
 M 0.4  100
i.e.,  Mg   a 2 gh  a    0.01 m 2
2  h 2  103  2
d2 0.01 4
Area of circular hole   0.01 m 2  d   0.113 m
4 
EXAMPLES OF BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

 Magnus Effect (Spinning ball) : Tennis and cricket players usually experience that when a ball is thrown
spinning it moves along a curved path. This is called swing of the ball. This is due to the air which is
being dragged round by the spinning ball. When the ball spins, the layer of the air around it also moves
with the ball. So, as shown in figure the resultant velocity of air increases on the upper side and reduces
on the lower side.
force on ball speed of air
flow increases
\pressure reduced
spin
speed of air
flow decreases\pressure increased
motion of a spin ball
Hence according to Bernoulli's theorem the pressure on the upper side becomes lower than that on the
lower side. This pressure difference exerts a force on the ball due to which it moves along a curved path.
This effect is known as Magnus–effect.
 Motion of the Ping–Pong ball :
When a ping–pong ball is placed on a vertical stream of water–fountain, it rises upto a
certain height above the nozzle of the fountain and spins about its axis.
air
The reason for this is that the streams of water rise up from the fountain with very large
velocity so that the air–pressure in them decreases. Therefore, whenever the ball goes out
from the streams, the outer air which is at atmospheric pressure pushes it back into the
streams ( in the region of low pressure). Thus the ball remains in stable equilibrium on
the fountain.

If we blow air at one end of a narrow tube, the air emerges from the other end at high speed and so
the pressure falls there. If a ping–pong ball is left free slightly below this end, it does not fall down due
to the large pressure (atmospheric) below the ball. Similarly, if we blow air in between two ping–pong
balls suspended by light threads near each other, the balls come close to each other due to the decrease
of air pressure between them. Same is the reason that when air is blown below a pan of a physical balance
the pan is depressed down.
 Aerofoil :
high speed, reduced pressure
This is a device which is shaped in such a way so that the relative
motion between it and a fluid produces a force perpendicular to the
flow. As shown in the figure the shape of the aerofoil section causes aerofoil
the fluid to flow faster over the top surface then over the bottom
i.e. the streamlines are closer above than below the aerofoil. By lift low speed, increased
Bernoullis theorem the pressure above is reduced and that underneath pressure
is increased. principle of an aerofoil
Thus a resultant upward force is created normal to the flow and it is this force which provides most of
lift upward force for an aeroplane. Examples of aerofoils are aircraft wings, turbine blades and propellers.
 Pull–in or attraction force by fast moving trains : If we are standing on a platform and a train passes
through the platform with very high speed we are pulled towards the train. This is because as the train
comes at high speed, the pressure between us and the train decreases. Thus the air behind us which is
still at atmospheric pressure pushes us towards the train. The reason behind flying–off of small papers,
straws and other light objects towards the train is also the same.
 Sprayer or Atomizer :
spray
air flowing out with

Rubber high velocity
bulb
This is an instrument used to spray a liquid in the form of small droplets

(fine spray). It consists of a vertical tube whose lower end is dipped in
the liquid to be sprayed, filled in a vessel.
The upper end opens in a horizontal tube. At one end of the horizontal tube
there is a rubber bulb and at the other end there is a fine bore (hole). When
the rubber bulb is squeezed, air rushes out through the horizontal tube with
very high velocity and thus the pressure reduces (according to Bernoulli's flame
theorem). So the liquid rises and comes out through narrow end in form of
droplets. It is used in spray gun, perfumes, deodorant and etc.
gas +air
 Bunsen's Burner (Jet) :
It is based on the working of jet. It consists of a long tube having a air
nosel
fine nozzle O at the bottom. The burning gas enters the tube through gas
O and burns in a flame at the top of the tube.
To produce a non–luminous flame, the air of the atmosphere is mixed
with the gas. Since the nozzle O is fine, the gas enters with a large

velocity and so the pressure inside the tube is lowered than the outer
atmospheric pressure. Therefore, air from outside rushes into the tube water
through a hole and is mixed with the burning gas. M A
 Filter Pump (Nozzle)
It is based on the working of nozzle. It consists of a wide tube MN in vessel
the upper part of which there is another tube A. The upper end of A is air
connected to a water tank, while its lower end has a fine bore through
which water comes out in the form of a jet. The vessel which is to be water jet
N
evacuated is connected to the tube M N as shown. water and air
The velocity of the emerging water jet is very large. Therefore, the
pressure of the air near the jet becomes less than the pressure in the vessel.
Hence air from the vessel rushes into the tube M N and is carried out
along with the water jet. Thus partial vacuum is created in the vessel.
 Blowing–off of tin Roof Tops in Wind Storm : P
wind v large
When wind blows with a high velocity above a So P < P0
P0
tin roof, it causes lowering of pressure above the
roof, while the pressure below the roof is still
atmospheric. Due to this pressure–difference the
roof is lifted up.
63. Water flows through a pipe of varying cross section.

Then the ratio of speeds of water at two points 1 and
59. In a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross-section, water 2 where the radii of the pipe are r1 and r2 is
flow with a velocity of 1 m s–1 at a point where the diameter r22 r2
of the pipe is 20 cm. The velocity of water (in m s–1) at a (1) 2 (2)
r1 r1
point where the diameter of the pipe is 5 cm is r12 r1
(1) 64 (2) 24 (3) (4)
r22 r2
(3) 8 (4) 16
64. Statement-1 : The stream of water flowing at high
60. Water from a hose pipe of radius 5 cm strikes a wall
speed of a garden hose pipe tends to spread like a
normally at a speed of 5 m s–1. The force exerted on the
fountain when held vertically up, but tends to narrow
wall in newton is
down when held vertically down.
(1) 13.5 (2) 6.25 Statement-2 : In any steady flow of an incompressible
(3) 62.5 (4) 27 fluid, the volume flow rate of the fluid remains constant.
61. An ideal fluid flows through a pipe of circular cross (1) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true,
section with diameters 5 cm and 10 cm as shown. The Statement-2 is the correct expl anation of
ratio of velocities of fluid at A and B is Statement-1.
A B (2) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true,
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
Statement-1.
(1) 4 : 1 (2) 1 : 4 (3) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is false.
(3) 2 : 1 (4) 1 : 2 (4) Statement-1 is false; Statement-2 is true.
62. Water is flowing continuously from a tap having an 65. A liquid is allowed to flow into a tube of truncated cone
internal diameter 8 × 10–3 m. The water velocity as it shape. Identify the correct statement from the following.
leave the tap is 0.4 m s –1. The diameter of the water (1) The speed is high at the wider end and low at the
stream at a distance 2 × 10 –3 m below the tap is close to narrow end.
(1) 5.0 × 10 –3 m (2) The speed is low at the wider end and high at the
(2) 7.5 × 10 –3 m narrow end.
(3) 9.6 × 10 –3 m (3) The speed is same at both ends in a stream line flow.
(4) 3.6 × 10 –3 m (4) The liquid flows with uniform velocity in the tube.

66. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross- 71. A large open tank has two holes in its wall. One is a
section of 8 cm2, one end of which has 40 fine holes square hole of side a at a depth of x from the top and
each of area 10–8 m2. If the liquid flows inside the tube the other is a circular hole of radius r at depth 4x from
with a speed of 0.15 m min–1, the speed with which the the top. When the tank is completely filled with water,
liquid is ejected through the holes is the quantities of water flowing out per second from
(1) 50 m s–1 (2) 5 m s–1 both holes are the same. Then r is equal to
(3) 0.05 m s –1
(4) 0.5 m s–1 (1) 2a (2) a
67. A liquid is filled upto a height of 20 cm in a cylindrical a a
vessel. The speed of liquid coming out of a small hole (3) (4)
2 2
at the bottom of the vessel is (g = 10 m s–2)
(1) 1.2 m s –1 (2) 1 m s–1 72. A container of height 10 m which is open at the top,
(3) 2 m s –1
(4) 3.2 m s–1 has water to its full height. Two small openings are
made on the walls of the container one exactly at the
68. If the piston is pushed at a speed of 5 mm s–1, the air
middle and the other at the bottom. The ratio of the
comes out of the nozzle with a speed of
velocities with which water comes out from the middle
(1) 0.1 m s –1 (2) 1 m s–1
–1
and the bottom region respectively is
(3) 2 m s (4) 8 m s–1
69. There are two identical small holes on the opposite 1
(1) 2 (2) s
sides of a tank containing a liquid. The tank is open at 2
the top. The difference in height between the two holes
is h. As the liquid comes out of the two holes, the tank 1
(3) 2 (4)
will experience a nest horizontal force proportional to 2
73. Bernoulli’s theorem is based on the law of conservation
of
(1) angular momentum
(2) linear momentum
(3) mass
(4) energy
(1) h (2) h
74. Water flows steadily through a horizontal pipe of a
3/2
(3) h (4) h 2 variable cross-section. If the pressure of water is p at a
70. An aircraft has a mass 4 × 10 5 kg with total wing area point where the velocity of flow is v, what is the
500 m2 flying at a speed of 720 km/h. The density of air pressure at another point where the velocity of flow is
at its height is 1.2 kg/m3. Estimate the fractional increase 2v,  being the density of water?
in air speed on the upper surface of its wings relative (1) p + 2v2 (2) p – 2v2
to lower surface
(1) 0.04 (2) 0.08 3 3
(3) p  v 2 (4) p  v 2
(3) 0.17 (4) 0.32 2 2
10.5 P.No.:262
Viscosity is the property of the fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of which it opposes the relative motion between
its adjacent layers. It is the fluid friction or internal friction. The internal tangential force which try to retard
the relative motion between the layers is called viscous force.
NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY
 Suppose a liquid is flowing in streamlined motion on a horizontal surface OX. The liquid layer in contact
with the surface is at rest while the velocity of other layers increases with increasing distance from the
surface OX. The highest layer flows with maximum velocity.

 Let us consider two parallel layers PQ and RS at distances y and y + y from OX. Thus the change in
velocity in a perpendicular distance y is vx. The rate of change of velocity with distance perpendicular
vx
to the direction of flow i.e. , is called velocity–gradient. According to Newton, the viscous force F
y
acting between two layers of a liquid flowing in streamlined motion depends upon following two factors
:
1. F  Contact–area of the layers i.e. F  A
 v x  v v v
2. F  Velocity–gradient 
 y  between layers i.e. F  x . Therefore F  A x  F   A x where
  y y y
 is a constant called coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.
vx
In above formula if A = 1 and  1, then F = . i.e. the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is
y
defined as the viscous force per unit area of contact between two layers having a unit velocity gradient.
N s
• SI Units : or deca poise
m2
• CGS units : dyne–s/cm2 or poise (1 decapoise = 10 poise)
• Dimension : M 1L –1 T –1
A plate of area 2 m2 is made to move horizontally with a speed of 2 m/s by applying a horizontal tangential
force over the free surface of a liquid. If the depth of the liquid is 1 m and the liquid in contact with the
plate is stationary. Coefficient of viscosity of liquid is 0.01 poise. Find the tangential force needed to move
the plate.
v 2  0 m/s v=2m/s
Velocity gradient   2  2 s 1 F
y 1  0 m
1m
From, Newton's law of viscous force,
v
| F |  A  (0.01 101 )(2)(2)  4  103 N
y
A man is rowing a boat with a constant velocity v0 in a river the contact area of boat is ‘A’ and coefficient
of viscosity is . The depth of river is ‘D’. Find the force required to row the boat.
F – FT = m a
As boat moves with constant velocity a = 0 so F = FT
dv dv v0  0 v0
But FT   A but  
dz dz D D
 Av0
Then F  FT 
D

A cubical block (of side 2m) of mass 20 kg slides on inclined plane
lubricated with the oil of viscosity  = 10–1 poise with constant velocity
of 10 m/s. Find out the thickness of layer of liquid. ( = 10 m/s2)
30°
dv dv v
F  F '  A  mg sin  
dz dz h
10
 20  10  sin 30    4 
h
 h = 4 × 10 –3 m = 4 mm
As per the shown figure the central solid cylinder starts with initial angular velocity 0. Find out the time
after which the angular velocity becomes half.
dv dv  R1  0
F  A , where 
dz dz R2  R1
2 R1l R1 2 R13l

F  and   FR1 
R2  R1 R2  R1
0 / 2
d 4 R1l t m( R2  R1 ) ln 2
or     dt  t 
0  m( R2  R1 ) 0 4 lR1
DEPENDENCY OF VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS
 On temperature of fluid
1. Since cohesive forces decrease with increase in temperature as increase in K.E. Therefore with the
rise in temperature, the viscosity of liquids decreases.
2. The viscosity of gases is the result of diffusion of gas molecules from one moving layer to other moving
layer. Now with increase in temperature, the rate of diffusion increases. So, the viscosity also increases.
Thus, the viscosity of gases increases with the rise of temperature.
 On Pressure of fluid
1. The viscosity of liquids increases with the increase of pressure.
2. The viscosity of gases is practically independent of pressure.
 On nature of fluid
10.5.1 STROKE’S LAW AND TERMINAL VELOCITY P.No.:264

Stoke showed that if a small sphere of radius r is moving with a velocity v through a homogeneous medium
(liquid or gas), coefficient of viscosity  then the viscous force acting on the sphere is Fv = 6rv. It
is called Stoke's Law.
TERMINAL VELOCITY
 When a solid sphere falls in a liquid then its accelerating velocity is controlled by the viscous force of
liquid and hence it attains a constant velocity which is known as terminal velocity (vT).

