ENGLISH 5 -used in wedding invitation cards or other
Topic: Text Information and Media
• TEXT - a simple and flexible format of
presenting information or conveying ideas
(hand-written or displayed on-screen).
TYPE OF TEXT
1. Hypertext - linked diff. e-documents and
enable users to jump from one to another in a
nonlinear way.
2. Unformatted Text/Plain Text - text that
is not associated with any formatting info.
Fixed sized characters having essentially the
same type of appearance.
3. Formatted Text - contains special
formatting (font style, font size, font color,
bold, underline, italic, etc.)
TYPEFACE
• the representation or style of text in the
digital format
• called font, font type, or font style
• comprised of alphabets, numbers,
punctuation marks, symbols, and other
special characters.
TYPE OF TYPEFACE
1. Serif
-formality and readability
-used for the body text of books, newspapers,
magazines, and research pub.
-give a classic/elegant look when used for
title/heading
Ex: Times New Roman, Garamond,
Baskerville
2. Slab Serif
-solid or heavy look to text
-used for large advertising sign on billboards
Ex: Rockwell, Playbill
3. Script
-draws attention cause of its brush-like
strokes
-be used sparingly and not be used in large
body text
formal events
Ex: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler
4. Decorative - caters to a wide variety of
emotions (fear, horror, celebration) or themes
(cowboys, circus, holidays, summer, kiddie).
Ex: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT
COMMON FILE FORMATS
• TXT (text) - unformatted text document
by an editor as notepad on Windows
platform.
• DOC (document) - native format for
storing documents created by MS Word
package, contain a rich set of formatting
capabilities.
• RTF (Rich Text Format) - cross platform
document exchange; default format for Mac
OS X’s default editor TextEdit
• PDF ( Portable Document Format) -
developed by Adobe systems for cross
platform exchange of documents, supports
image and graphics.
• PS (PostScript) - page description
language used for desktop publishing
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
AND ELEMENTS
1. Emphasis - importance or value given to a
part of the text-based content. (bold,
italicized, weight, darkened/lightened,
enlarged)
2. Appropriateness - fitting or suitable the
text is used for a specific audience, purpose,
etc.
3. Proximity - how near or far the text is from
each other when things are closely related,
bring them closer together.
4. Alignment - how the text is positioned in
the page (left, center, right, or justified).
5. Organization - conscious effort to
organize the diff. elements in a page; ensure
that while texts are separated from each other,
they are still connected with the rest in the
page.
6. Repetition - consistency of elements, unity
of the entire design; repeating some typeface
within the page.
7. Contrast - creates visual interest; two
elements are diff. from each other.
Topic: Visual Information and Media
COMMON VISUAL FILE TYPES
1. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
- released in 1992
- common file format for digital photos and
other digital graphics
- the standard format for digital cameras
- when JPG files are saved, image quality is
lost as file size decreases (lossy
compression).
2. PNG (Portable Network Graphics
- created in 1996
- raster graphic file format that supports
lossless data compression
- created as an improved, non-patented
replacement for GIF
- the most used lossless compression format
3. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
- created by CompuServe in 1987
- commonly used for images on the web and
sprites in software programs.
-uses lossless compression that does not
degrade the quality of the image
- GIFs come alive with animation
4. TIFF (Tagged Image Format File)
- created by Aldus Corp in 1986. In 2009 the
patent was acquired by Adobe Systems
- format file for high-quality graphics
- preferred format for scanning photographs
and other complex imagery
- can be viewed and edited in nearly every
photo editing software
- compressed or not, TIFFs do not lose any
image data
5. BMP (bitmap)
- called device independent bitmap (DIB)
- created in 1994
- used to store bitmap digital images,
independently of the display device
- BMP file does not support effective image
compression
ELEMENTS OF VISUAL DESIGN
1. Line
• connection between two strokes
• building blocks of other visual design
elements
• stand on their own to create emphasis or
divide elements
2. Shapes
• two-dimensional, self-contained areas
- come in all forms imaginable
3. Value
• the lightness or darkness of a color
• the juxtaposition between light and dark
values creates contrast
4. Texture
• the look or feel of the surface of an object
•In visual design, concerned with implied
textures, texture we can see
5. Color
•used to establish a particular look or feel
• setting a mode and tone and bringing out
certain emotions
• contributes to contrast, variety, harmony,
repetition, and space
6. Form/Volume
•three-dimensional objects in a design
• create the illusion of volume through 3D
shapes and graphics (Volumetric Illusion)
PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL DESIGN
• Consistency
- visual consistency creates trust
- makes repetition in design especially
important for branding
- establish trust and customer loyalty
-create patterns, a fun way to liven up a
design and help it stand out
• Balance
- visual equality in shape, form, value, color,
etc.
