Botany Book

I L L U S TR A TE D
Y
co Al Nl N G
A F L O R A L D I C T I O N ARY ,
AN D A
G LOS S ARY O F S C IE N TI F I C TE R M S
IL L U ST RAT E D W IT H N U M E R O U S E N G R A V IN G S .
BY JO H N B . N E WM A N ’
, M D . .
,
A UT HO R or m u o ns w o nx s ON THE WAmnfil
’
s cm c s .
NE W Y ORK
FO WL E RS AND WELL S , P UB L I S H E
N OS . 1 52 9 AN D 131 N AS S AU S TR E E T .
1 85 0 .
En t e re d . a cc o rdi ng t o Ac t 0 1 C o n g re s s , i n the ya
e r 1 8 3 0, by
F O WL E RS 65 WE LLS ,
i n th e Cl ’
e rk s O ffice o f th e D i s ti tC
rc our tf or t
th e S o u h e rn D is r tit
c
of Ne w Y o rk .
P R E F AC E .
T HA T t dy o f n a tu r e te n d s to e x pa nd th e m i nd
th e s u ,
a n d c r e at e a n i n c r e a s i n t hi rs t f o r k no wl e d g e r e n d e r i ng
g ,
i t e a g e r to m ak e ne w ac q u i s it i o n s i s a fac t ab u n d a n t ly
,
e x e m plifi e d i n th e e x pe r i e n c e o f o u r o w n d e p a rt m e nt .
T h os e w h o h av e l e d to e x a m i ne th e a n i m a l ki ng
d o m bo th i n it s m a nd ph s iol o i c al as p e c t s b e co m e
, y g ,
a n x i ous t o e x plo r e t h e m s t e r i e s o f t h e v e g e t abl e s e c u r e

y ,
nd i n na t u r e e v e ry W h e r e b o u nti fu l i n h e r g i fts a nd t hat

g ,
th e co nt e m pla t io n o f h e r a s s h e p r e s e nt s h e r s
m i nu t e a s w e ll a s th e vas t Will b u t i nc r e as e t h e
,
a n d a d m i rat i o n i t i s fo r th e p u rp ose o f t h u s sa ti s fy i ng
t h e d si re s o f
e at th e p re s e nt wo rk is o ffe r e d
to t h e p u bli c I nt e n d e d fo r
. fil m h av e n o p r e vio us
aim h as b e e n , not o ly
n to
m ak i t
e Si mpl e e n ou g h to b e un d e rstoo d
8 of am pl ill
e u
t to k e e p u p a n
o e s.
o s it
y to t h e e nd . Th e pr i ncipl e s of th e s c i e nc e t og e t h e r
,
iv P RE F AC E .
wit h a t ho r g h x p iti o f th e sys te m of L i aeu s an d

ou e os on nn ,
th tli
e ou f t ha t f Ju s i
ne s o a g iv ; a r b i g t ak
o s eu re en c e e n en
t ha t th fa c t et h l d b w ll j i e d to g th r by
s , as s o n e s , s ou e e o n e e
th c m
e t f t h wy
e en tha t th w h l h u l d fo r m a
o e , so e o e s o
w ll p r p o rt i n d a d
e - o d r i g tr c t re E gr vi g
o e n en u n s u u . n a n s
w r r qi r e d t
e e e i t th l a r r d f r th t bj ct
u o ass s e e ne , an o a o e
t h r is p r o f
e e n m be r
a Th e t n c hi e f m d i c i l
use u . e e na
pla t f th U it d S tat
n s o e fi gu re d a d tog t h e r
n e es are , n , e
wi t h t h i r b t i al de r ipti i s dd e d a c c t f
o an c e sc o n, a n a oun o
t h i r p r p rti
e Awo th a t a w o rk f thi c h ara t r
e es . ar e o s c e
w o ld b p u liarly a c c pt abl to y u th w hav

e e cu d a e e o , e e en e v
o r d t r d r it still m r i vi ti g by th e a dd iti o f th
e o en e o e n n n o e
M a d o w Q e s s g w i th t h
e ue c n s y alt r a ti o s
’
on s, e ne e s al e n ,
th e y b i g n q l d f fi x i g i th y o g m i d t h
e n u e ua e or n n e un n e
Li n n as
a l n A d w it h th e h p t ha t it m y b as
c ass e s . n O e a e
val abl t th hil d to th par t t th p pil th

u e o e c as e en , o e u as e
t a c h r it is b m itt d to th p blic
e e , su e e u .
S IL VV E L L S
.
C L INT O N HAL L , 13 1 Nas s au s tre e t ,

New Y o rk .
T AB LE O F ‘
C O NT E NTS .
m i th Tabl
Th e fo ll o w m g i te s n e e of Co t t writt
n en s are en
i
n h a ma
suc that h n n er ea c o n e c an b d i t o g ativ ly
e us e n e rr e ,
and th fo m a i f q tio
us r se r e s o ues ns, apabl f appli tio
c e o ca n,
witho t fa th t o bl
u l o i
r er r u e , as es s ns n sc hool s .
I .
R l f
u e avoidi g poi o o pla t — T av ll
or n l d whys n us n s r e e rs ru e , a n
af A tio f A i
un s e— c ho gn d ho
o O th rse n c on s an rs es — er
mod k ow to bota i t P op rti f t h C ifo m

es n n n s s- r e es o e ru c r
family— M k f that family Ha d

ar s o am M k f poo r n es— ar s o r
hola T t f g ood o — Co olla S tam

sc rs — es o P i til nes r — e n s— s s
Cal yx R pta l S pal —{V t

— ece f a Calyx P t l
c e— e s a ure o — e a s
N at f t h G o o ua Filam
ure o et— A th S ti g ma S tyl
r — en n e r— — e
P ol l G m— U
en — f t h S tam
er d P i til
s es Fli t o e en s an s s —
n
’
s
ompa i o
c Mal Flow
rs n — F mal P ow e M dia e rs — e e e rs — e
B a ty f t h V g tabl K i g dom o t a t d with that

e u o e e e e n c n r s e 0
th A imal— N t y I t U “ i d I
e n t
e c ar d M T — s s e— f n
,
n s ec s , an an
di mi ati g t h P oll U f Calyx U f Co olla

sse n n e en — se o — se o r
W ath P ph t s
e er l t P imp
ro l A dot — Fo
e c ar e e rn e — n ec e ur
C l k Dial f Flow H ma
’
o oc — M o e rs — rs . e ns .
ll .
R o P oi o
s es , d T s ip g owi g to g th F od alo
n s an urn s r n e e r— o ne
do t mak
es n o a di ff f fo m d p op ti
e So l e re n c e o r an r er es — u
a ot mak t h h a t b at Vital P ow
c nn e Cae mi d
e r e —
e rs — u se s sur se
f om ff t
r Two ki d f pow i N at — Two S d
e e c s— n s o e rs n ure ee s
— B ild Up P ll Dow A o t f t h C atio f

u e rs - —
u e rs - n— cc un o e re n o
th vital pow
e f P la t i g l O fli f th l av f
e rs o n s n e n e ra — ce o e e es o
T AB L E OF C ON T E N T S .
P la t Oth e n s— it og i th A tmo ph r A imal

e of N r en n e s e e— n s
r mbl L amp
es e Ca bo i A id Tw thi g r q i d t
e s— r n c c — o n s e u re o
k p a imal aliv — Fabl f S adi Fo l m tary p i

ee n s e e o a — ur e e en rn
i pl
c C rio mod f livi g i b tt rfly fl w — S tom
es— u us e o n n u e o ers
ach f P la t
s o P i fi ti f th p by t h l av
n s— Odo ur ca on o e sa e e e s— rs
— G la d P oi o n M di is— L i f pow o ly
s makns— e c n es — e er n ca n e
vital p od t P a i ia h mi t
r u c s— rs n c e s s .
III .
M a i g f Bota y N m b f p i k ow D fi i ti f
e n n o n —
u er o s ec e s n n— e n on o
a p i Va i ti G a how form d — Ma k f th
s ec e s — re es — e n er e r s o e
Ro g se What o tit t
en u s — a g
— S
p i fi di ff r c ns u es en u s ec c e e n ce s
— N mb r f g u a Hig h r mod f g o pi g — Fi t t
e o en er — e es o r u n rs en
cla f Li
s s es o how k ow D ivatio f th am f
n n eu s n n— er n o e n e o
ea h S imila p fix
c — d i o di a y la g ag R mai
r re e s u se n r n r n u e— e n
i g fo t
n la O d f th fi t thi t
ur e e n c la how
s s es — r ers o e rs r ee n c s s es
fo m d Cla
r d O d
e -
f th L ily L i a Sy t m b t
s s an r er o e — n ne n s e u
an i trod tio to th N at al Fi t Cla S o g f th

n uc n e ur — rs ss — n o e
Mo a d ia T ib S o d Cla — S g f th Dia d
n n r n r es — ec n ss on o e n ri an
T ib — Thi d Cla Food b tt tha ri h illu trat d

r es r ss— e er n c es s e
S o g f th T ia d ia T rib
n o e r n r n es .
IV .
Flow e rs in o th y L i
th e Cla ths s T e tran d n a— S u e
’
s n es on e
Holly S o g f th T t a d ia T rib
— n N mb r f Flow
o e e r n r n e s— u e o
e rs i P ta d ia R g h l av d pla t — Fo g t M N t
n en n r —
ou e e n s r e e o
Bi dw d T ib P otato family poi o o T b

n ee r e— f th s n u s— u e rs o e
H mlo k T ib at lik th P otato Modifyi g f poi o

e c r e e en e e — n o s n
ous pla t S o g f th P ta d ia T ib Cla H x

n s— n o e en n r n r e s— ss e an
d ia Mo o C tyl d — N at p ovid f th
r — n - o d e o n es u re r es or e s ee as
s h do e f t h yo es g hi k or Di C tyl d e P oly C un c c e n— - o e o n es - - o
t yl d e A C tyl d
o n es— Flow i H xa d ia N
- o e o n es — ers n e n r — ar
i — S o g f th H xa d ria T ib — Cla H pta d ia

c ssus n o e e n n r es ss e n r
Ho Ch t— Chi k W d Wi t g — S o g f th
— rs e esn u c ee n er re e n n o e
Hp d i e T ib
ta n r an r es .
T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S . V i]
V .
Cla O ta d ia S y amo — Ho r Ch t— S o g f th
ss c n r — c re ~ se es n u n o e
O ta d ia Trib — Cla E a d ria S o g f t h E

c n r n es ss nn e n — n o e nn e
a d ia T ib — S ymm t y i P l a t — Cla D a dria

n r n r es e r n n s ss ec n
P ok W d harml
e whee yo g — A b t V Fly ess en un r u us— enus
Trap S o g f t h D d ia Trib —Cla Do d a d ia