 As shown in figure when the body moves with constant velocity i.e. terminal velocity (zero acceleration)
the net upward force (upthrust Th + viscous force Fv) balances the downward force (weight of body W)
4 4 2 r 2 (   )
Therefore Th  Fv  W   r 3 g  6 rvT   r 3  g  vT  g
3 3 9 
Where r = radius of body,  = density of body,  = density of liquid,
 = coefficient of viscosity
SOME APPLICATIONS OF STOKE’S LAW :
 The velocity of rain drops is very small in comparison to the velocity of a body falling freely from the
height of clouds.
 Descending by a parachute with lesser velocity.
 Determination of electronic charge with the help of Milikan's experiment.
A spherical ball is moving with terminal velocity inside a liquid. Determine the relationship of rate of heat
loss with the radius of ball.
2
2  2 gr 2 ( 0  l ) 
Rate of heat loss = power  F  v  6 rv  v  6 rv  6 r  
9  
Therefore rate of heat loss  r 5
A drop of water of radius 0.0015 mm is falling in air. If the coefficient of viscosity of air is 1.8 × 10–5 kg
m–1 s–1. What will be the terminal velocity of the drop. Density of air can be neglected.
2
15  104  3
2   1000   10  9.8
2 r 2 (   )g  
vT    2.72  104 m / s
9  9  1.8  105
REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re)

 The type of flow pattern (laminar or turbulent) is determined by a non–dimensional number called Reynolds
 vd
number (Re). Which is defined as Re  where  is the density of the fluid having viscosity  and flowing

with mean speed v. d denotes the diameter of obstacle or boundary of fluid flow.
 Although there is not a perfect demarkation for value of Re for laminar and turbulent flow but some authentic
references take the value as
Re < 1 00 0 > 20 00 between 1 0 0 0 to 2 0 0 0

Type of flow laminar often turbulent may be laminar or turbulent
On gradually increasing the speed of flow at certain speed transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow
takes place. This speed is called critical speed. For lower density and higher viscosity fluids laminar flow
is more probable.

80. The terminal velocity of a raindrop of radius r is 2 cm s–
1
. If eight such identical drops combine to form a single
large drop, the terminal velocity would be
75. Two tubes of radii r 1 and r, and lengths l 1 and l 2 ,
respectively, are connected in series and a liquid flows (1) 1 cm s–1 (2) 2 cm s–1
through each of them in streamline conditions. P1 and (3) 4 cm s–1 (4) 8 cm s–1
P2 are pressure differences across the two tubes. If P2 81. Two small spheres of radii r and 4r fall through a
l1 viscous liquid with the same terminal velocity. The ratio
is 4P1 and l2 is , then the radius r2 will be equal to between the viscous forces acting on them is
4
r1 (1) 1 : 2 (2) 4 : 1
(1) 2r1 (2)
2 (3) 1 : 16 (4) 1 : 4
(3) 4r1 (4) r1 82. A spherical solid ball of volume V is made of a material
76. Which of the following option correctly describes the of density 1. It is falling through a liquid of density 2
variation of the speed v and acceleration a of a point (2 < 1). Assume that the liquid applies a viscous force
mass falling vertically in a viscous medium that applies on the ball that is proportional to the square of its
a force F=–kv, where k is a constant, on the body? speed v, i.e., Fviscous = –kv2 (k > 0). The terminal speed of
(Graphs are schematic and not drawn to scale) the ball is
a v Vg (1  2 ) Vg (1  2 )
(1) (2)
k k
(1) v (2) a
t t Vg1 Vg1
(3) (4)
k k
v
v 83. If it takes 5 minutes to fill a 15 litre bucket from a water
(3) a (4) a 2
t t tap of diameter cm then the Reynolds number for