 - can be symmetrical (evenly) or
asymmetrical (unevenly)
• Rhythm
- movement in which some elements recur
regularly
- like a dance, will have a flow of objects
that will seem to be like a beat of music
• Center of Interest
- area that first attracts attention in a
composition
- can be achieved by contrast of values,
more colors, and placement
• Directional Movement
- refers to both the flow of a design piece,
and design elements that literally appear to
be in motion
- in flow, movement is related to hierarchy
in that it directs the eye on where to look
and in what order
- in certain context, creating the illusion of
an object in motion can be highly effective
in communicating or amplifying a message
• Contrast
- adjacent elements have differing qualities
that make them stand out against each other
- may improve legibility
-used to draw attention to specific visual
design elements
• Harmony
- creates a feeling of unity and completeness
in a design
- without it, design look disjointed and
confusing
• Perspective
- created through the arrangement of objects
in two-dimensional space to look like they
appear in real life
- learned meaning of the relationship
between diff. objects seen in space
• Dominance
- element that draws and holds the viewer’s
attention the longest
- tell viewers what to focus on in a design
- established through hierarchy, color, scale,
or texture
 Social Science 8
Topic: Understanding Social Work
• Social Work is a profession for those with
a strong desire to help improve people’s lives.
Social workers assist people by helping them
cope with issues in their everyday lives, deal
with their relationship, and solve personal
and family problems.
• Social Work is concerned with the social
functioning of all people -- the poor, the rich,
men, women, the LGBT community, the
able, those with disabilities, the young, and
the old.
• Social Functioning - client’s ability to
accomplish the activities necessary for daily
living (obtaining food, shelter,
transportation) and to fulfill major roles as
required by a particular subculture or
community.
SOCIAL WORK IS….
1. Academic Discipline - it uses the tools of
the social sciences to study social change, the
empowerment of people in society, the
enhancement of social equity, and the
development of the community.
2. Profession - it involves intellectual
activities accompanied by individual
responsibilities. Social workers have a
background in Psychology, Sociology, and
Anthropology that enables them to
understand the human individual and the
world.
3. Practice Wisdom - they also use artistic or
creative abilities in their practice. It is this
blend of art and science that shapes the social
worker’s individual style. Knowledge in
social work is based on this.
4. Social Welfare - a broader concept that
encompasses social institutions and fields of
practice which do not relate to social work,
such as psychiatry, urban planning, and
education.
PURPOSE OF SOCIAL WORK
Some social workers aim to help people
better cope with the demands of their
circumstances and environment, while others
aim to change the environment for people to
have fewer personal and social problems.
Social workers aim to achieve the ff:
•enhance the problem solving and coping
capacities of people
•prevent the development of serious personal
and social problems
•restore and maintain the social functioning
of people
•link people with systems and resources that
can provide support, services, and
opportunities
•promote the creation and development of
humane and effective social policies and
human services programs
•plan, develop, and administer social
programs and projects with social agencies
•promote the effective and humane operation
and administration of social work
organizations
•protect the vulnerable and disadvantaged
from destructive social influences
•protect the community from people who
consistently harm others
•develop and teach the knowledge and skills
needed to accomplish these purposes
SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK
Clients of a social worker may either be the
ff:
➢ Individuals
➢ Families
➢ Groups
➢ Organizations
➢ Communities
Social workers are usually found in
hospitals, clinics and rehabilitation centers
where they provide emotional guidance to
clients. It is also applied in government and
public service through:
•Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD)
•Philippine Red Cross
•Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office
(PCSO)
• Philippine General Hospital (PGH)
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK
a. Prevention - timely intervention of the
social worker before serious problems
emerge. The provision of financial
assistance, marriage counselling and well-
baby clinics.
b. Restoration - the rehabilitation of clients
whose functions have been impaired by
physical or mental issues.
c. Remediation - the elimination of existing
problems such as drug addiction or
substance abuse.
SOCIAL WORK PRACTICES
1. Direct Services or Interventions - social
worker meets face to face with the client, as
in a counselling relationship between a social
worker and a runaway youth.
2. Clinical Social Work - applying
principles and techniques in addressing
psychological problems, including mental
and emotional disorders.
3. Indirect Practice - social worker acts on
behalf of a group to address a specific
problem
4. Micro-level Practice - interaction at the
most intimate level such as between husband
and wife, parent and child, among family
members.
5. Macro-level Practice - work with an
organization, community, or even society.
6. Mezzo-level Practice - deals with
interpersonal relations which are somewhat
less intimate than the family but more
personally meaningful than institutional and
organizational-level relationships.