— n o e eca n r n es ss ec n r
— So
g f th D d
n doi T ib Cla P olya dria
—
e o e can r an r es ss n
Wat r L ily— S o g f th P oly dri Trib

e n o e an an es .
VI .
Cla Didy amia— O d

ss n t d p d t th
r e rs mb r f no e en en on e nu e o
pi ti ls i t h fi t th i rt
s ,
as n la — G ym p mi A
e rs ee n c ss e s nos er a— n
g i os
p m i — L
er abiat aFlow — R i g t P e o at S a g ers n en — e rs n e— e
Ha mo y f N at r — Cha a t f th R i g t Fl ow
r n o u e r c er o e n en ers
F oxG lov — S o g f t h Didy ami a T rib — Cla

e n o Tta
e n n es ss e r
m i — Cha t i ti f t h C ifo rm Famil y Th —

dy na a ra c e r s cs o e ru c e
O rd S ili lo
e rs —— S h ph rd P r — S ili ’
tw o cu g i
se e e s u se r o sa
W ll Flow S o g f t h T trady amia T ib — Cla

a er— n o e e n n r es ss
M o ad n lphia O
e d T ria d r ia— P a io Flow
r er — G ra n ss n er e
i m —~o d r P olya dria a

n u s r e at l a mblag — S o g f
n , n ura sse e n o
th Mo e d lphia T ib
na e n r es .
V II .
Cla Diad lphia P pi l

ss e — Di tio f a P pil
— a o n ace ze s sec n o a ona
ceo u s flow P talo t mo — L pi

er F eS k s e ns u ne u rz e en e a
S akn R oot Movi g P la t— S o g

e — f th Diad lphia n n n o e e n
T ib 3 —Cla P olyad lphia— H w mod r Bota i t d i

r es ss e o e n n s s s
p f Dod a d ia S t Joh
o se o — ’
Wort S o g f th P oly
ec n r . n s — n o e
ad lphi a Trib Cla S y g ia— It ha a t i ti

e n e s- ss n e n es s c r c er s cs
f om th
r p d i g — C m p i t — P olyg amia q li
e rec e n o os ze ua s
P olyg amia S p fl — Joh Ma G ood

u e r uath Dai y n so n on e s
P olyg ami a F t P olyg m ia N i — Polyg ami

ru s an ea — a e sc es sar a a
S g r g ata— S o g f th S y g
e e ia Trib n o e n en es n es .
T AB L E OF C ON T E N T S
VIII .
Cla ss y a d i P olli ia P lia iti f th O hi family

G n n r a— n —
e cu r es o e rc s
— L adi T es
’—Habit f th O hi T ib
re s s es S o g f th s o e rc s r e— n o e
G y a d ia T ib
n n — Cla
r Mn i r T i i t Ha l
es ss o n ce c a— ree s n — z e
Co Fli t ma k th f ti fi ti f Mai Flow

rn — n
’
s re r s on e ruc ca on o z e—
f littl
e rs o t am S o g f th M
e s re i T ib —~Cla
s— n o e o n ce c a n r es ss
Di i F it f th F i g M thod f p od i g two op
aec a— ru o e —
e o r uc n cr s
of it i na o E xpla ati
one Ba ya T — I dia
se s n— n o n— n n ree n n
R bbu d Cow Tr
er a n My i a ~ R fil i S o g f th e e s~— r c — a es a— n o e
D i ce ci an Tri b e s .
IX .
Cla P olyg amia I t O d — S o g f th P olyg amia Trib

ss -
s r e rs n o e n es
— Cla C ypto g amia— S po
ss r Mod i whi h it i Said rte — e n c s
Li fo m d i t N mb
n n eus r f it O d
e F —Th i
— u er o s r e rs - e rn s e r
F ti fi ti
ru c Maid Hai H i g ht f F
ca on— i t opi l en r — e o ern s n r ca
c limat Mo — M g o P a k Habit f Mo
es s s es un r — s o s se s
Wo d wo th— L iv wo t — S W d L i h
r s r M h
er r s ea ee s c en s — us
r oom — Th i Habit Q liti How to t ll t h p i

s e r s -
ua es — e e s ec e s
for Cat p — T b M h oom S o g f th C yptog amia

su u er us r s— n o e r n
T ib R j t d Cla
r es -
Imp f tio
e ec e f th Li a s s es - er ec ns o e nn e n
S y t m N mb
s e — t liabl
u d how ma ag d by bota
er n o re e, an n e
i t i la i g Di ti tio b tw th two y t m
n s e n c ss n — s nc n e e en e s s e s
How to a q i th am f bota i t
c u re e n e o n s .
P la ti
n ng o f s lip s— P olypi Th ir
mbla to pla t — Li f — e re s e n ce n s e
g m er VV h y a t
s— t d p id dow ho l d hav ree u rn e u s e n s u e
ba hr nc d l av
es a nf om th fo m e oot d i
es r e r er r s, an v ce v ersa
Cotyl do O fii f d maki g — U f f it— S ilk d

e n s— ce o s ee n se o ru u se
d Cotto b tw d d lif g m Tw
'
an D i fi n — e re n c e s e e e n s ee an e er s— o
obj t m t b att d d to i a i g g m to p o t
ec s us e en e n c us n er s s r u
L ay N at
ers — m thod f p opag ati g pla t i thi way
u re s
’
e o r n n s n s
B a nya tr P p Willow H mboldt G rafti g d ’ — —

n e e— e e s u n an
T AB L E OF C ON T E N T S . ix
slip S d adl — Commo o ri g i f l av — Coro l la t
s— ee cr e n n O e es s a
m & P oof G d flow t b avoid d by yo g

en s , c — . r -
ar e n e rs o e e un
b ta i t — T tm t f f i t t — Th i hort liv — C
o n s s rea en o ru ree s e rs es en
t ry Al o — L ili — Ann al Bi ial d P

u e es ial P l a t u ,
en n an e re n n n s
La g d lo g liv d t r
r e an p d mal l fr it P hilo opher
n -
e ee s ro uce s u — s .
XI .
Ad aptiv pow r e at — Bal am p l — Da d lio b l

e of n ure s ca su es n e n a
loo — B do k hook — E ri g o Maho g a y d Co a

ns ur c s er n , n , an co
nu —
t Vit l pow f d — P la ti g f wood by q i rr l
a e rs o see s n n o s s u e s
Ba i r t th di mi atio f d — V l li ria— P o m
rr e o e s se n n o se e s a sne e
Ai fl w
r Habit f i di g o pla t f h t limat
o er— s o n en us n s o o c es
S ola dra— B o im m S i
n f l avr si t mp at ud to r i d
— z e o e es n e er e an r
reg io — Tal ip t— Clothi

ns g f t — Divi atio
o fb t i t n O ree s n n o o an s s
H ath f th Cap f G od Hop — Th b g — U f p i

e o e e o o e un er se s o o
pla t — Th i g al it atio P lai ar R m

so n o u s n s e r en er s u n— n ne o e
S t amo i m — Ma hatta
r n u I la d L o ality f f l d
n n s n — c o us e u an
d a g o pla t — A alo g y f a im l Cold li mat

n er u s n s n o n a s— c es
A o it — R m d i xi t with th di a — Will w— D i
c n e e e es e s e se se o s
co v ery f P r via bark

o e u n .
XII .
M et hd o p rvi g th g r trib — U f bitt r h rb i

s of res e n e a ss es se o e e s n
th fi ld — H ba i m
e e sK pi g pla t f
er a aly i P
ru —
ee n n s or n s s— re
ser vi g pla t — Cha g f olo wh dri d Thor to

n n s n e o c r en e —
n n s
’
compa i Bota i al Di to ry It app l i atio Mi a

r s o n— n c re c — s c n— r
bil i — V b a Bo i g B t— E do g
s er en E xo g
— — F unc n e n en s — e ns or
matio f do g o t m Wood tt Formatio f

n o en en us s e s— cu er— n o
E xo g o t m Cabbag lik top — P l l l v i l av

en us s e s— e e s are e e n e es
—Mod f d i ov r
e oi g th g f t P f t wood Al
sc e n e a e o ree s — er e c —
b r m Colo i g matt
u u Mahog a y E bo y Fo ma
rn er n n — r
tio f ba k G i mbl t— I riptio — A da o Da i l

n o r e n sc ns ns n— n e
Boo ne
2
X T A BL E OF C ON T E N T S .
III X .
S y op i
n f th
s s o la d o d
e c with xampl
s s e s an r ers, e es u n dr ah
e e c
— E xampl fG
es o a d Sp i f x i i g
e n er an ec e s or e erc s n th e l arn r
e e .
X IV .
Floral Di tio ary pr d d by P t y

c n e ce e oe r .
G lo ary
ss of t h i cal t rm
ec n e s .
B O TAN Y F OR Y O U N G P E O PLE .
FI R S T CON V E R S A TION .
L a u ra S is ter what kind of flowers are

.
,
thes e ?
E m i l y I have never examined them

. par
ti cul a rl y enough to di s cover their name . B ut
you mus t not gather any of them a s they are
pois onous .
L If you do not know the i r name and have

.
not paid much attention t o th e m, I s hould like

O
to know how you are aware they are at all d an

’
e ro u s 2
g .
E It will be a means of s howing you

.
Laura how a ve ry little knowledge is of great

,
u s e s ometime s I knew the n a t tu e Of the flo w

.
'
e rs from a rule framed by botani s t s which s ays , ,
that a ll plants with five s tamens and one pis til ,
with a dull c olored lurid corolla and of a nau ,
seo u s s ickly s mell are alway s pois onous

,
Many .
a life h a s been spared and much troubl e pre

vented b y s imple attention to t hi s rule .
12 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
L B ut m at h e re not be other method s of