77. A small metal sphere of radius a is falling with a velocity
the flow is (density of water = 103 kg/m3 and viscosity
v through a vertical column of a viscous liquid. If the
of water = 10–3 Pa.s) close to
coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is , then the sphere
encounters an opposite force of (1) 5500 (2) 11,000
(3) 50 (4) 1100
6v
(1) 6a2v (2) 84. A flow of liquid is streamline if the Reynolds number is
a
(1) between 2000 to 3000
v
(3) 6av (4) (2) less than 1000
6a 3
78. Two spherical rain drops with radii in the ratio 1 : 2 fall (3) between 4000 to 5000
from a great height through the atmosphere. The ratio (4) greater than 1000
of their momenta after they have attained terminal 85. Water is flowing through a very narrow tube. The
velocity is velocity of water below which the flow remains a
(1) 1 : 8 (2) 2 : 1 streamline flow is known as
(3) 1 : 32 (4) 1 : 2 (1) relative velocity
79. In the case of a sphere falling through a viscous (2) terminal velocity
medium, it attains terminal velocity when (3) critical velocity
(1) viscous force plus buoyant force becomes equal (4) particle velocity
to force of gravity 86. The onset of turbulence in a liquid is determined by
(2) viscous force is zero (1) Pascal’s law
(3) viscous force plus force of gravity becomes equal (2) Magnus number
to buoyant force
(3) Reynolds number
(4) buoyant force becomes equal to force of gravity
(4) Bernoulli’s principle
10.7 Synopsis
SURFACE TENSION
(c) On Temperature
Surface tension is basically a property of liquid. The
On increasing temperature surface tension decreases.
liquid surface behaves like a stretched elastic membrane
At critical temperature and boiling point it becomes zero.
which has a natural tendency to contract and tends to
Note : Surface tension of water is maximum at 4 oC
have a minimum possible area. This property of liquid
is called surface tension. (d) On Contamination
The dust particles or lubricating materials on the liquid
17. Intermolecular forces surface decreases its surface tension.
(a) Cohesive force (e) On Electrification
The force acting between the molecules of one type of The surface tension of a liquid decreases due to
molecules of same substance is called cohesive electrification because a force starts acting due to it in
force. the outward direction normal to the free surface of liquid
(b) Adhesive force 20. Definition of surface tension
The force acting between different types of molecules The force acting per unit length of an imaginary line
or molecules of different substance is called drawn on the free liquid surface at right angles to the
adhesive force. line and in the plane of liquid surface is definedas surface
Intermolecular forces are different from the gravitational tension.
forces not obey the inverse-square law. For floating needle 2T  sin = mg
The distance upto which these forces effective, is called 21. Required excess force for lift
molecular range. This distance is nearly 10–9 m. • Wire Fex = 2T 
Within this limit this increases very rapidly as the • Hollow disc Fex = 2T (r1 + r2)
distance decreases. • For ring Fex = 4rT
Molecular range depends on the nature of the substance • Circular disc Fex = 2rT
18. Properties of surface tension • Square frame Fex = 8aT
(a) Surface tension is a scalar quantity • Square plate Fex = 4aT
(b) It acts tangential to liquid surface Work = surface energy = TA
(c) Surface tension is always produced due to cohesive • Liquid drop W = 4r2T
force • Soap bubble W = 8r2T
(d) More is the cohesive force, more is the surface tension.
Splitting of bigger drop into smaller droples R = n1/3 r
(e) When surface area of liquid is increased, molecules from • Work done = Change in surface energy
the interior of the liquid rise to the surface. For this,
work is done against the downward cohesive force. 1 1 
19. Dependency of Surface Tension

= 4R 3 T     rR 2 T n1 3  1
r R

(a) On Cohesive Force : Those factors which increase the Excess pressure Pex = Pin – Pout
cohesive force between molecules increase the surface
tension and those which decrease the cohesive force 2T
• In liquid drop Pex =
between molecules decrease the surface tension. R
(b) On Impurities : If the impurity is completely soluble 4T
then on mixing in it the liquid, its surface tension increase • In soap bubble Pex =
R
e.g., on dissolving ionic salts in small quantities in a
liquid, its surface tension increases. If the impurity is 22. ANGLE OF CONTACT (C)
paratially soluble in a liquid then its surface tension The angle enclosed between the tangent plane at the
decreases because adhesive force between insoluble liquid surface and the tangent plane at the solid surface
impurity molecules and liquid molecules decreases at the point of contact inside the liquid is defined as the
cohesive force effectively. e.g. angle of contact.
(a) On mixing detergent in water its surface tension The angle of contact depends the nature of the solid
decreases. and liquid in contact.
(b) Surface tension of water is more than (alcohol + water) Angle of contact  < 90o  concave shape, Liquid rise up
mixture. Angle of contact  > 90o  convex shape, Liquid falls

Angle of contact  = 90o  plane shape, Liquid neither rise 33. Density of a Mixture of substance in the proportion of mass
nor falls
M1  M 2  M 3 .....

23. Effect of temperature on angle of contact the density of the mixture is M1 M 2 M 3
   ....
On increasing temperature surface tension decreases, thus 1 2 3
 1 34. Density of a mixture of substance in the proportion of volume
cosc increases  cos c   and cdecrease.
 T 1 V1  2 V2  3 V3
So on increasing temperature, c decreases. the density of the mixture is   V  V  V  ....
1 2 3
24. Effect of impurities on angle of contact normal force

(a) Solute impurities increase surface tension, so cos c 35. Pressure =
area
decreases and angle of contact c increases.
(b) Partially solute impurities decrease surface tension, so 36. Variation of pressure with depth
angle of contact cdecreases. Pressure is same at two points in the same horizontal
25. Effect of water proofing agent level P1 = P2
Angle of contact increases due to water proofing agent. The difference of pressure between two points
It gets converted acute to obtuse angle. separated by a depth h
(P2 – P1) = hg
2T cos  37. Pressure in case of acceleration fluid
Capillary rise : h 
rg (a) Liquid placed in elevator : When elevator accelerates
1
• Zurin`s law h  upward with acceleration a0 then pressure in the fluid,
r at depth h may be given by, P =h[g + a0]
rg
• Jeager`s method T   H  hd 
2
26. The height ‘h’ is measured from the bottom of the a0
meniscuc. However there exist some liquid above this
line also.
If correction of this is applied then the formula will be h
 1 
rg  h  r 
 3  (b) Free surface of liquid in case of horizontal acceleration :
T
2 cos 
27. When two soap bubbles are in contact then radius of
curvature of the common surface
r1r2
r  r1  r2 
r1  r2
28. When two soap bubbles are combining to form a new bubble
ma 0 a 0
then radius of new bubble tan   
mg g
r  r12  r22
If P1 and P2 are pressure at point 1 & 2 then
2AT P1 – P2 = g (h1 – h2) = g tan   a 0
29. Force required to separate two plates F =
d (c) Free surface of liquid in case of rotating cylinder
FLUID STATICS
mass v 2 2 r 2
30. Density = h 
volume 2g 2g
weight
31. Specific weight =  g 38. Pascal`s Law
volume
The pressure in a fluid at rest is same at all the points if
density of given liquid gravity is ignored.
32. Relative density = A liquid exerts equal pressures in all directions.
density of pure water 4o C