• VALUES - strongly held beliefs about
people, preferred goals and the means of
achieving them, and desired conditions of
life.
CODE OF ETHICS
A. Service - expected to provide assistance
to people and respond to social issues. They
are expected uphold service to others above
self-interest.
B. Social Justice - aim to create social
change to address the plight of the vulnerable
and the oppressed. They also aim to
encourage their clients to decide wisely on
their own.
C. Integrity - demonstrate trustworthiness,
truthfulness, and responsibility. They ensure
that their practices are ethical and create and
positive image.
D. Importance of Human Relationships -
know that large-scale changes in
communities can only take place when
people trust one another. Establish
connection among their clients.
E. Dignity of the Person - treat everyone
with concern and respect. Sensitive towards
cultural and ethnic differences among
individuals.
F. Competence - constantly develop their
skills and knowledge to apply them in
professional practice. Must also contribute to
the body of knowledge in their discipline.
Topic: Professionals and
Practitioners in Social Work
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL
WORKERS
1. Human Service Broker - builds
connection between their client and
organizations that provide access to
resources.
2. Teacher - expected to teach their clients
the knowledge and skills necessary to prevent
problems, enhance their social functioning,
and empower them.
3. Counsellors - serves as counselor to
clients faced with health or mental issues or
other difficult situations.
4. Case Manager - help clients use services
from various institutions and organizations.
5. Workload Manager - balance the needs
of their clients and the agency they work for.
6. Staff Developer - helps their agency staff
members to develop professionally.
7. Administrator - implement policies,
programs, and services in their organization.
8. Professional - expected to engage in
competent and ethical practice of their
profession.
9. Researcher - needs to be up-to-date with
the latest knowledge and trends in their
discipline and contribute to its scholarly
literature.
SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
REQUIRED OF SOCIAL WORKERS
•Competency is the knowledge, values,
skills, and attitudes essential for them to
fulfill their professional roles effectively.
• The elements of competent practice in the
different areas are constantly changing due
to expanding knowledge, emerging skills,
and the changing demands of the practice.
• Competent practitioners must be able to
transform their knowledge to skills and
action that can be identified and defined in
explicit terms.
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN
SOCIAL WORK
A. Child and Family Social Work - focuses
on the welfare and security of families,
children, and adolescents.
B. School Social Work - focuses on school
where social workers serve as counsellors.
C. Gerontological Social Work - carried out
in institutions that take care of the elderly,
especially those separated from their
families.
D. Clinical Social Work - perform clinical
social work are usually found in public and
private hospitals, clinics, and rehabilitation
centers.
E. Community Social Work - based in local
communities create a demographic profile of
the community and assess the needs of its
resident.
F. Gender Development Social Work -
aims to promote equal rights and
opportunities for men and women in both
public and private sectors.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR
SOCIAL WORKERS
•Government Workers - involved in
providing services to children, delinquent
youth, families, the community, and the
elderly. Ex: DSWD & Phil. Red Cross
•Health Social Workers - provide health
care services to individuals and their families
and promote health awareness in
communities.
•Corrections Staff Members -help released
offender address the possible roots of the
committed crime.
•Youth Workers - provide assistance to
youth dealing with substance and alcohol
abuse, as well as homelessness and other
family problems.
•Nongovernment Organizations (NGOs) -
workers perform research work, conceptual
policies, and give direct services to potential
clients.
THE REGULATION OF SOCIAL
WORK PRACTICE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4375 regulates the
practice of social work and the operation of
social work agencies in the Philippines. This
law sets the standards for the quality of
service provided by social workers. The
Philippine Association of Social Workers
Inc. (PASWI) also helps in monitoring the
practice of social work in the country. The
association aims to uphold fairness and
compassion and puts a premium on the rights
and responsibilities of the clientele of social
work.
THE SOCIAL WORKER’S RIGHT TO
EFFECTIVE AND ETHICAL
WORKING ENVIRONMENTS
The International Federation of Social
Workers (IFSW) approved a guidance policy
on working environments in 2012.
This framework encompasses training and
supervision, workload management, and
professional improvement. The specific
elements of this are as follows:
•Agencies must ensure protection of clients,
social workers, and their employers.
•Social workers must always consider
previous research and experience in their
practice.
•Social workers and their agencies need to
uphold transparency.
•Agencies must create policies that prevent
threats, violence, and other forms of abuse
toward clients, social workers, and staff
members.
•Social work agencies must protect those
who raise their concerns about unethical and
unsafe practices.
•Social workers must uphold human rights
and social justice at all times.
•Social workers must not only be
academically qualified; they also need to be
fully aware of their professional and ethical
roles and responsibilities.
•Agencies also need to create policies
ensuring the health and occupational safety of
social workers.