.
j udgi n g plant s 7 In reading a book lately I w as ,
very much intere s ted in the account of a s ta rv

i n g traveller who at h i s greate s t need found
,
s ome plant s the root s of which b e dug up but ,

,
wa s afraid to eat until he had given a part to

s ome animal s that were near him ; after they
had eaten he had no more s cruple s and freely ,
s ati s fied h i s hunger Would not s uch a plan

.
be better than printe d rule s an d much ea s ier ,

’
b e si d e s l
.
EA more un s afe method of proceeding

.
can hardly be imagined O ur common barn .
yard fowl s eat without danger the s eed s of

many plant s that would be fatal to man The .
nature of the inferior animal s differ s much from

men for hog s and hor s e s will fatten by eating
,
ar s enic Rely upon it there i s no regal or rather

.
,
lazy folk s road to knowledge and expedient s

- -
, ,
s imilar to the one you have mention ed s how a

,
lack of informati on i n s tead of i ts pos s e s s ion .
L As he did not know the name Of the

.
l a n t I cannot think of any other way of findi ng

p ,
out whether it wa s s afe to eat or not .
E There are however , many other mode s

.
, ,
in in s tance of which I may mention a s tory t h at

BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E . 13
is related a bout the expedition s ent s ome time

s ince with the View of di s coveri n g the s pot
where the celebr ated L a P eyrou s e wa s s hip
wrecked The whole Of the crew from the
.
,
nece s s ary confin ement prod uced by the length

of the voyage became affli cted with s curvy and
, ,
were s ufferin greatly when prompt reli ef w a s

g
,
afforded by the u s e of an unkn own plant of the

Cruciform fam ily that was di s co vered on the
coa s t of New Holl and by a botani s t attached to
the expedition A s the Cruciform family is in
.
.
all i t s branche s anti scorbutic he became aware

-
,
the moment he met with a cros s s hape d flower

-
which i s the dis tingui s hi ng mark of that family ,
that he had found a mean s of cure though he ,
coul d not tell the name of the plant Had the .
trave l ler you s peak of under s tood botany he ,
need not have had recours e to the lower ani

mal s to di s cover the propertie s of hi s roots .
L B ut if there were no flower s to be s een

.
could he tell i n that cas e ?

E Mos t li kely for there are other mark s
.
,
which you will fin d out when you proceed a s I .
h Ope you will i n the s tudy of this science

,
.
L I have never felt a s if I s houl d like to

.
s tud y it
. There are so many hard name s I
14 ’‘
B O I AN Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
feel certain I could not learn them all Julia .
William s h a s been s tudying botany a long time ,
and yet even now when s h e come s to a hard

,
word h a s to look in her glo ss ary to find out i ts

meaning I have s een her pe i p l exe d in this
.
way many and many a time .
E Which trouble ari s e s fio m the fact that

.
'
s h e doe s not learn her s ubj ect thoroughly a s s h e
proceed s P er s on s of her di s pos ition a re alway s

.
poor s cholar s and will inevitably remain s o till

,
cured of s uch wretched habits It i s not b e .
cau s e s cience i s s o d ifii cu l t but merely becau s e

‘
,
they are too indolent B e alway s s ure to s tudy

.
the tech nical term s of any branch you commence

till you perfectly under s tand them ; do thi s in
botany and it will en s ure you a rapid a n d ea s y
progre s s Such a method of proceed ing is the
.
onl y real te s t of good s cholar s hip .
L I can ea s ily s e e even now that you are

.
right for if I wa s called on at thi s moment to

,
apply the rule you give relative to poi s on s I ,
coul d not do it a s I do not even kn ow what a

,
coroll a i s .
E It i s the painted part of the flower Often

.
call ed the bl o s som In the pink before u s

.
,
(fig . t h e flat varie g ated po t

r ion with the
BO T A N Y FOR YOU N G PE OP L E . 15
claw s attached to it is called the corolla a In ,

.
s ide the c orolla you may perceive a s e t of u

p
‘
right thread s with cap s on them : the s e are the
s tamen s b and in the centre of all are the pi s
,
.
t i ls c The whole is s e t in a cup call ed the

,
.
calyx d The end of the s tal k at the point o f

,
.
,
attachment of the s e organ s i s called the recep ,
tacle or receiver of the re s t Now La ura I .

, ,
wis h you to mention the name s of the s everal

parts a s I take the pink to piece s And to com .
mence what i s thi s ?

,
L The outermos t of all next the recepta cle ?

.
that i s the calyx d ,

.
E It i s in fact nothing but the te rm i nation

.
o f the green cove r i ng or bark of the s tem or

s ta l k When it cons i s ts of s eparate part s each
.
leaf i s call ed a s epal The name i s de ri ved .
from the L atin ca l yx a cup Wh at is thi s ?

, ,
.
L The colored part or corolla a

.
,
.
E As the calyx wa s the termi nation of the

.
outer bark s o i s thi s of the inner It s leave s

,
.
are called petal s The name is derived from

.
the Gree k , meaning a crown What are the se ? .
L The s tamen s : there are te n of them

. .
E E ach one i s divided into two part s

. The .
longe s t portion i s cal led a filament 1 from the , ,

16 BO T A N Y T OR YOU N G PE OP L E .
Latin fil u m a thread The cup is the anther

,
.
,
2 or pollen box
,
What are the s e
.
L The two pi s tils ; they are the inn ermos t

.
of all .
E E ach pi s t i l i s divided into three pa rts ;

.
the s tig m a l s tyle 2 and germ 3

, , ,
.
L Can you tell Of what u s e s o many pa rts

.
are
E Y es
. A fter the blos s om open s if you
.
,
watch carefully you would perceive the little

,
anther s become full of a yello wis h powder cal l

ed pollen from which come s their name of pol
,
fe n boxe s
-
The final object of thi s pollen i s to
.
be s haken on the s tigma or top of the pi s til .
After it i s s haken on it part of it pierce s the ,
germ or s eed ca s e at the ba s e of the pi s til and ,
except thi s germ in mos t ca s e s the other part s

, ,
having now fu lfilled their office s drop off ; the ,
s eed ca s e or germ i s meanwhile enlarging and ,
continue s in crea s ing in size until the s eed s are

fully ripe The s e s eed s with their coverings
.
are termed in the lan gu age Of botany fruit

, ,
.
Wil l you read from thi s page F lint s beautiful

compari s on on thi s s ubject ?
L He s ay s that the an al ogy of the world of
.
animal life i s s till pre s erved and that the male ,

piece s We are not nigh as beaut iful though I

.
,
am s ure much more valuable

,
.
E That que s tion h a s puzzled many ac n e

.
and yet i s ea s ily explainable In plant s the .

,
mos t curiou s parts of their s tructure are laid

open to View but the s imilar organ s in our s elve s
,
entirely concealed I have no doubt were it

.
,
poss ible to render your hand tran s parent s o that

you might se e the wondrou s animated ma
chinery and gorgeou s color s di splayed there the ,
s pectacle would far s urpa s s in beauty and fini s h
that exhibited by the rare s t production of the

vegetable kingdom .
L You have explained the u s e s of the s ta

.
men s and pi s tils ; th e corolla I s uppo s e h a s , ,
no particular virtue it i s only for ornament

— .
E It i s the opinion of many that it prepare s

.
a fluid for the nouri shment of the s tamens and ,
thi s opi n ion i s rather s trengt hened by the o b s e r

vation in s ome flower s of the nectary being onl y
a part of it a s in the common Columbine of the
,
garden s : the little horn s of that flo we r which —
s ome have compared to dove s s toopin g to drink ,
from whence aros e i ts name of Columbine from ,
C ol u m ba a dove are nectarie s

,
— .
L What is the u s e of the Nectary ?

.
E . for the s ecretion Of honey and

A l way s ,
s ome s a this honey i s merely for the purpo s e

y
of tempting in s ecfs to come to the plants .
There are not a few i nst ance s in which the

male flower s grow on one plan t and the female
flower s on another : a s the pollen mu s t be s h a
ken ou the pi s til to en s ure frui t the wi nd and ,
in s ects are reli ed upon for doin g this so that ,
you can perceive the advantage which ens ue s

from companie s of ins ects while gathering honey
on the male plant becoming covered with pol
,
len v is iting directly aft erward s the female for the

,
s ame purpo s e and leaving with the la s t the du s t

,
that had adhered to them from the firs t The .
Date h a s its male and female flowers on se pa

rate tree s but the people not da ring to tru s t
, ,
to uncertaintie s regul arly when the pollen be

,
come s ripe s prink l e i t over the fem al e flower s

, ,
and thus s ecure to them s elve s a v al uable an d ,
often ind is pen s able crop of fil m The necta ry .
i n many cas e s however i s a s eparate organ not

, ,
directly connected with the corolla .
L What object doe s the calyx s erve

. .
E To guard the outer part of the flower

.
,
keeping i ts bloss om s in the right place and

s hieldi ng it from inju ry The corolla wh e ther
.
,
20 B OT A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E .
connected with the s ecretion of honey or not ,
s erve s a s a protection to the s tamen s folding up

,
regularly at night to protect them from the

,
i n flu ence s of the weather .
L B ut s ome like the bluebell s cannot fold

.
, ,
E There i s no need for them to do s o their

.
,
p rotection i s equally e fficaciou s as covering ,
t hem in the manner they d o th e y s erve the , .
purpo s e s of a bell gla s s s creening them from ,
i nj uriou s influence s a s the gla s s doe s the fancy

,
clock in the parlor .
L I s hould think if the corol la folded up

.
to s helter the s tamen s at night it would do the

s ame in s tormy weather th ey need it a s much ,
then a s at any ot her time perhap s more ,

.
E Y ou are right it s hould fold up at s uch

.
,
time s and it accordingly doe s do thi s F rom

,
.
t h e circum s tance of i t s clo s ing before a s torm
a n d thu s foretell ing the app oach of one they

r ,
a re often u s ed a s weather prophets That .
little flower below u s i s the Scarlet Pim pe r

n el ,
better known to you perhap s a s the , ,
Weather Gla s s ; when it doe s not open in the

mo rn ing the people s tay at home and prepare
for rain and th ey do thi s if there i s not at the
,
BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E . 2 1
time a cloud in the s ky and the s u n s hin ing

brightly In F rance the pe as ant s train to the
.
si de s of their cottage s a s pecie s of Carlina ,
whos e open flowers encourage them to proceed

to their daily labor but when clos ed form a
,
s ure pre s age of approaching rain .
L I have heard U ncle John tell a s tory of a

.
s hephe r d bo m e e t i n a gent l eman with h i dog

y g s s
and g un goin out a hunting a nd wa rning h im

,
g
,
to return home ; but a s there were no s ign s of

'
rai n the gentleman thought he wa s foolis h

, ,
and laughed at him B efore noon , however it

.
,
rained in torrent s and the gentleman wa s forced

,
to return ; on h is way he met h is fri e n dl v

advi s er whom he had treated s o rudely and h i s
, ,
c urio s ity being much excited to find the mean s
th e boy pos s e s s ed of foretelling rain he offered ,
him a gui nea for the i n fo nn a t ion The boy .
took the gui ne a and told h i m he h a d noticed

.
’
that th e Shepherd s Weather Gla ss wa s not Open
a s he pa s s ed it in the morning .
E Not only do many flo wer s s eem po s s e s s ed

.
of an in s tinct to clos e on the approach of dan

ger but there i s an equal if n o t greater power
, ,
exhibited in their n o t Opening until the proper

tim e when the mo st benefit will be deriv e d

,
from the heat and light Likely the object i s

.
to g ive the poll en the be s t chance s for ripening .
You mu s t have ob s erved the s i ngular opening

’
of the F our O C l ock abou t the hour i ts name
,
denote s eve ry afternoon ?