If the pressure in an enclosed fluid is changed at a The pressure which we measure in our automobile tyres is
particular point, the charge is transmitted to every point gauge pressure.
of the fluid and to the walls of the container without
being diminished in magnitude. [for ideal fluids] 43. Buoyant force = Weight of displaced fluid = Vg
39. Types of Pressure 44. Apparent weight = weight – Upthrust
Pressure is of three types 45. Rotatory – Equilibrium in Floatation : for rotational
(a) Atmospheric pressure (P0) equilibrium of floating body the meta-centre must
always be higher than the centre of gravity of the body.
(b) Gauge pressure (Pgauge)
(c) Absolute pressure (Pabo.) Density of body
46. Relative density of body = Density of water
40. Atmospheric pressure
Force exerted by air column on until cross-section area of FLUID DYNAMICS
sea level called
47. Steady and unsteady flow
atmospheric pressure (P0)
Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the
fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure and density
up to top of at a point do not change with time. In an unsteady
atmosphere
flow, the velocity, pressure and density at a point in
2 the flow varies with time.
air area=1m
sea column 48. Streamline Flow
level
In steady flow all the particles passing through a given point
follow the same path and hence a unique line of flow.
This line or path is called a streamline.
F
Po = = 101.3 kN/m2 49. Laminar and turbulent flow
A
Laminar flow is the flow in which the fluid particles
P = 1.013 × 105 N/m2
move along well–defined streamlines which are straight
Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. Which and parallel.
was discovered by Torricelli.
50. Compressible and incompressible flow
Atmospheric pressure varies from place to place and at a
particular plac from time to time. In compressible flow the density of fluid varies from
41. Gauge Pressure point to point i.e. the density is not constant for the
fluid whereas in incompressible flow the density of
Excess Pressure ( P – Patm) measured with help of pressure
measuring instrument called Gauge pressure. the fluid remains constant throughout.
51. Rotational and Irrotational flow
Pgauge  hg or Pgauge  h
Rotational flow is the flow in which the fluid particles while
Patm flowing along path–lines also rotate about their own
manometer axis. In irrotational flow particles do not rotate about
their axis.
gas Equation of continuity A1 v1 = A2v2 Based on
conservation of mass
Pabsolute
h 1 2
Bernoulli`s theorem : P  v  gh = constant
2
Based on energy conservation
Gauge pressure is always measured with help of

“manometer”
42. Absolute Pressure
Sum of atmospheric and Gauge pressure is called absolute
pressure.
Pabs  Patm  Pgauge  Pabs  Po  hg

52. Kinetic Energy VISCOSITY
Kinetic energy per unit volume =
v x
59. Newton`s law of viscosity F  A
Kinetic Energy 1 m 2 1 2 v y
 v = v
volume 2 V 2
Ns
53. Potential Energy 60. SI UNIT : or deca poise
m2
Potential Energy 61. CGS UNIT : dyne-s/cm2 or poise (1 decapoise = 10 poise)
Potential energy per unit volume =
volume
62. Dependency of viscosity of fluids
m
= gh = gh (a) On temperature of fluid
V
(i) Since cohesive forces decrease with increase in
temperature as increase in K.E. Therefore with the rise
54. Pressure Energy in temperature, the viscosity
Pressure energy of liquids decreases.
Pressure energy per unit volume = =P (ii) The viscosity of gases is the result of diffusion of gas
volume
molecules from one moving layer to other moving
55. For horizontal flow in venturimeter layer. Now with increase in temperature, the rate of
diffusion increases. So, the viscosity also increases.
11 11 2gh
2gh Thus, the viscosity of gases increases with the rise of
P1 P1  v2v P2P2  v2vv1v1 AA
 2 2
2 2 A12  A 22 temperature.
56. Rate of flow (b) On Pressure of fluid
Volume of water flowing per second (i) The viscosity of liquids increases with the increase of
pressure.
2gh (ii) The viscosity of gases is practically independent of
Q  A1 v1  A1A 2
A 1  A 22
2
pressure.
(c) On nature of fluid
57. Velocity of efflux v = 2gh
dV pr 4
63. Poiseuillel`s formula Q  
dt 8L
58. Horizontal range R = 2 h  H  h 
64. Viscous force Fv  6rv
2
2 r    g
65. Terminal velocity v T   vT  r 2
9 
vd
66. Reynolds number R e 

Re < 1000 laminar flow, Re > 2000 turbulent flow
1. A piece of ice is floating on water in a container. What will 8. Air is blown through a hole on a closed pipe containing
happen to the surface of water when whole ice piece melts liquid. Then the pressure will
(1) Will go up (2) Will not change (1) Increase on sides
(3) Will go down (4) None of these (2) Increase downwards
2. The sphericalk shape of rain-drop is due to (3) Increase in all directions
(1) Density of liquid (2) Surface tension (4) Never increases
(3) Atmospheric pressure (4) Gravity 9. Spheres of iron and lead having same mass are completely
3. On heating water, bubbles being formed at the bottom of immersed in water. Density of lead is more than that of iron.
the vessel detach and rise. take the bubbles to be spheres Apparent loss of weight is W1 for iron sphere and W2 for
of radius R and making a circular contact of radius r with the W
lead sphere. Then 1 is
bottom of the vessel. If r << R, and the surface tension of W2
water is T, value of r just before bubbles detach is (1) 1 (2) Between 0 and 1
(3) 0 (4) > 1
10. The heart of man pumps 5 litres of through the arteries per
minute at a pressure of 150 mm of mercury. If the density of
mercury be 13.6 × 103 kg/m3 and g = 10m/s2 the power of
heart in watt is
(1) 2.35 (2) 3.0
R
(3) 1.50 (4) 1.70
11. The value of coefficient of volume expansion of glycerin is
2r 5 × 10–4 K–1. The fractional charge in the density of glycerin
for a rise of 40°C in its temperature is
2w g w g (1) 0.020 (2) 0.025
(1) R2 (2) R2
3T 6T (3) 0.010 (4) 0.015
12. The fundamental frequency of a closed organ pipe of length
w g 3 w g 20 cm is equal to the second overtone of an organ pipe
(3) R2 (4) R2 open at both the ends. The length of organ pipe open at
T T
both the ends is
4. Soap helps in cleanin clothes, because (1) 100 cm (2) 120 cm
(1) Chemicals of soap change (3) 140 cm (4) 80 cm
(2) It increases the surface tension of the solution 13. Two spheres of the same material, but of radii R and 3R are
(3) It absorbs the dirt allowed to fall vertically downwards through a liquid of
(4) It lowers the surface tension of the solution density . The ratio of their terminal velocities is
5. A pin or a needle floats on the surface of water, the reason (1) 1 : 3 (2) 1 : 6
for this is (3) 1 : 9 (4) 1 : 1
(1) Surface tension (2) Less weight 14. Two solid pieces one of steel and the other of aluminium
(3) Upthrust (4) None of the above when immersed completely in water have equal weights.
6. A drop of oil is placed on the surface of water. Which of the When the solid pieces are weighed in air
following statement is correct (1) The weight of aluminium is half the weight of steel
(1) It will remain on it as a sphere (2) Steel piece will weigh more
(2) It will spread as a thin layer (3) They have the same weight
(3) It will be partly as spherical droplets and partly as thin (4) Aluminium piece will weigh more
film 15. Ice pieces are floating in a beaker A containing water and
(4) It will float as a distorted drop on the water surface also in a beaker B containing miscible liquid of specific
7. If pressure at half the depth of a lake is equal to 2/3 pressure gravity 1.2 . When ice melts, the level of
at the bottom of the lake then what is the depth of the lake (1) Water increases in A
(1) 10 m (2) 20 m (2) Water decreases in A
(3) 60 m (4) 30 m (3) Liquid in B decreases
(4) Liquid in B increases