THE SOCIAL WORKER’S CODE OF
ETHICS
The National Association of Social Workers
(NASW) Code of Ethics is meant to guide
social workers in their practice and help them
act on violations of ethical principles in the
profession.
•Social Worker’s conduct and
comportment - highlights the values that
social workers are expected to uphold.
Service should always be the primary focus
on the social worker.
•Social Worker’s ethical responsibility to
clients - workers are primarily accountable to
their clients. They should not only look after
the welfare of their clients, but also
encourage them to utilize self-determination.
•Social Worker’s ethical responsibility to
colleagues - needs to practice respect,
fairness, politeness, honesty, and sincerity
when interacting with colleagues.
•Social Worker’s ethical responsibility to
employers and employing organizations -
observe and honor their commitments to their
employers.
•Social Worker’s ethical responsibility to
the social work profession - always promote
the values, objectives, ethical practices, and
knowledge of the profession.
•Social Worker’s ethical responsibility to
society - must actively determine the needs of
the communities they serve and seek ways to
address these.
THE SOCIAL WORKER’S CODE OF
ETHICS IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Parallel to NASW Code of Ethics
- Promulgated by the PASWI
- Highlights the ff. values and principles:
❖ an individual’s dignity and worth
❖ a person’s ability and right to
maximize their potentials
❖ man’s ability to recognize the
importance of respecting differences
❖ acknowledgement of poverty as a
condition that needs to be alleviated
❖ recognition of the family as an
essential player in further developing
individuals
❖ the need to practice professionalism
and accountability
 ❖ values and characteristics of Filipino ❖ report unethical practices in the
culture as the foundation of social profession to the authorities
work practice ❖ work with legislators in upholding
- The Code also makes the ff. declarations: the welfare of social work
Relative to Self and the Profession practitioners
❖ embody the values and principles
practice in the social work profession
❖ practice honesty and transparency Topic: The Clients, Services, and
❖ continue developing professional
Methods in Social Work
expertise, and, in the process,
advance the practice of social work
❖ help promote the discipline and
THE CLIENTS OF SOCIAL WORKERS
encourage others to regard the
•Individual Clients - those who are
profession with respect
handicapped in their financial, personal, or
❖ impart one’s knowledge with fellow
social relationships. They are people
social workers and professionals
experiencing distress and physical or mental
from other fields
health.
❖ help prevent cases of unauthorized
•Groups or Organizations - refer to families
and incompetent social work practice
experiencing calamities and difficult
❖ support the professional orgs. that
circumstances.
regulate practice and uphold the
•Communities - include informal settlers
welfare of social workers
who migrated from other areas and facing
❖ volunteer and help during
unemployment and other problems in the
emergencies
city, as well as communities devastated by
❖ uphold cultural values that will help
natural calamities such as typhoons and
improve the profession
earthquakes.
Relative to Clients
❖ respect human rights and prevent
SETTINGS IN SOCIAL WORK
discriminatory practices
A. Government - find workers in the diff.
❖ be responsible for the client’s
branches of government. Help in the
welfare and protect confidential
implementation of the department’s
info., but also let clients make their
numerous projects. Ex: Pantawid Pamilya
own decisions
Program, Adoption and Foster Care Program,
❖ help everyone, especially the
Supplemental Feeding Program, Gender and
marginalized, gain access to
Development Programs
resources and opportunities that they
B. Private Sector - workers often serve as
need
human resource development officers who
❖ assist people, especially the
facilitate health and wellness programs that
disadvantaged and abused, in finding
help employees maintain their work-life
more options and opportunities
balance.
Relative to Colleagues
C. Civil Society - encompasses orgs. and
❖ recognize the importance of
groups including NGOs, charity groups,
knowledge and skills from other
faith-based and religious groups, etc. They
disciplines in developing the social
help deliver social welfare services to
work profession
marginalized communities.
D. Schools - both public and private schools
employ social workers who work as teachers
or univ. professors, researchers, or
administrators. Other are guidance
counsellors who help address mental health
concerns, and academic delinquency issues.
E. Community - usually serve marginalized
communities such as informal settlers and
indigenous people. They work as community
organizers and development specialists in
these communities.
findings to better understand their clients and
improve their services.
Social Action
• concrete action taken by social workers to
gain support for their advocacies from mass
media, policymakers, and government
officials. Gawad Kalinga is one group known
for social action.

SERVICES PROCESSES, AND

METHODS IN SOCIAL WORK
Case Work
•Social workers primarily deal with
individuals who struggle in adjusting life
situations and are in need of outside support.
Services here include the ff:
➢ Financial and material assistance
➢ Giving advice
➢ Securing shelter and care for clients
➢ Improving the conditions of clients
➢ Securing information for
professionals from other fields.