.L 0 ye s I shall not s oon forget taking
, ,
Maria round the garden to s e e them and ,
we could not find any though I wa s certain

,
they had been there the day before It wa s .
not until s ome time afterward s I found that

the cau s e of our not finding t h em wa s becau s e
we had made too early a vi s it and they, like ,
fa s hionable people coul d not be s een s o s oon

,
.
E Grainger in h i s poem on the s ugar

.
,
cane recommend s the planter s to permit their

,
s lave s to retire to their hut s on the Opening

of the s e flowers a s a s helter from the heat The .
greater number of flowers have s uch aregular

time for openi ng and s hutting that Linneu s gave
,
a li s t of a num ber with the idea that it s hould a n

s wer the purpo s e of a watch s o that by watching
,
the pa rt icular time at which a flower opened

or s hut we could name the exact hour and
minute M rs Heman s wrote s ome line s on
. .
B OT A N Y FOR YOU N G P E OP L E . L3
this far famed Dial of F lor a which I

-
,
you would read from her book .
L .
’
Twa a lov ly tho g ht to m k th ho
s e u ar e u rs
A th y float d i li g ht away
s e e n ,
By th op i g d th foldi g flow
e en n an e n e rs
I hat la g h to th mm day
‘
u e su er .
Th had a h mom t i t w i h h
us e c en s o n rc ue ,
A d it g a f l
n s p d b ll
r ce u cu an e ,
I who
n olor d va mi g ht l p th d w
se c e se s ee e e ,
L ik a p a l ie o a h ll
e r n an ce n s e .
T h w t i g mi g ht th tim hav flow

o s uc s ee s n s, e e e n
I a g old
n t e n c u rre n on,
f m h ga d ma fi t abod ’
E re ro t e r en, n s rs e,
Th g lo rio e g t w go us u es s e re ne .
S mi g ht th day h av b
O b ig htly told
e s e ee n r ,
Tho day f o g d d am
se s o s n an re s,
Wh h ph d g ath d th i flo k f old
en s e er s e re e r c s o
By th bl A adia t ame ue rc n s re s .
S i tho
O n i l f d li g ht that t
s e
s es o e re s
F ff i a b
ar O l mai n re e z e e s s n,
Whi h ma y a ba k with a w a y g
c n r e r ue s t ,
H o g ht b t till i vai
as s u ,
u s n n .
Y t i
e lif i i t al fl ig h t
s no t e n s re ,
Ma k d th v thr e a th
us , e en us o n e r ,
By t h lo i g f hop d li g ht
e c s n o on e
’
e s e
A d a oth
n
’
gn tl bi th er s en e r
Oh l t liv e us that flow by flow r

e , so er e ,
S h tti g i t
u nmay l av n u rn e e,
A li g n ti ll f t h
ere r s t ho or e s u n se ur,
A ha m f c th
r had d or e s e e ve .
24 ’
B O I AN Y
‘
FOR YOU N G P E OP L E .
SE CON D C ON VE R S A TIO N .
L How i s it s is ter that at the end of our

.
,
garden next the ros ebu s he s there are s ome

, ,
Stra m onium plant s growing and a little fu rther ,
on s ome turnip s I have been looking at the

.
ground and it appears to me a l l of the s ame

kind ; s o I cannot s e e how ros e s and poi son s and , ,
tu rnip s can be made of exactly the s ame thing

,
.
E O ur food at table is generally alike i s

.
,
it not Laura ?
L Y e s almos t alway s
.
,
.
E Why then do n o t your feature s and

.
form re s emble min e a s exactly a s you would

,
have the plants s i mulate one another ?

L O ur s ouls make u s look a s we do
.
pla n ts have no s oul s .
E T h at would not an s wer my q u e s t i on

. .
It i s not your s oul that dige s ts your food or

m ake s your heart beat for in that ca s e th e s e
,
action s could not take place while you s lept .
You have within you a principle s eparate from ,
the s ou l called the Vital P ower who s e o ffi ce

, ,
it i s to take ch arge of the bu ilding up and

repairing of your body A plant h a s exactly
.
the s ame Ki n d of principle without a s oul It ,

.
26 ' ‘
thing to which they have acc e ss are called the ,
P uller s down of nature while their opponent s

-
,
have been s tyled the B uilder s u p B e s ide s -

.
,
the knowle d ge received from o bs ervation we ,
have another and an unerring s ource of in fo r

mation on thi s s ubject The B ible mention s
.
the expre s s creation of a s e t of vegetable po wer s

dis tinct from matter and the Mechanical
F orce s Will you read the account from Gen
. .
ii v 5
. .
?
L A nd the LO R D G O D made every plant of

.
the field before it wa s in the earth and every ,
herb of the field before it grew P lant s then .
were made before animals .
E Y e s plant s are nece s s ary to the exi s tence

.
,
of animal s their leaves are required to pur ify

,
th e air .
L I thought s torm s did that ?

.
E They render a s s i s tance in another way

.
,
b u t not at a l l in thi s of which we a re s pe aking .
If I place thi s large b e ll g l a s s or receiver over

the lamp how long will it continue burning ?
,
L A vel y little time ; You have told me

.
before that two kind s of ga s e s oxygen and nitro ,
gen form the atmos phere O xygen is the true

,
.
s upporter of combu s tion and the nitroge n is

,
BO T A N Y F OR YO U N G P E OP L E . 27
mixed with it to weaken it othe rwi s e eve ry thing,
would burn up too fa s t A fter a little wh il e .
the flame would cons ume a ll the oxygen ins ide

the receiver and then a s it could not burn
, ,
wi thout more of it go out ,

.
E Suppos e there wa s s ome contrivance

.
i n side the rece i ver by which ox ygen g a s wa s
thrown ou t in s ufficient quantie s to s upply

the combus tion when woul d the flame cea e
,
s ?
L Not until both the oil and wick were

.
burned up .
E A ll animals includ ing m an re s emble

.
, ,
lamp s in requiring oxygen to keep them bu rning

or alive B ut here the re s emblance cea s e s for
.
,
the lamp merely con s ume s the oxy gen but ,
animals in retu rn for thi s g a s throw o u t carbo

, ,
nic acid a compound you know of charcoal and

, , ,
oxygen ; thi s i s to them a deadly poi s on being of ,
th e s ame kind a s the g a s fe i m d at the bo ttom

of well s and ci s tern s and which so often ,
kill s thos e who i ncautiou s ly des cend into them ;

i ts mere accumulation in the atmo s phere would
be s uffi cient to de s troy animal life To allow .
u s to breathe then two ob j ect s mus t be attended

,
to ; in the firs t place a s upply of oxygen to take

,
the place of that which is co n srun e d and in , ,

28 BO T A N Y YOU N G P E OP L E
‘
FOR .
the s econd a mean s of gett ing rid of the

,
carbonic acid which would s oon kill u s if

all owed to remain Bo th the s e objec ts are
.
an s wered by the leave s of plan ts which d e co m

po s e the carbonic acid the moment it touche s
them The carbon it retain s in i ts own s ub
.
s tance and s end s back the oxygen for the u se

,
of animal s Y ou can s e e fiom thi s how depen

.
'
dent we are on even the mi n ute s t s pire of gra s s

or leaf of a m e s s and what nece s s ity there
,
wa s to make the vegetable world a little before

the animal S aadi the Pe rs ion poe t h a s a
.
, ,
beautiful fable on thi s s ubject in which it h a s ,
been aptly s aid of him that he proved a s a phi

,
l o s 0 ph e r the harmony in nature which b e s ung

a s a po et .Wi l l you read it from thi s ?
.L A nightinga l e i s i mpri s oned in a cage of
gla s s with a ros ebu s h blooming with flower s .
E ach owe s i ts life to the other Deprived of .
fre sh air the bird would s oon cea s e to s well i ts

,
little throat with harmony The ro s e eagerly .
ab sorb s the air which h a s been re s pired by i t s

loved philomel and drawin g nouri s hm ent from
,
it blu she s brighter tint s retaining the carbon

, , ,
a nd throwing back the oxygen to be inhaled

anew by the bird of song As often a s the .
BO T A N Y FOR YOU N G P E OP L E . 29
ni ghtingale load s the air with e ffl uvi a pernici

o u s to it s elf the ros e neutrali ze s the pois on in
,
i ts own bos om and retu rn s pure air to i ts fel

, .
low pri s oner When the bird a t length expire s

.
of old age s in gi ng i ts dirge of gratitude the

, ,
ros ebu s h wither s and die s .
E This fable pre s ents the subject in i t s t rue

.
light by s howing you that wh ile the plant i s

,
reall y nece ss ary t o our ex istence it i s in work , ,
ing for u s only s u b se rvm g it s own purpos e s