16. A spherical solid ball of volume V is made of a material of
density 1. It is falling through a liquid of density 2(2 < N
1). Assume that the liquid applies a viscous force on the
ball that is proportional to the square of its speed v, i.e.,
Fviscous = – kv 2 (k > 0). The terminal speed of the ball is
M
Vg1 Vg1
(1) (2)
k k (1) Continuously chnges with time
Vg(1  2 ) Vg(1  2 ) (2) Greater at M than at N
(3) (4) (3) Greater at N than at M
k k
17. A block of aluminium of mass 1 kg and volume 3.6 × 10–4 m3 (4) Same at M and N
is suspended from a string and then completely immersed 23. A liquid is allowed to flow into a tube of truncated cone
in a container of water. The decreasein tension in the string shape. Identity the correct statement from the following
after immersion is (1) The speed is high at the wider end and high at the
(1) 9.8 N (2) 6.2 N narrow end
(3) 3.6 N (4) 1.0 N (2) The speed is low at the wider end and high at the
narrow end
18. A piece of wood is floating in water. When the temperature
(3) The speed is same at both ends in a stream line flow
of water rises, the apparent weight of the wood will
(4) The liquid flows with uniform velocity in the tube
(1) Increase
24. The height of the dam, in an hydroelectric power station is
(2) Decreases
10 m . In order to generate 1 MW of electric power, the mass
(3) May increase or decrease
of water (in kg) that must fall per second on the blades of
(4) Remain same the turbine is
19. In which one of the following cases will the liquid flow in a (1) 106 (2) 105
pipe be most streamlined 3
(3) 10 (4) 104
(1) Liquid of high viscosity and high density flowing 25. Eight drops of a liquid of density  and each of radius  are
through a pipe of small radius falling through air with a constant velocity 3.75 cm–1. When
(2) Liquid of high viscosity and low density flowing the eight drops coalesce to form a single drop the terminal
through a pipe of small radius velocity of the new drop will be
(3) Liquid of low viscosity and low density flowing (1) 15 × 10–2 ms–1
through a pipe of large radius (2) 2.4 × 10–2 ms–1
(4) Liquid of low viscosity and high density flowing (3) 15 × 102 ms–1
through a pipe of large radius (4) 25 × 10–2 ms–1
20. An engine pumps water continuously through a hose. Water 26. In the figure, the velocity V3 will be
leaves the hose with a velocity v and m is the mass per unit
length of the water jet. What is the rate at which kinetic A2 = 0.2m2
–1 –1
energy is imparted to water V1 = 4ms V2 = 2ms
1 3
(1) mv (2) mv3 A1 = 0.2m2
2
1 2 1 2 2 2
V3
(3) mv (4) mv A3=0.4m
2 2
21. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has radius, R, one end (1) Zero (2) 4ms–1
–1
of which has n fine holes, each of radius r. If the speed of (3) 1ms (4) 3ms–1
–1
the liquid in the tube is V, the speed of the ejection of the (E) 2ms
liquid through the hole is 27. A large tank filled with water to a height ‘h’ is to be emplied
through a small hole at the bottom. The ratio of time taken
VR 2 VR 2 h h
(1) (2) for the level of water to fall from h to & from to zero is
nr 2 n 3r 2 2 2
V2 R VR 2 1
(3) (4) (1) 2 (2)
nr n 2r 2 2
22. Horizontal tube of non-uniform cross-section has radii of 1
0.1 m and 0.05 m respectively at M and N for a streamline (3) 2 1 (4)
2 1
flow of liquid the rate of liquid flow is
(Concept Builder)
1. Modulus of rigidity of ideal liquids is 4. Along a streamline

(1) infinity (1) the velocity of a fluid particle remains constant.
(2) zero (2) the velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given
(3) unity position is constant.
(4) some finite small non-zero constant value (3) the velocity of all fluid particles at a given instant
is constant.
2. A tall cylinder is filled with viscous oil. A round pebble
is dropped from the top with zero initial velocity. From (4) the speed of a fluid particle remains constant.
the plot sho wn in Figure, indicate the one that 5. An ideal fluid flows through a pipe of circular cross-
represents the velocity (v) of the pebble as a function section made of two sections with diameters 2.5 cm
of time (t). and 3.75 cm. The ratio of the velocities in the two pipes
is
(1) 9 : 4
(2) 3 : 2
(1) (2) (3) 3 : 2
(4) 2 : 3
6. The angle of contact at the interface of water-glass is
0°, Ethylalcohol-glass is 0°, Mercury-glass is 140° and
Methyliodideglass is 30°. A glass capillary is put in a
trough containing one of these four liquids. It is
(3) (4) observed that the meniscus is convex. The liquid in
the trough is
(1) water
3. Which of the following diagrams (Figure) does not (2) ethylalcohol
represent a streamline flow? (3) mercury
(4) methyliodide
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
• Instructions for Questions 1 to 4 • Instructions for Questions 5 to 8