Social Group Work
• concerned with the development of better
human relations, however, particularly
focused on group experience. Group Work
defines as a voluntary activity involving
shared experiences among the members of a
group.
Community Welfare Organizations
•focuses on the establishment of relationship
between two or more groups to improve the
community. It involves a no. of activities:
➢ Planning - studying the demographic
profile of the community, surveying
its resources, and assessing its needs.
➢ Coordination - ensures the successful
implementation of the planned
intervention programs
Social Research
• workers undertake research when they
perform case work, group work, and
community welfare organizations. They use
 HUMSS 2
Topic: Elements of Fiction Writing
• FICTION - a literature that describes
imaginary events and people.
• FICTION WRITING - a writing created in
the author's imagination.
• SHORT STORY - provides essential
structure in the story by arranging its action
in a unified order from beginning through
middle to end; can be read in one setting and
one sitting.
SHORT STORY ELEMENTS
A. SETTING (where and when is the story)
• it is the time, place, period, mood, and
atmosphere in which a story occurs, creating
a sense of a particular time and place.
• includes the geographical location, or the
socio-economic characteristics of the
location.
• setting can be whrevealed by means of
descriptions of elements (landscape, scenery,
buildings, furniture, clothing, weather, and
season)
• includes the general social, political, moral,
and psychological conditions the characters
find themselves.
B. CHARACTER (person or animal or
anything personified)
TERMS FOR DESCRIBING
CHARACTERS:
1. Protagonist - main character; central
figure
2. Antagonist - opposes the protagonist
3. Major Character - with a significant role
in the action of story (Most short stories
have at least one or two major characters)
4. Minor Character - plays a lesser role.
5. One-dimensional Character (flat) - have
one or two personality traits; exhibits a
single dominant trait.
6. Three-dimensional Character
(full/rounded) - has many character
traits/true to life; exhibits the complexity of
traits.
7. Static Character - does not change
during the course of story.
8. Dynamic Character - does change
during the course of story.
9. Stock Character - one found again and
again in diff. literary works (Ex: Mad
Scientist; Absent-Minded Professor)
THREE MAJOR TECHNIQUES IN
CHARACTERIZATIONS
a. Direct Description - narrator telling the
reader about a character’s physical
appearance, habits, dress, background,
personality, etc.
b. Portrayal of Character’s Behavior -
writer presents the actions and speech of a
character, making the reader draw their own
conclusions.
c. Representations of Character’s Internal
States - writer reveals the character’s private
thoughts and emotions by means of internal
monologue.
C. PLOT (events that happen in a story)
PLOT STRUCTURE
• Exposition - beginning of the story where
the characters and setting is revealed.
• Inciting Action (involution) - introduce the
central conflict, character initially is into
conflict.
• Rising Action (complication) - events
became complication and the conflict in the
story is revealed. Develops the conflict to a
high point of intensity
• Climax - highest point of interest and the
turning point of the story. The point in the
plot where something decisive happens to
determine the future course of events and the
eventual working out of the conflict.
• Falling Action - complications begin to
resolve themselves. All events that follows
the climax
• Resolution - point at which the central
conflict is ended or resolved.
• Denouement - final outcome or entangling
of events in the story. May add surprising
twist to the plot. Follows the resolution and
that ties up loose ends.
FREYTAG’S PYRAMID
Gustav Freytag says that the plot of the story
must consist of five parts: exposition, rising
action, climax, falling action, and
resolution/revelation (also known as
denouement or catastrophe). Freytag’s
Pyramid is also called as the dramatic arc,
because it if often applied to stories and
novels as well.
BME ARISTOTELIAN PRINCIPLE
The beginning embodies the exposition –
initial incident; the middle included the rising
action to climax; and the end embraces the
falling action to denouement, or technically,
the protasis, epitasis, and catastrophe.
Aristoteles simply meant that a traditional
plot structure must have a situation, conflict,
and resolution.
NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES adding
richness to the plot;
a. Foreshadowing - provide hints or clues in
the story that will occur later.
b. Flashback - interrupt the forward flow of
the story to introduce a scene from the past.
c. Allusion - reference to a person, place or
literary, historical, artistic, mythological
source or event.
d. Dialogue - the reproduction of a
conversation between two of the characters.
e. Irony - difference between what is
expected and reality.
f. Structure - the way time moves through a
novel.
g. Chronological - starts at the beginning and
moves through time.
h. Circular or Anticipatory - starts in the
present, flashes back to the past and returns
to the present at the conclusion.
i. Panel - refers to the same story told from
different viewpoints.
D. CONFLICT (opposition that faces the
main character)
CATEGORIES OF CONFLICT
1. External Conflict - struggle with a force
outside one’s self.