,
.
The four pri ncipal elements of vegetable s are ,
CA R BO N O X Y G E N H Y D R O G E N and N I T R O
, , ,
GEN . Water i s made of the s econd and third

of the s e and the atmos phere Of the s econd and
,
fourth We have s een from what s ource the

.
Carbon may be derived s o that the facili ty wi th ,
which plant s can find mean s of s u s tenance need

excite no s urpri s e ; nor yet that they can live
without touchi ng the ground a n d exi s t on air
and the moi s ture contained in it Have you .
ever s een plants that did thi s Laura ? ,
L O ye s There are O rchi s plant s in the

. .
hot hou s e that look ju s t like butterflie s both in

-
, ,
s hape and color which the gar d ener s ay s live

,
on nothing but air and that he h a s not eve n to ,
water them .
BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
E The food taken into the s tomach afte r

.
eating i s dige s ted and then goe s through a

, ,
variety of proce s s e s which terminate s by pa s s

,
in g it through the lungs at w h ich place carbo ,
nic acid i s thrown out a n d oxygen received .
Plant s take their food by mean s of little bundle s

of leech like mouth s fixed at the end of their
-
roots te rmed s po n g i ol e s ; the s e s uck from the

,
s oil whatever i s nece s s ary to the s upport o f th e
plant and then act the part of s tomach s by im

,
mediately dige s ting it A s e t of ve s s el s carrie s i t

. .
up to the leave s to be further elaborated while ,
there a s upply of carbon a s ub s tance which

, ,
make s mos t of the body of the plant i s received , ,
and a corre s pondin g amount of oxyge n thrown

o ff and the s a thu s purified goe s the roun d s
, p , ,
of the s ys tem in another s e t of ve ss el s to s upply ,
i ts nece s s itie s and form i ts compound s .
L Then the odor s of Ros e and Lemon and

.
,
C innamon are made of nothing but air and

,
water .
E The element s of their compo s ition are

.
mo s tly derived from the s ub s tance s you have

named In the human s y s tem are a s e t of
.
bod ie s called gland s who s e of fice it i s to make

,
up or combine the variou s s ecretion s required in

the body When the blood comes to the s e

.
gland s they take from it whatever they want ,
and then manufacture from thos e mate ri al s the

s ub s tance s required It i s in thi s way the live r
.
make s bile and the lachrymal gland tears

,
.
Plant s have a s imilar s e t of little organ s or ,
gland s that fiom the pure juice make up the

,
'
e ss ential Oils a s Ro s e Cinnamon Lavender and

, , , ,
Lemon ; the d ifferent s alts a s O xalic A cid Qui , ,
nine a n d S a l a cin e ; and noxiou s compound s a s

, ,
the Upa s j u ice and P ru s s ic A cid O dor s pois

,
.
,
o n s and medicine s are all made in thi s way by

, , ,
the life power from the s imple s t element s

,
.
L B ut we could not take thos e eleme nt s and

.
make them ?
E Ce rt ainly not
. It could only be a cc om
.
p li s h e d by the agency of the life power working -
in i t s accu s tome d man ner Some yea rs s ince .
when it became generally known of what ele

ment s milk wa s compo s ed the chemi s ts of P ari s ,
undertook to s upply that city with pure mil k of

their own manufacture but a s they coul d not ,
govern the Vital power s their in fluence being ,
limited to the force s of mechanic s and chemi s

try the attempt s ignally failed To—morrow
,
.
,
we will commence s tudying the cl a s s ifica tion o f

‘
plants to which mo s t of the matter we ha ve

,
gone e v er h a s been but preliminary

,
.
THI R D CON V E R S A TION .
W el l Laura I perceive you are ready to

E .
, ,
commence the s tudy of cla s s ification You un .
d e rs ta n d
enough of the elementary organ s to
proceed without further trouble B ut before we .
commence will you find out the meanin g of the

word B otany
L It is s aid to be derived from a Greek word
.
s ignifying the h i s tory of the vegetable ki n gdom .
Its object i s to examine the different part s or

organ s of plant s and explain their function s
,
and to compare one with another s o a s to make

a ba s is of d i cr imi nations .
E There are
. d ifferent s pecie s of
plant s known at the pre s ent time and thi s num ,
ber i s con s tantly increa s ing by new di s coveries .
L What i s a s pecie s ?
.
E Linneu s thought what wa s undoubtedly

.
,
the ca s e that there were a s many s pecie s a s dif

,
fe ren t form s of vegetable s produced at the

creation It i s in the knowledge of the great
.
cour s e nece ss ary to s elect s uch a s are con s tant

,
in bot h genu s and s pecie s The roots trunk .

, ,
and branche s m a y all furn is h s pecific d iffer

,
e n c e s while the nectary and other important

,
o rgan s are s elected for th e generic .

,
L In how many genera are the s e

.
s pecie s d iv 1d e d ?
E There are now over 6000 genera de s c ribed

. .
L Is there any s till higher mode of cl as sific a

.
tion by which the genera are combined together ?

E Y e s ; into order s and the s e again com
.
,
bine to form cla s s e s Can you repeat the name s

.
of the different divi s ion s ?

L Specie s Genera O rder s and Clas s e s
.
, , ,
.
E That i s right
. It i s now my in tention to
.
take each cla s s s epara tely mention how i ts ,
order s are formed and notice some of the flow

,
e rs belongi ng to it I will before commencing

.
, ,
g i ve you a general idea of the Linnean Sy s tem
of Clas s ification The fir s t ten cla s se s are

.
known by the number of s ingle s tamen s i n a

flower for in s tance if there i s one s tamen it i s
, ,
in the fir s t cla s s ; two s tamen s place it in the

s econd cla s s and s o with the others until you ,
,
arrive at ten What cla s s was the P ink in we

.
analy s ed ?
BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E . 5
L . The tenth cla s s Ho w very easy s uch a .
s y s tem is .
E It h a s been much celebrated for i ts ex

.
treme s implicity Y o u remember t h e meani ng.
of the Gree k word A ndria ? to th is i s added the

Greek term s of the n u m ber s one two and , , ,
three up to ten thu s

, ,
1 M O N A N D R I A one hu s ba nd
-
,
.
2 D I A N D R I A two hus band s

-
,
.
3 T R I A N D R I A three hu s band s
-
,
.
4 T E T R A N D R I A four hu s band s
-
,
.
5 P E N T A N D R I A five hu s band s
-
,
.
6 HE X A N D R I A s ix hu s band s
-
,
.
7 H E P T A N D R I A s even hu s band s
-
,
.
8 O C T A N D R I A eight hus band s

-
,
.
9 E N N E A N D R I A n i ne hu s bands
-
,
.
10 D E C A N D R I A ten hus band s

-
,
.
Many of the s e prefixe s are us ed in ord i nary

language a s monarchy dialogue tripod te t ra
, , , ,
gon pentagon hexagon hepta rchy octagon

, , , , ,
and decimate .
L I can remember the name s of the fir s t

.
ten without difficulty : but they are s o ea s y I

am afraid s omething more diffi c ult i s c oming ,
E Not s o ; you have already m as tered the

.
harde s t pa rt The remaining cla ss es are :

.
36 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G PE OP L E
11 D O D E O A N D R I A from 1 1 to 2 0 hu sbands
-
.
12 I c e s A N D R I A 2 0 or more hu sband s affixed

-
,
to the calyx .
1 3 P O L Y A N D R I A many hu sband s a ffi xed to

-
,
the receptacle .
1 4 D I D Y N A M I A four hu s ban d s— 2 s tronger

,
than the re s t .
1 5 T E T R A D Y N A M I A , s ix hu s band s— 4 s tronger
than th e re s t .
1 6 MO N A D E L P H I A one brotherhood — h u s ,
band s joined i n one s e t .
1 7 D I A D E L P H I A two brotherhood s — hu s ban d s

,
joined in two s ets .
1 8 P O L YA D E L P H I A many br otherhood s— h u s ,
band s joined in more th a n two s ets .
1 9 S Y N G E N E s I A many flo wer s in one anther s

,
—
united .
2 0 G Y N A N D R I A hu s band growing from the

-
,
Wife .
2 1 M O N CE C I A hu sband s an d wive s in different

,
room s of the s ame hou s e .
2 2 D 1 ! E C I A hu s b a nd s an d wive s in s eparate
,
hou s e s .
2 3 P O L Y G A M I A mixture of the two preceed

,
in g with perfect flower s

,
.
2 4 C Y P T O G A M I A , flo we rl e s s plant s .
I will explain them more minutely a s we pro

o ecd
.
.L In what ma n ner are the O R D E R S found

out ?
E Thos e in the firs t thirteen clas s e s depend

.
on the number of pi s t ils or rather s tig ma s as

, ,
the s tyles are often wanti ng and the s tigma ,
re s ts upon the ge rm As the pink i s included

.
in thi s numbe r will you tell what order it is in ?

,
L The pin k h a s two pi s ti l s and i s co n s e

.
quently in the s econd order of the tenth cla s s .
Do they prefix the Greek num ber s to them a s

naming the cla s s e s ?
E Y es
. The fir s t order is MO N O G Y N I A
.
,
the s econd D I G Y N I A and s o with the other s

,
.
There are two order s in the 1 4th cla s s ; but we

had better defer mention of them u ntil we come
to the cla s s e s them s elve s In what cla ss and
.
order Laura is the Lily that i s in th i s v a s e ?