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion Given below are two statements :
(A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). In the light of the above statements, choose the most
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
appropriate answer from the options given below : (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct (2) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
explanation of (A)
(3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct
(4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
explanation of (A)
5. Statement-I : The concept of surface tension is held
(3) (A) is correct the (R) is not correct
only for liquids.
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
Statement-II : Surface tension does not hold for gases.
1. Assertion : When height of a tube is less than liquid
rise in the capillary tube, the liquid does not overflow.
6. Statement-I : The shape of a liquid drop is spherical.
Reason : Product of radius of meniscus and height of
liquid in capillary tube always remains constant. Statement-II : The shape of a liquid drop is greater
than that of outside.
2. Assertion : A needle placed carefully on the surface of

water may float, whereas a ball of the same material will 7. Statement-I : The water rises higher in a capillary tube
always sink. of small diameter than in the capillary tube of large
diameter.
Reason : The buoyancy of an object depends both
on the material and shape of the object. Statement-II : Height through which liquid rises in a
capillary tube is inversely proportional to the diameter
of the capillary tube.
3. Assertion : A large force is required to draw apart
normally two glass plates enclosing a thin water film.
8. Statement-I : Tiny drops of liquid resist deforming
Reason : Water works as glue and sticks two glass
forces better than bigger drops.
plates.
Statement-II : Excess pressure inside a drop is directly
proportional to surface tension.
4. Assertion : The angle of contact of a liquid decrease
with increase in temperature.
Reason : With increase bin temperature, the surface
tension of liquid increase.
(Direct from
NCERT)
1. There are physical quantities in List-I and dimensional List-I List-II

formulae in List-II
List-I List-II (a) x = 2 h, y = y (p) R = 2 3 h
(a). Modulus of elasticity (p). [M1L–4T–1] (b) x = h; y = 3 h (q) R = 4 h
(b). Surface tension (q). [M1L–1T–1] (c) x = 3 h; y = 2 h (r) R = 2 h
(c). Coefficient of viscosity (r). [M1L0T–2]
(d) x = 3 h/2; y = h/2 (s) R = 2 2h
(d). Liquid resistance in the (s). [M1L–1T–2]
flow of resistance 2 (1) (a) – (p); (b) – (s); (c) – (q); (d) – (r)
4 (1) (a) – (p); (b) – (q); (c) – (r); (d) – (s) (2) (a) – (s); (b) – (p); (c) – (q); (d) – (r)
(2) (a) – (q); (b) – (r); (c) – (s); (d) – (p) (3) (a) – (p); (b) – (s); (c) – (r); (d) – (q)
(3) (a) – (r); (b) – (s); (c) – (p); (d) – (q) (4) (a) – (s); (b) – (p); (c) – (r); (d) – (q)
(4) (a) – (s); (b) – (r); (c) – (q); (d) – (p)
2. In the figure shown, match the followings :
R
(Previous Year Questions)
1. A tube of length L is filled completely with an in 6. Water rises to a height h in capillary tube. If the length
compressible liquid of mass M and closed at both the of capillary tube above the surface of water is made
ends. The tube is then rotated in a horizontal plane less than h, then :
about one of its ends with a uniform angular velocity (1) water does not rise at all
. The force exerted by the liquid at the other end is
(2) water rises up to the tip of capillary tube and then
2 2
ML ML  starts overflowing like a fountain.
(1) (2) [AIPMT-2006]
2 2 (3) water rises up to the top of capillary tube and
ML2 2 stays there without overflowing
(3) 2ML2 (4)
2 (4) water rises up to a point a little below the top and
2. A rectangular block of mass of and area of cross-section
stays there.
A floats in a liquid of density . If it is given a small
7. Two non-mixing liquid of densities  and n  (n > 1)
vertical displacement from equilibrium it undergoes
are put in a container. The height of each liquid is h. A
with a time period T. then [AIPMT-2006]
1 solid cylinder of length L and density d is put in this
(1) T   (2) T  container. The cylinder floats with its axis vertical and
A
1 1 length pL (p < 1) in the densedr liquid. The density d is
(3) T  (4) T  equal to [NEET-2016]
 m
3. The wettability of a surface by a liquid depends (1) {2 + (n + 1)p}
primarily on [NEET-2013] (2) {2 + (n – 1)p}
(1) density (3) {1 + (n – 1)p}
(2) angle of contant between the surface and the (4) {1 + (n + 1)p}
liquid
8. Three liquids of densities 1, 2 and 3 (with 1 > 2 >
(3) viscosity 3), having the same value of surface tension T, rise to
(4) surface tension the same height in three identical capillaries. The angles
4. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of radius of contact  1,  2 and  3 obey [NEET-2016]
r coalesce to form a single drop of radius R and volume

V. If T is the surface tension of the liquid, then (1)  1   2  3  0
[AIPMT-2014] 2
1 1  
(1) energy = 4VT    is released. (2) 0  1   2  3 
r R 2
1 1  
(2) energy = 3VT    is absorbed.
r R (3)  1   2   3  
2
1 1 
(3) energy = 3VT    is released 
r R (4)   1  2   3 
2
(4) energy is neither released nor absorbed
9. A rectangular film of liquid is extended from (4 cm ×
5. A wind with speed 40 m/s blows parallel to the roof of
2 cm) to (5 cm × 4 × cm). If the work done is 3 × 10– 4 J,
a house. The area of the roof is 250 m2. Assuming that
the value of the surface tension of the liquid is
the pressure inside the house is atmospheric pressure,
[NEET-2016]
the force exerted by the wind on the roof and the
direction of the force will be : (Pair = 1.2 kg/m3) (1) 0.250 Nm–1
(1) 4.8 × 10 5 N, downwards [AIPMT-2015] (2) 0.125 Nm–1
(2) 4.8 × 10 5 N, upwards (3) 0.2 Nm–1
5
(3) 2.4 × 10 N, upwards (4) 8.0 Nm–1
5
(4) 2.4 × 10 N, downwards

10. A U tube with both ends open to the atmosphere, is partially 16. A barometer is constructed using a liquid (density =
filled with water. Oil, which is immiscible with water, is 760 kg/m3). What would be the height of the liquid
poured into one side until it stands at a distance of 10 mm column, when a mercury barometer reads 76 cm ?
above the water level on the other side. Meanwhile the (density of mercury = 13600 kg/m3) [NEET-2020]
water rises by 65 mm from its original level (see diagram). (1) 0.76 m (2) 1.36 m
The density of the oil is [NEET-2017] (3) 13.6 m (4) 136 m
Pa Pa
A F 17. The velocity of a small ball of mass M and density d,
10mm
E Final water level when dropped in a container filled with glycerine becomes
65 mm constant after some time. If the density of glycerine is
Oil D Initial water level
65 mm d/2 , then the viscous force acting on the ball will be :
B C
3
(1) Mg (2) Mg [NEET-2021]
2
(1) 650 kg m–3 (2) 425 kg m–3 (3) 2 Mg (4) Mg/2
(3) 800 kg m–3 (4) 928 kg m–3 18. If the soap bubble expands, the pressure inside the
11. A metal block of area 0.10 m2 is connected to a 0.020 kg bubble : [NEET-2022]
mass via a string that passes over an ideal pulley as (1) decreases
shown in figure. A liquid with a film thickness of 0.30 (2) increases
mm is placed between the block and the table. When (3) remains the same
system is released the block moves to the right with a (4) is equa to the atmospheric pressure
small constant speed of 0.17 m/s, then coefficient of 19. A spherical ball is dropped in a long column of a highly
visocity of liquid is : [NEET-2017] viscous liquid. The curve in the graph shown, which
represents the speed of the ball (v) as a function of
time (t) is : ` [NEET-2022]
(1) 3.45 × 10 3 Pa-s (2) 3.45 × 10–2 Pa-s