2. Internal Conflict - struggle within one’s
self, a person must make some decision,
overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an
urge, etc.
FOUR TYPES OF CONFLICT
• Man vs Man (physical) - leading character
struggle with his physical strength against
other men, forces of nature, or animals.
• Man vs Society (social) - leading
character struggles against ideas, practices,
or customs of other people.
• Man vs Circumstances (classical) -
leading character struggles against fate or
circumstances of life facing him/her.
• Man vs Himself (psychological) - leading
character struggles with himself with his
own soul, ideas of right or wrong, physical
limitations, choices, etc.
E. THEME (idea, belief , moral, lesson or
insight)
• It’s the central argument that the author is
trying to make the reader understand. The
theme is the “why” of the story.
F. POINT OF VIEW (narrator’s position in
the description of event)
a. First Person - I am telling the story. The
character is IN the story.
b. Second Person - The story is told to YOU.
c. Third Person Limited - The story is about
he/she. The most common point of view in
commercial fiction. The narrator is outside of
the story and relating the experiences of a
character.
d. Third Person Omniscient - The story is
still about he/she but the narrator has full
access to the thoughts and experiences of
ALL characters in the story.
G. TONE - he overall emotion “tone” or
meaning of the story. It can be portrayed
through word and grammar choices (diction),
choice of theme, imagery and description,
symbolism and the sounds of the words in
combination.
H. MOOD - Evokes certain feelings or vibes
in readers through words and descriptions.
Referred to as the atmosphere of a literary
piece. It is developed through various
methods including setting, theme, tone and
diction. It evokes various emotional
responses in readers, and thus ensures their
emotional attachment to the literary piece
they read.
I. STYLE - This is “how” things are said.
Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue,
metaphor, simile, hyperbole.
J. IMAGERY - words and phrases used to
help the reader develop a mental image of the
story. It deals with five senses which helps
create mental images of what we are reading.
1. Visual - appeals to the sense of sight. It
describes what a scene or character looks
like.
Ex: “The deep blue hues of twilight were
reflected in the still water; the slight glint of
moonlight peeked through the clouds just
enough to make out the silhouette of a
passing ship.”
2. Auditory - describes specific sounds that
are happening within a story.
Ex: The rooster crowed at early dawn, a sign
that it was time to start the day. John woke
up, listening to the quiet murmurs of his
children in the kitchen below; the clang of
pots and pans signaled that breakfast was
almost ready.”
3. Olfactory - describes a particular scent.
Ex: “The sweet scent of maple wafted
through the room, causing Stephanie to stop
what she was doing and sniff the air. A
second waft of scent carried underlying
smoky scent of bacon; a scent only bacon
straight off the grill could have.”
4. Gustatory - pertains to the sense of taste.
Ex: “Jason took one look at the cupcake in
front of him and couldn’t wait another second
– he stuffed it right into his mouth. The rich,
sweet, sugary taste of chocolate ran over his
taste buds as he chewed and swallowed the
whole dessert in less than ten seconds.”
5. Tactile - appeals to the sense of touch.
Ex: Sarah placed her bare hand on the cold
snow. It was wet at first, then the frigid cold
set in like a thousand needles, all pricking her
palm at once.”
6. Kinesthetic - deals with the movement of
action of objects or people.
Ex: “The birds flapped their wings in
excitement, the promise of food so close.
They sprung out of the tree, one by
one, soaring through the branches and
swooping down low to the pile of berries
beneath the tree.”
7. Organic - most difficult form of imagery
to write, because it deals with creating a
specific feeling or emotion within the reader.
Ex: You might think you made a new world
or a new self, but your old self is always
gonna be there, just below the surface, and if
something happens, it’ll stick its head out and
say ‘Hi’”
Topic: Pork Empanada (Short Story)
Author: Tony Lopez (1994)
Overview: A story about a less fortunate
young man who strived to reach his goal to
buy the famous pork empanada in Frankie's
Steaks and Burger
Setting: Katipunan, Quezon City
Main Character: Bototoy
Antagonist: Waitress
Conflict: Man vs Circumstances (Poverty)
Moral: Accepting and striving for a better life
is never wrong what's wrong is doing bad
deeds for the means to have best life.
 Filipino 3
Topic: Pagsulat ng Talumpati
ANO ANG TALUMPATI?
•isang “pormal na pahayag sa harap ng
publiko” at “pormal na pagtatalakay ng isang
paksa parra sa mga tagapakinig.” (UP
Diksiyonaryong Filipino)
•isang uri ng diskurso na itinanghal at
binibigkas sa mga tagapakinig o madla.