, ,
L The s ixth clas s and firs t order from the

.
,
s ix s tamen s and one pi s til How very s im ple.
the s y s tem of Linneu s i s

E Y ou mu st remember it i s not a pe rfect
.
s y s tem by any mean s and at th e pre s ent day

, ,
u sed but a s an introduction to a far more pe r

fe e t one the Natural Sys tem in contra s t with
, ,
’
which that of Linneu s i s called A rtificial B ut
,
.
to commence ; here i s a collection of s ongs of

the different cla ss e s modified The different .
s ubject s of F lora or the Queen of F lower s are

, ,
s uppo s ed to be called up to recite their different
gathering s ong s all of which I wi s h you to com

,
mit to memory A nd n o w what i s the firs t

.
,
’
cl a s s l
L Monandria compos e d of plants having

.
,
but one s tamen .
E Y ou can s e e all the di fferent rank s repre

.
s ented in the fir s t plate in the order of their
cla s sification A glance at it will teach you

.
more than I can te l l you in a long time The .
few plants Monandria contain s generally b e ,
long to the wa rm e s t climate s a s the Ginger ,
and Cardamon The Car ma i s the name of a

.
genu s of flowering reed s found native in ,
the U nited State s ; s ome Of the s pecies of thi s

g enu s found in the s outhern contin ent are emi ,
n e n t l y beautiful The flower s which are col

.
l e c te d in clu s ter s expand gradually and are noted ,
for their curious appearance The A rrowroot .
Maranta and Mare s tail Hippuri s belong al s o

,
—
,
to thi s cla s s The Salicornia or Gla s s wort

.
,
is a plant commonly found in E ngland on the ,

muddy s hores of the s e a ov e rfl o we d by the ,
tide The name i s one of the de s criptive word s

.
of L inneus by whi ch he so well knew how to

,
dis tinguis h the plant s he n a med It i s derived .
from s a l s alt and corn u a b orn from the h o m

, ,
like branche s and s ali ne nature of the plant .
The s pecie s are very u s eful by yielding a g reat

quantity of s oda for the manufacture of glas s
and soap Now Laura your song
.
,
.
L . S ON G OF TH E M O N - N A D R I AN T R IB E S .
Flow f th o a tho g h N at
er o e f
ce n u u re re u se
B ri g ht ti t t thy blo om f g a t d w
n s o ss o r ra r n e s,
S li
a i w
corn a am th hi ftai
e n p rid
e ee o u r c e
’
n s e,
A d ho o th
n ntill f vi t t i d
r ee s or r ues re .
F q t f wat thy io fo m
re u e n er o e rs , cur us r ,
Hipp i i floati g i
ur s s hi d to m
n n s un s n e an s r ,
O ur c hi ftai e t i th Ca ma flow
’
n s c re s s e r er
With Ma a ta f l i ik da k ho ’
'
r n u se u n s c n e ss r ur .
E The n ext cla ss is Diandria or two s ta

.
mens It contain s a more numerou s collection

.
of flowers than the fir s t The beautiful S peed .
well V E R O N I C A givi ng u s all the different

—
,
s hade s of blue and adorning neglected place s

, ,
road s ide s and ditche s early in the s pring and

-
, ,
late in the autumn the bloss om s of thi s genu s

have a remarkable tendency to fly off in we t
weather The Lilac Syringa with i ts in im i ta ~

.
—
,
bly delicate blos s om s and fre s h odor The Pri .
vet Ligu s t rum with i ts white blos s om s forming

—
,
s uch an elegant o r n ament to the fence s and ,
generally found i n company with the Lilac .
The u s eful and in s ome of i ts s pe cie s res pl e n

, ,
dent Sage Salvia i ts different leave s varyin g

—
,
from a hoary wrinkled appearance and oval

s hape and very odorou s to the re s emblance of
, ,
a lyre and without s cent N u ttall inform s u s

,
.
,
that in F lorida i s a s pecie s with s carlet flower s

, ,
and in South Caroli na one in which they are ,
a bright azure blue The m o s t s plendid and .
ea sily cultivated of all being brought from B ra

zil which i s covered in the fall with brilli ant
,
flower s even the calyx and s ta lk being of the

,
s ame color The s weet Vernal Gra s s s aid to be

.
-
,
fragrant a s a Tonca b e a n wil l fini s h our li s t ,

.
L . S ON G OF
DI A D R I A N T R IB E S
THE -
.
Th S p d w l l flow
e f om hill
ee e d dal ers r an e,
Th S l eb ig ht d t h P iv t pal
a a z a.
’
r , an e r e e,
With F g t G w b a i ha d
ra ra n ras s e e r n n
F th lad who l ad
or e g alla t ba d e s o ur n n .
Fai flow ho ld d k fai lady h ad

r ers s u ec r
’
s e ,
A d balmy w t i h
n pathway b p ad
s ee s n er e s re .
O obl lady
n f e t tho , re u s e n o u,
Th w ath f S y i g w pla
e re o thy b ow r n a e ce o n r .
42 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E .
but at the s ight of i ts contents he cried How , ,
unfortunate I am ! it i s only gold powder .
E Without the plant s of thi s cla ss the land

.
,
s cape would be de s titute of beauty : their ab s ence
invariably denote s s olitude and s terility It al s o .
contain s many s plendid and valuable flowers ,
s ome of which are noticed in the gathering s ong
with which we will clo s e .
L . S ON G OF THE TRI A N D R I A N T R IB E S -
.
Th C e i o with i t p tal f g old

r ocu s s u rs s e s o ,
F do th I i h ba
or u s es e foldr s er n n e rs u n .
W loth t h g
e c ehill d th v da t d ll
e re e n an e er n e .
A d th
n h ph d lov i
e s e la d to dw ll
er es n o ur n e .
Hi flo k is c bo dl pa t h f d
n o ur un e ss s u re e ee s,
A d hi
n attl g a i
s c o tl m d
e r z e n ou r c un ess ee s .
Pi homag to th w yi ld
r n c es s , o u r e ee e e ,
A d hail th
n Q f th fo
ee as t d fi ld
u ee n o e res an e .
FO UR TH CON V E R S A TION .
E . O ur next cla s s
Tetrandria or four is ,
s tamen s It contain s many natural a s s em

.
b l a g e s of plant s s ome of which are noted for

,
u s efulne s s s om e for curious propertie s and s ome

, ,
for be auty A far famed plant in hi s cla s s

t
-
,
.
th e Holly He x an ornamental ti mber tree

—
,
.
A n author s pe aking of the Holly s ays that the ,
economy of tree s , plants and vegetable s i s a , ,

'
uriou s s ubject of inqui ry and in all of them
c ,
we may trace the hand of a be n e fice n t Creator .
The s ame care that he h a s be s towed on h i s

creature s he h a s extended to holli e s the edge s
,
of the leave s are provided with s trong s harp

s pine s a s hi gh up a s they are withi n the reach
of cattle ; above th at height the leaves are

s mooth the protecting s pine s be ing no longer
,
nece s s ary .
L I remember reading s ome poetry on the

.
Holly by Southey the E ngli s h poet s hall I get

,
'
the book and read it to yo u Z .
E If you pl ea s e L a u ra
.
,
. .
L . Oh re ad
ha t tho v tood to
er ! s u o er s see
Th Holly t e ree ,
Th y that t mp t it will p r iv '

e e e co n e a es e ce e
I t g lo y l av ; s ss e es
O d d by i t lli g
r e re anwi n e e n ce so se ,
A mi g ht o fo d th A th i t ophi t i ’
s c n un e e s s s s r es .
B low a
e li g f i t l av
c i rc n en ce s e e s are see n
W i kl d d k r n e an e en
N g ra i g attl th o g h th i p ri kly o
O z n c de r u e r c r un
C a h t wo d ;
a n re c o un
B t u th y g ow wh
as e othi g i t f a
r ere n n s o e r,
S mooth d a m d th poi tl l av pp
an un r e e n e ss e es a e ar
.
44 BO T A N Y F OR Y OU N G P E OP L E .
E The Dogwood Genu s Cornus mo s t beau

.
—
,
tifu ll y ornament s our wood s in May and J une .
They are of all s ize s from a few inche s to the

,
height of s ma l l tree s and shrub s Willi s s peak s .
of toting load s of dogwood blo ss om s There is .
a remarkable plant in thi s cla s s which you may

remember my pointing out to you la s t March
near t h e wood it wa s almo s t covered with s now
,
and looked s omewhat like you s aid a huge frog ,
half buried It wa s the Skunk Cabbage Sym

.
p l o c a r u s called s uch from i t s di s agreeable odor

p ,
exactly re s emblin g that Of th e animal from

which it i s named The Wi tch Hazel i s a n
.
,
other curiou s plant found here noted for i ts flow ,
ering late in the fall when i ts leave s are falling

,
Off ,
the yellow fringe like blos s om s being devel
—
oped on naked branche s The Tea s el Dips a .

—
c u s i s cultivated for dre s s ing cloth to which it

,
give s a finis hin g nap one of the s pecie s i s known

’
a s the Shepherd s Sta ff With the y ello w flo w
.
e rs of the Ladie s B ed Straw Galium you are —

,
acquainted a s well a s the Ladie s Mantle Al

,
—
chemilla with which we will di s mi s s the Te

,
t ra n d ri a n Cla s s after hearing your s ong .

S ON G OF THE TE TR AN D IAN T RI B E S .
Tho t whom vow b lo g

u o o ur s e n ,
Pi li t l
r n c es s , o g2 s en o o ur s n
‘
A g old h w p d f th
e n co u c e s rea or ee ,
With l t i g h ap f G l i m flow
c u s er n e s o a u e rs ,
S tay hall b p ’
Th S h p h d
'
e e er s s e our S ea r
To g a d th i thy oo tid bow

u r ee n n n e e rs .
O L diur
’ W tl whil w i g
a es r an e, e e s n ,
T d k thy o h w h m bly b ri g ;
O ec c uc e u n
A d woodla d C flow y bo g h ’
n d n orn s er u s,
W bi d a o d thy owy b ow
e n r un sn r ,
Tho t whom vow b l o g

u o o ur s e n ,
Pri ! li t
n ce sst o g s en o o ur s n
E . O ur next is P entand ria or five s tamen s , ,
which i s the mos t important cla s s b v far of the

twenty four and contain s alone one fift h at
-
,
-
,
lea s t of the flower s in the vegetable kin gdom

,
.
Not onl y doe s the number five prevail in the

s tamen s but mo s t gene r a lly in every other part
,
.
In the pla n t that h a s five s ta men s you find five

etal s five s epals and a five cell ed s e e d ve s s el
p , ,
.
In thi s cla s s much more than in the other s th e

, ,
nece s s ity of a natural sy s tem is s trongly felt ,
a n d it i s here in fact the lea rner beco mes a o ,
q u a i n t e d with the leading feature s of that s s

y
tem .
L I am a fraid I s hall become confus ed by

.
s uch a mixture of cla s s ification s and would ,

16
rather go on witho ut learning any thing about

it until I under s tand the sy s tem of Linn aeu s ,
which we are n o w s tudying .
E O n the contrary it wil l a s s i s t you very