–3
(3) 3.45 × 10 Pa-s (4) 3.45 × 102 Pa-s
12. A small sphere of radius ‘r’ falls from rest in a viscous
liquid. As a result, heat is produced due to viscous (1) B (2) C
force. The rate of production of heat when the sphere (3) D (4) A
attains its terminal velocity, is proportional to : 20. Two copper vessels A and B have the same base area
(1) r5 (2) r2 [NEET-2018] but of different shapes, A lakes twice the volume of
(3) r 3
(4) r4 water as that B requires to fill upto a particular common
13. A small hole of area of cross-section 2 mm2 is present height. Then the correct statement among the following
near the bottom of a fully filled open tank of height 2 is : [NEET-2022]
m. Taking g = 10 m/s2, the rate of flow of water through (1) Pressure on the base area of vessels A and B is
the open hole would be nearly [NEET-2019] same
(1) 2.23 × 10 –6 m3/s (2) 6.4 × 10–6 m3/s (2) Pressure on the base area of vessels A and B is
(3) 12.6 × 10 –6 m3/s (4) 8.9 × 10–6 m3/s not same
14. A liquid does not wet the solid surface if angle of (3) Both vessels A and B weigh the same
contact is : [NEET-2020] (4) Vessel B weigh twice that of A
(1) zero (2) equal to 45° 21. Ther terminal velocity of a copper ball of radius 5 mm
(3) equal to 60° (4) greater than 90° falling through a tank of oil at room temperature is 10
15. A capillary tube of radius r is immersed in water and water cm s–1. If the velocity of oil at room temperature is 0.9
rises in it to a height h. The mass of water in the capillary kg m–1 s –1 , the viscous drag force is [NEET-2022]
tube is 5 g. Another capillary tube of radius 2r is immersed (1) 8.48 × 10–3 N (2) 8.48 × 10–5 N
in water. The mass of water that will rise in this tube is :
(3) 4.23 × 10–3 N (4) 4.23 × 10–6 N
(1) 5.0 g (2) 10.0 g [NEET-2020]
(3) 20.0 g (4) 2.5 g
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP)–01 80. (4) 81. (4) 82. (2) 83. (1) 84. (2)
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (4) 85. (3) 86. (3)

6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (1) MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS FROM NCERT
11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (3) 1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (1)
16. (4) 17. (1) 18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (1) 6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (4)
21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (3) 16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (1)
26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (1) 21. (1) 22. (4) 23. (2) 24. (4) 25. (1)
31. (1) 32. (3) 33. (3) 34. (1) 35. (3) 26. (3) 27. (3)
36. (2) 37. (4) 38. (4) 39. (1) NCERT EXEMPLAR
40. (2) 41. (4) 42. (4) 43. (3) 44. (2) ASSERTION–REASON & STATEMENT QUESTIONS
45. (4) 46. (1) 47. (1) 48. (3) 49. (3) 6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (2)
50. (4) 51. (3) 52. (1) 53. (4) 54. (4) MATRIX BASED QUESTIONS
55. (4) 56. (4) 57. (3) 58. (4)
1. (4) 2. (2)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP)–05
ARCHIVE QUESTIONS
59. (4) 60. (3) 61. (1) 62. (4) 63. (1)
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (3)
64. (1) 65. (2) 66. (2) 67. (3) 68. (3)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (4)
69. (2) 70. (3) 71. (4) 72. (4) 73. (4)
11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (2)
74. (4)
16. (3) 17. (4) 18. (1) 19. (2) 20. (1)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP)–06
21. (1)
75. (2) 76. (3) 77. (3) 78. (3) 79. (1)

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Active site edutech- 9844532971

Angle of contact, drops and bubbles,

Viscous force, terminal velocity

B Bernoulli's theorem and its applications 25%

C (24%) D Torricelli's law, Surface Energy 23%

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW?

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 25

26 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

1. Surface tension is a scalar quantity.

DEPENDENCY OF SURFACE TENSION

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 27

DEFINITION OF SURFACE TENSION F

 If the needle is lifted from the liquid surface then F

 Required excess force for a circular ring (r1 = r2 = r)

28 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

The force of surface tension F = T × 2l ( Two free surfaces are there)

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 29

10.6.4 DROPS AND BUBBLES P.No.:268

SPLITTING OF BIGGER DROP INTO SMALLER DROPLETS

30 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE A CURVED LIQUID SURFACE

EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE THE DROP

Change in surface area = r  (r + dr) 2 – 4 r 2 = 8 r dr

EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE SOAP BUBBLE :

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 31

 r1 < r 2  P1 > P2 Small part of bubbles is in equilibrium

32 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

5. A beaker of radius 15 cm is filled with a liquid of surface

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 33

(1) 22T (2) 3r2T 1/2

34 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

10.6.3 ANGLE OF CONTACT (c) P.No.:267

SHAPE OF LIQUID SURFACE

RELATION BETWEEN COHESIVE AND ADHESIVE FORCE

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 35

Shape of liquid drop C

10.6.5 CAPILLARY TUBE AND CAPILLARITY P.No.:268

CALCULATION OF CAPILLARY RISE

36 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

1. For water and clean glass capillary c  0°.

2T cos  2  0.072  cos 00

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 37

38 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 39

SI Unit : kg/m3 CGS Unit : g / cc Dimensions : [ML –3 ]

density of given liquid

The volume of the material of the sphere is

40 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

DENSITY OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCE IN THE PROPORTION OF VOLUME

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 41

 Atmospheric pressure : Force exerted by air column on unit sea column

Gauge pressure is always measured with help of “manometer”.

42 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

F = PA = A = (1.3) (9.8) (104) (100 × 80) = 12.74 × 8 × 107 N = 1.0192 × 109 N

PRESSURE EXERTED BY A LIQUID (EFFECT OF GRAVITY) :

Mechanical Properties of Fluids 43

44 Mechanical Properties of Fluids