•isang uri ng sanaysay na binibigkas at
pinakikinggan.
2 ELEMENTONG TAGLAY NG
TALUMPATI
1. Teksto
2. Pagtatanghal (performance)
ANG TALUMPATI SA KASAYSAYAN
➢ 399 B.C.
• Apology of Socrates - bersiyon ni Plato ng
talumpati ni Socrates na ipinagtatanggol ang
sarili laban sa mga akusasyon
➢ 30 A.D.
• Sermon on the Mount - koleksiyon ng mga
pangaral ni Hesus sa Bundok Sinai tungkol sa
tamang asal at gawi ng mabuting sumasamba
sa Panginoon
➢ 632 A.D.
• The Farewell Sermon - binigkas ni Propeta
Muhammad bago siya mamatay
➢ 1791
• Abolish the Slave Trade - apat na oras na
talumpati ni William Wilberforce
➢ 1863
• Gettysburg Address - talumpati ni
Abraham Lincoln
➢ 1939
• Talumpati ni King George VI - binigkas
sa radio sa mga mamamayan ng Britannya at
ng Komonwelt para sa napipintong laban sa
Germany
➢ 1940
• We Shall Fight on the Beaches at This was
Their Finest Hour - intinanghal sa radio ni
Winston Churchill na nangakong hindi
susuko sa digmaan
➢ 1942
• Quit India - ni Mohandas K. Gandhi na
nagpapahayag ng pagtutol sa pananakop ng
Birtanya sa India
➢ 1948
• The Light has Gone Out in Our Lives -
binigkas ni Jawaharlal Nechru kaugnay sa
pagpaslang kay Gandhi
➢ 1953
• Atoms for Peace - ni Dwight Eisenhower
na humihiling ng maingat at mapayapang
paggamit ng atomic power
➢ 1963
• I Have a Dream - ni Martin Luther King
upang humiling na wakasan ang
diskriminasyon sa mga Afro-American
➢ 1987
• Tear Down This Wall - paghiling ni
President Ronal Reagan ng Estados Unidos
kay Mikhail Gorbachev ng Soviet Union
upang wasakin ang Berlin Wall
➢ 2001
• Talumpating binigkas ni Presidente George
W. Bush kaugnay sa trahedyaa ng pagbomba
sa World Trade Center sa New York noong
Setyembre 11
➢ 2007
• Last Lecture - ni Randy Pausch, isang
propesor sa Carnegie Mellon University na
may malubhang karamdaman
➢ 2009
• A New Beginning - ni Presidente Barack
Obama sa Cairo, Egypt upang muling
repasuhin ang pakikipag-ugnayan ng Estados
Unidos sa mga lipunang Islamiko
MGA ANYO AT URI NG TALUMPATI
A. Talumpati ng Pagtanggap (acceptance
speech) - laganap sa mga programa ng
paggawad o pagkilala sa kahusayan ng isang
tao.
B. Talumpati sa Pagtatapos
(commencement speech) - binibigkas ng
natatanging mag-aaral na may pinakamataas
na grado o pinakamatagumpay sa klase
tuwing pagtatapos.
C. Luksampati (euology) - nagsisilbing
parangal at paggunita sa alaala ng isang taong
yumao.
D. Talumpati ng Pamamaalam (farewell
speech) - bahagi ng ritwal ng pamamaalam,
pagreretiro, paglisan sa bansa, o pagbibitiw
sa propesyon.
E. Impormatibong Talumpati (informative
speech) - naglalayong mag-ulat sa madla ng
resulta ng bagong pag-aaral o kaya’y
manghikayat ng pagkilos, kabilang na rito
ang State of the Nation Address (SONA).
F. Talumpati g Pag-aalay (speech of
dedication) - maaaring papuri sa piling tao,
bayani, o panauhing pandangal.
G. Brindis (toast) - bahagi ng ritwal sa isang
salusalo na nagpapahayag ng pagpapahalaga
at pagkilala sa taong pararangalan.
URI NG TALUMPATI AYON SA
PAMAMARAAN SA PAGLALAHAD
1. Daglian (impromptu) - hindi
pinaghahandaan, walang sapat na oras sa
paghahanda
2. Maluwag (extemporaneous) - may
maikling panahon na ibinibigay sa
mananalumpati upang pag-isipang ang
sasabihin. Hindi isinulat at isinaulo ang mga
sasabihin
3. Pinaghahandaan (manuscript) -
isinusulat, binabasa ang bawat salitang
nakatala o naisulat
4. Isinaulo (memorized) - may sapat nap ag-
aaral sa paksa
URI NG TALUMPATI AYON SA
LAYUNIN
Tala ni: Ian McKenzie (4 Basic Types of
Speeches)
a. Talumpating Impormatibo (informative)
•naglalayong magbigay ng impormasyon sa
tagapakinig.