.
,
much at pre s ent, and s o far from confu s ing render ,
your idea s more clear O ne of the natural .
groups in thi s cl a s s i s the A S P E R I FO L I A of Lin

nae us , or rough leaved plants s o ca l led from a sp er
-
,
rough and f ol i a a leaf In this family you can

,
.
readily dis tingu i s h the B orage— B orago, with

i ts bright blue s tarry flower s The pl a nt .
abound s in juice which i s s ometime s employed

,
m medicine and i s u s ed in E ngland for making

,
a cooling drink The Viper s B uglos s E chium

.
—
,
so named from the s tyle which look s li ke the
forked tongue of a s nake : it i s often called B lue

Weed fro m the color of i ts blos som s I will clos e .
the account of thi s s omewhat a s tringent family ,
with the prettie s t flower in it the F orget Me ,
Not M ys o tis the origin Of whos e name I heard

—
,
you read ing the o th er day do you remember it 7 ,
L 0 ye s ! a lady and gentle m an were walk

.
ing by the bank s of a river when the lady a d ,
mired the flower a t s ome di s tance in the s tream .
The gentleman plunged in the water to obtain

it for her and got it but h is s trength could not
, ,
car ry h im to the bank again s t the current of the

river and he had ju s t time to throw it on the
,
s hore and cry out F orget Me Not before he

, ,
s u nk and w a s drowned T h e flower h a s a l

.
ways borne the name o f F orget Me Not s ince .
E A nother fami ly of thi s cla s s i s that of the

.
,
B indweed Convolvulu s which take s i ts name

—
,
from a word meaning to entwine a s their s l e n ~ ,
der s tem s twine aro u nd other plants to enable

the m to s upport them s elves They are a l l
.
known by their be l l s ha ped plaited corolla s

-
,
which are hand s omely colored of different hue s .
The Morning Glory i s one of them the Sola ,
num P otato famil y i s another which include s

-
,
the Stramonium Groun d Che rry Henbane T o

, , ,
bacco and many others

,
.
L The po tato fami ly d oe s not su rely include

.
oi s onou s plant s ?
p
E It i s i ts elf pois o n ou s
. The tuber s of the
.
potato plant which we eat are merely rese rv o is

,
of nouri s hm ent that it lay s by for i ts elf and the ,
rn e a l matter of which s erve s a s food for u s a s

y ,
it would do for the plant if left alone What .
ever po is onou s matter is foun d in the tubers is

di s s ipated by the operation s of c ookery .
L Is there any other poi sonou s plant that

.
can be u s ed the s ame way ?

E Y e s a number of them
.
,
In South A me .
rica t h e tuberous roots of one of the Hemlock

C o n iu rn family are eaten like the potato a n d
, ,
e s teemed quite a s good .
L Is it true that there are s ome poi s onou s

.
plants which when you ng c an be eaten without

, ,
danger a s table green s ?

E It i s ; but they mu s t be well boiled fir s t
.
C l im ate a s we l l a s age in a great mea s ure

, ,
modifie s the poi s onou s propertie s of plant s The .
A conite s o poi s onou s with u s is eaten in Swe

, ,
den a s a s alad to create appetite B ut to retu rn .

,
in th e fifth cla s s are the Honey s uckle tribe

C a prifo li u rn the U mbre l la like plant s Um b e ll i
,
- —
fera a s the Carrot C oriander Dill and A ni s

, , ,
Seed and to conclude the enumeration of the

, , ,
fe w I wis h to bri n g before your mind the S il k ,
Weeds and Violets Your s ong Laura .

,
.
O N G OF T HE P E N T A N D R I A N
S .
O h al k pi t d g al ’
t t f A by no o r
a s s ce s c e n e es ,
Com wa d awhil i
e nw f til val
er e n o ur o n er e es
S w t blo om
ee p i g i g wh v w t ad
ss s a re s rn n e re er e re ,
A d th woodli
n i h g i g i t w ath ov h a d
e ne s an n s re s er e .
s tored in the cavity o f a leaf to s upply i ts i m

mediate want s while germinating ; h ence the
leaf is called a Cotyledon or s eed lea f The .
object in placing it in a leaf is for thi s leaf to ,
s prout up and purify or prepare the root for th e
youn g embryo When but one leaf i s ob s erved

.
,
the plant which i s s pringing into being i s con

s id e re d a s belonging to the Mono—C o t l e d o n o u
y
cla ss ; if there are two leave s to the Di Cotyle ,
-
d on o u s cla s s and if more than two to the Po l v

, ,
Cotyledonou s cla s s .
L B ut if there are none how are plant s with

.
,
out Cotyledon s named ?

E A Cotyledonou s mean i ng l iterally a s you
.
—
,
Ob s erved without Cotyledon s O ne of the Hex

,
.
and rian cla ss the Lily h a s already been men

, ,
ti on e d of that genu s the U nited State s afford s

s everal s plendid s pecie s ; rivalling the Lily in
beauty and in the opinion of many far more

, , ,
s tately and gorgeou s come s the Tulip which

, ,
s ome time s ince s o fearfu lly tu rned the head s of
the Dutch floris t s that particular Tulip s are

,
k n own to have been exchanged for farm s ,
hor s e s and carriage s s hip s and even large

, ,
e s tate s The Spiderwort T ra d e s c a n ti s o com

.
—
,
mon in our garden s with i ts beauti fu l blue flow

,
e rs
,
als o here with the Calamu s and Hya cy
is
’
c in t h The white b al l s of the Solomon s Seal
.
Convallaria the edge s of which s eem to be

,
tin ged with the gr een of the leave s under which

t hey are found peepin g and i ts elegant s is ter , ,
the Lily of the Valley so renowned in s ong a s ,
th e emblem of purity are al s o in the si xth clas s , ,
and then we have the Narci s s us who s e hi s tory ,
I s uppo s e you remember .
L He w a s a youth who looked at hi m s elf in

.
a river and wa s s o deli ghted with h i s own beau

,
ti ful image a s to fall in love with it He .
pined away i ncon s olably and died of g rief at ,
la s t When h is friend s came to bury him they

.
only found a ri s ing s talk with yellow blos s om s

crowned which ever after bears h i s name of
,
Narci s s u s .
E I wil l clo s e my enumeration by mention

.
mg the B ethlehem S tar— O rn ith og alum which , ,
like the Lily h a s been made the emblem of ,
pur i ty and wh os e beautiful s tar like blos s oms

,
-
,
s o s weet pure and a reeable m erit the di s tin o

g , , ,
ti on of i ts name Its flowers are whi te as th e.
d r ifte d s now .
52 BO I AN Y
' ‘
F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
L . S O N G OF THE H E X A N D R I A N T R IB E S .
Fai blo om
r ss t h y path w fli g
s o er
’
e n ,
N i p l flow f p i g
a rc ss us , e er e ss er o s rn ,
A d t h V l L il y lo w b i g
n e a e , , e rn ,
O G alla t Chi f n e
With C l m w t w th bow ;
a a us e s re e er
B t B thl h m S t
u e e ehall b th flow
’
s ar s e e er
T g id
o u th o g h th da k t ho
e us r u e r es u r,
0 G alla t Chi f ! n e
With my ti it w b ak th t m
s c r es e re e s e ,
N ow l t i t b i g ht
e s d ilv y g m
r an s er e
E i h thy ilv
nr c diad ms er e ,
O G alla t Chi f ! n e
E The Cla s s Hept a rrd ri a or s even s tamen s

.
, ,
rs comparatively a s mall one and the plant s in ,
it a fford rather imperfect s pe cimen s of t h e

cla s s The Hor s e Che s nut fE s c ul u s i s here
.
—
, ,
which come s to u s from Mount Pind u s in A s ia .
It s common name wa s derived from a cu s tom

of the Turk s who ground th e nuts of the tree
,
and mixed them with corn for their hor s e s It .
g ive s the deepe s t and mo s t s olemn s hade of any
tree which i s known ; when in full blos s om s uch ,
are the elegance an d beauty of i ts flower s that ,
their contra s t with the s plendid green leave s

h a s cau s ed the compari s on of a mountain of
ivory and emerald s The only other plant in .
the cla s s wi th which you can a t all expe ct to

become acq ua inted i s the Chic k weed Winter ,
'
green T rienta lis a flower common both to
—
,
E urope and A merica O ur s pecie s h a s longer .
and narrower leave s than the E uropean It .
may be found in May or June the time when ,
it i s in flower in s hady woods near th e bas e of

,
tree s In E urope i ts favorite home is in the

.
,
Hi ghland s of Scotland where it grows abun ,
dautl y and i s c o n s idered by bota ni s ts as one of

,
the mos t intere s ting vegetable production s of the

di s trict It i s de s cribed by them a s a del ica te
.
'
little plant with b rLg h t green leave s a s lender ,
s t em and white s tar like flower s The brilliant

-
.
white flowers become tinged with pink a s it

fade s and i ts black s eed s are emboss ed i n a co v
ering whi ch re s e m ble s the fine s t white lace ,
call ed a reticulated t u nic Linneu s dis tingui s h .
e d thi s a s h i s favorite little pl a nt W e wil l .
leave the cla s s after your s ong .
S ON G O F THE HE PTA N D R IAN T RIB E S .
L ady w b i g the rnimpl flow ee o u r s e er
W hav o g ht it i vai i t h o h g b W ;
e e s u n n n e r se un O er
O thn y b k wh th iol t blow ;

e su n n an ere e v e s
th wid op do w wh th wild th m g ow
’
O er e e en ns ere e y e r s ;
It w t th ; it w
as no t h e re
; as n o e re
54 B O I AN Y
' ‘
F UR YOU N G PE OP L E .
Th ollow d h t a k f th mo tai
en we f e t e r c s o e un n
A d t n d with ti i g al to xplo
u rn e un r n z e e re
Th ta g l d wood
e d t h Hi g hla d moo
n e an e n r
.
A d th n th h mit flow
e re w e er er a s se e n ,
T h lo d lowly P t
e n e ang er rcen ,
Chi f f t ib b t f w t th
e o r es u e , o ee
W bi g pi e b d dk
rn o ur r z e on en e n ee .
FIFT H CON V E R S A TIO N .
E The C h ieftain of the Cla ss O cta L m a

.
,
’
s houl d wear a fore s ter s dre s s a s it i s to th e ,
wood s that mos t of i ts trib es b elong The S yc a .
more i s among them waving i ts tal l branche s ,
clo s e to the s e a s ide and but little affected it is