•maaaring nagtuturo ng isang teorya o
impormasyon
•pag-uulat ng pananaliksik, paglalahad ng
bagong katangian o teknolohiya na
kadalasang itinampok sa mga patalastas.
b. Talumpating Naglalahad
(demonstrative)
•halos katulad ng impormatibo ngunit may
kasamang demonstrasyon habang naglalahad
ng impormasyon.
Halimbawa:
➢ Programang pang-edukasyon gaya ng
pagtuturo ng pagluluto, pananahi o
pagpapalamuti ng tahanan
➢ Instruksyunal video sa internet
c. Talumpating Mapanghikayat
(persuasive)
•naglalayong manghikayat o mag-imbita sa
mga tagapakinig na kumilos tungo sa
pagbabago.
•Nangangailangan ng maingat na
paghahanda dahil sisikapin nitong baguhin
ang mga ideya, paniniwala, pamahiin,
kultura, tradisyon ng nakararami.
d. Talumpating Mapang-aliw
(entertaining)
•madalas mariring sa mga personal na
salusalo.
•layunin nitong manghatid aliw at kasiyahan
sa tagpakinig.
Halimbawa:
➢ Salusalo sa kasal, anibersaryo, victory
party, kaarawan
➢ Maririnig din sa comedy bar (host ay
nagbahagi ng karanasan at iba pa)
MGA BAHAGI NG TALUMPATI
A. SIMULA (pang-akit ng atensiyon)
•kailangan mag-isip ang mananaysay ng
estratehiya upang makuha kaagad ang
atensiyon ng tagapakinig.
•mahalagang maipahayag ang pangunahing
pangungusap (thesis statement), ito ang punto
ng pahayag na nais ipaabot sa tagapakinig.
B. KATAWAN (nilalaman ng talumpati) 8. Itala ang tatlo hanggang pitong
• organisadong paglalatag ng mga punto, mahahalagang punto ng talumpati -
idea, at iba pang mga nais sabihin. isaayos ito ayon sa halaga at bigat.
• Malaking tulong ang pagbabalangkas 9. Talakayin, pagyamanin, at paunlarin
(draft) upang magabayan ang sinoman sa ang mga ideya - bigyang katawan at laman
gawaing ito. ang pundasyon ng talumpati.
• Pananaliksik upang magkaroon ng 10. Ihanda ang mabisang kongklusyon - ito
nilalaman ang talumpati ang mag-iiwan ng kakintalan sa tagapakinig.
C. KONGKLUSYON (wakas ng talumpati) 11. Huwag kalilimutang kilalanin ang
•muling pag-uulit at pagdidiin sa sanggunian sa talumpati
mahahalagang punto ng binigkas na akda. 12. Kapag nasulat na ang unang burador,
•balikan ang pangunahing pangungusap basagin ang teksto nang ilang ulit - kaltasin
upang mailarawan sa madla na ito ay ang mga pangungusap na walang halaga.
natalakay nang husto. 13. Pagkaraan ng rebisyon at kapag handa
• pagbubuod at paglalagom na ang pinal na borador, mag-imprenta ng
•mag-iwan ng hamon o tanong maraming kopya. - gawing malaking font
•mag-imbita at manghikayat sa madla na upang madaling basahin.
kumilos tungo sa pagbabago 14. Basahin ang kopya nang paulit-ulit -
lagyan ng mga marka kung kalian hihinto at
PAGSULAT NG TALUMPATI guhitan ang mga salitang kailangang idiin.
1. Alamin ang magiging tagapakinig at
okasyon - dito nakasalalay ang paraan at
estilo ng pagsusulat.
2. Alamin kung ilang minute o oras ang
inilaan para sa pagbigkas ng talumpati -
malaking tulong sap ag-eedit ng akda.
3. Pumili ng paksang malapit sa
karanasan, may natatanging halaga sa
iyong buhay, o mayroon kang sapat na
kaalaman - sikaping magsaliksik at alamin
ang sasabihin.
4. Tukuyin ang mga layunin ng pagsusulat
at paghahanda ng talumpati at ng
isasagawang pagbigkas - itanong sa sarili
kung natutugunan ba ang mga ipinangakong
layunin sa presentasyon.
5. Kumalap ng datos at mga kaugnay na
babasahin - mahalaga ang pananaliksik para
sa isasagawang talumpati.
6. Alamin ang magiging halaga ng isusulat
na talumpati - may mapulot ang tagapakinig
sa binibigkas na talumpati.
7. Ibalangkas at suriin ang mga nakalap na
datos - paglikha ng disenyo ng mananaysay.