-
,
s uppos ed by the tall s pray

,
There are g reat .
number s of this st ately tree on the ea s t end of

Long I sland but at pre sent for s ome unknown
cau s e though they formerly flouri s hed wel l are
, ,
decaying and pre s ent a blighted appearance

,
.
The name which mean s a wild fig wa s im pro

, ,
perly g iven a s it re s emble s the fig but very lit

,
tle not even a s m u ch a s i ts brother the Maple,

, ,
which tree with u s attain s a height of fift v

feet ; i t s wood i s u s eful in making cu ps and
bowl s but i ts prin cipal value con si s t s in the
,
BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G PE OPL E . 5 5
s weet s a p it po s s e s se s in s uch abundance from

.
which Maple s ugar i s made In thi s clas s are .
the heath s with wh ich the poor of Scotl and

,
make their bed s ; the M e rz e re o n whos e honey ,
ed flower s are among the fir s t to regale the

bee s in s pring ; and the Ro s ebay Willow herb -
,
an exceedingly gay flowering s hru b There .
are many berrie s too plea s ant both to s ight and ,
ta s t e the B ilbe rry and Cranberry The Tree

, ,
.
P rimros e a genus peculiar to our continent of

, ,
which in the Uni ted State s are many s plendid

, ,
and c u rious s pecie s : the flower s are all either

yellow or white and Ope n onl y in the eveni ng
,
a fter su n se t The F uch s ia Ladies E a r drop s

-
.
— -
,
be long s here a s doe s the Herb P ari s often called

, ,
in E ngland T rue Love or one berry from i ts

, , ,
s ingle green blo ss om and black ber ry growin g
in the centre of four verdant leave s B ut I have .
s aid enough to give you a c onci s e idea Of the
cla s s and will hear your s ong

,
.
L . S ON G OF THE OCT A N D R I A N T RIB E S .
Lik b ld R obi Hood d hi m r y m

e o n an s e r en ,
I th g ood g
n wood ti
e joy to o mre e n
’
s o ur r a ,
W d p t h had f t h fo t g l
e ee en e s e o e re s en ,
A d b a h w wav o d th p a a t hom
n o ur r nc es e e r un e e s n
’
s e .
5 6 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
A fe atw t b i t h him w p
s of s ee e rr e s o c e er e s re ad ,
Wh
h im i
en ylva had to
e cr es n o ur s n s e re c li ne ;
Th H th w g iv f
e ea hi er ti b de e or s ru s c e ,
A d t h M pl bowl f
n e h i ho y d vi
a e or s ne e ne .
W ri h th yo g h ph d who fly to
e en c e un s e er s o ur bow r e ,
With ma y a p i f th i favo it maid

n rz e or e r r e s,
A d w
n ow g i ft with t h T
e cr L
n o ur s e ru e ove fl w o er,
Whi h fold i t g r l av i
c un fo s s ee n e es n o ur re s t g lad es .
E The Cla s s E nneandria or nine s tamen s

.
, ,
contain s your favorite the Rhubarb ; al s o the ,
Sa ss afra s Camphor and Cinnamon tree s The

, ,
.
A lli g ator pear of the We s t Indie s belongs here ,

.
It i s a very large fruit with a ta s te like butter , ,
and ver y much e s teemed The B utomu s or .

,
flowering r u sh 1 s in the ninth cla s s In E ngland

,
.
thi s s uperb flower i s s o much admired a s to be

called the p ride of the Thame s its rich clus ter s ,
of ros e colored blos s om s covering the tall s tem ,
pre s ent a beautiful appearance in the m ids t of

the water s .
L S O N G OF THE E N N E A N D R I A N T R IB E S
. .
Chi ftai f th th l dr pa
e n or ee on e s en e s e r,
Th e ow f B t m flow w b a
cr n o u o us ers e e r
By t h d g y t am f th d p g
e se vals re s o e ee ree n e,
W dw ll with t h
e mm i g hti g al
e e su er n n e .
S h fli ef om I dia
es lt y g ov
r n
’
s su r r es ,
T t ll
o w t tal f h E a t lov
e as s ee es o er s ern es,
Wh t h lat t ot f th liq id o g
en e es n es o e u s n ,
A floati g t h w odla d vall y amo g

re n e o n e s n .
5 8 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G PE OP L E .
and Silene The P oke is fou nd flourishing

.
wherever the s o i l i s good .
L Y e s I know it very well ; we often u s e

.
the berrie s at s chool in st ead of ink .
E It i s one of tho s e plant s whi ch though

.
, ,
poi s onous when old ca n in its young s ta te h e

, ,
boiled and eaten without danger a s green s The .
berrie s are put in alcohol to make a tinctu re

which i s u s ed in curing rheumati s m The flo w .
e rs of the A rbutu s add greatly to the beauty of
the cla s s It grows wild in the s outh of Ireland

.
,
where it wa s introduced a long time s ince and ,
i s much celebrated by the Iri s h poets A mong .
the re s t i s the W ood Sorrel which i s s poken of

,
a s gem of a plant s o beautifu l i s it in every

,
part ; i ts al mo s t tran s parent white flower s are

marked with minu t e purple vein s and the s e , ,
with i ts d eli cate light green leave s and i ts bright

ro s e colored root fill up the mea s ure of i ts a t
,
‘
traction s ; from it oxalic acid is made The .
Wild Indigo— B apti s ia i s a very common pla nt

, ,
coverin g the was te place s of the country with i ts

yellow b u tte rfly s haped flower s from July to
-
,
September It derive s i ts common name from

.
h avin g formerly been employed a s a s ub s titute

BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E . 5 .
for Indigo Have you ever hear d of the Venus

.
’
F ly Trap ?
L Y e s ; th e pl diat that h as a gum s pread
.
over i ts leaves to tempt fli es and other in s ect s ,
wh ch when they light on them clos e up directly

i
, ,
and crush them to death so as to find its e l f in

food .
E That i s in our pre s ent class and wi th it

.
, ,
an d the mention of what i s con s idered by many
a s t h e most be autiful tribe of s hru b s indigenous
to A merica the Rhododendron s I will con —

,
cl u d e The sp ecie s have flower s of red whi te

.
, ,
and pink very fragrant and of different s iz es

, ,
.
Some are evergreens and other s have the leave s ,
fall off in the u s ual s ea s on .
L . S ON G OF T HE D E C AN D R I A N T R IB E S .
Sp ad th l ig ht ail that C hi ft ai may ov

re e s , o ur e n r e
A g i i t h had f th A b t g ov
a n n e s e o e r u us r e,
That d k th g i l i Kill y lak

ec s e ree n s es n arn e
’
s e,
A d ha g i t d f it i d t h ta g l d b ak
’
n n s s re ru rn e n e r e .
Oh A b t t : r u us ree ,
W pl k f om th e uc r ee ,
That p ay that fo m
s r hi ftai r s o ur c e
’
n s c re s t ,
With thy b rri brig ht e es
A th o y li g ht ; s e r s
Th n g iv
e su t wh h i k i
es ou en e s n s n th e w e st .
Th o g h ha t d g ov r u e nc n e r e s,
Wh th po t ov e re e e r e s,
I A b y fai
n ra d
’
s y lim r an s un n c e,
H t a g m e see s n o e
O i t g old tmn s en s e ,
Mo lov ly tha thi i i t

re e o f p imn s n s s ea s n o r e .
E . We have now come to the cla ss D od e c

andria or from 1 1 to 2 0 s t a n ren s a ve ry varia
, ,
ble cla ss indeed s o much s o that many bota

,
ni ets have aboli shed it and di s tributed the

flower s in other class e s The literal ren .
dering of the name is twel ve s tamen s A gri~ .
mony i s one of i ts genera i t i s s omewhat

noted a s a medical plant bearing yellow flower s ,
in June and July which are liked by many for

,
the i r fragrance The R es eda i s the mo s t i m

.
portant genus in the cla s s ; among i ts s pecie s

are the Mignonette or l ittle darl ing which though ,
not remarkable for either beauty or s cent i s yet ,

’
un ivers ally beloved and the Dyer s Weed a —
,
plant of great u s e in dying a s it imparts a beau

tiful yell ow color to cotton w ool en s ilk and linen , , ,
it i s be s ide s the fou ndation of green dye ,

,
which it is well kno wn i s not a primitive color ,
but compo s ed of yellow and blue As I touch .
ed on thi s clas s merely to give you the t ru e cla s

s ific a ti o n of Linneu s your s ong will di s mi s s it
,
.
L S
. ON G OF THE D O D E C AN D R IAN T RIB E S .
I d t pot d halky d ll
n ese r s s an c e s,
T h pal R éd m kly dw ll
e e es a ee e s,
Y t hid withi h
e p tal li n er e s e,
Ti t that with Ophi g old may i ;

n s
’
rs v e
Th p i ly bae p o dly p ad
r n ce n n er r u s re
A bov th o t wh mo a h t ad
e e c ur s e re n rc s re ,
G l ami g with ma y a g lo io
e n h n r us ue,
F om thi pal flow i t pl do d w

r s e er s s en r re .
L t o eb hold with old di dai

n ne e c s n,
Th impl t blo om f th plai !

e s es ss o e n
L t o eth i m pl t b i g o
n ne e s es e n sc rn ,
Tho g h h mbly pla d d m a ly b

u u ce an e n o rn
Th lowli t thi g may hav t h pow

e es n e e er
To h d blc t h lo fti
ee r a nt bow es s e es er .
Q f h Flow
ueen o th w g t t e e rs , ee e ree ,
A d lay t ib t at thy f t
n o ur r u e ee .
E . In the Cla s s Ico s andria or twenty s ta ,
men s a s i ts Greek name woul d s ignify the num

, ,
be r range s from s even to one thou s and and of ,
cour s e in s uch a case can be of little cou s e

q u ence Y ou .mu s t remember that in thi s and
the next clas s the important point for cons idera

tion i s on what part of the flower they are in
s erte d I nco ns ta ncy of the number and the
.
,
point of i ns erti on are the really vali d character s

,
of the cl a s s The number generally average s

.
about twenty and the s tamen s are in s erted

,
upon the s ide s of the calyx .

62 BO T A N Y FOR YOU N G P E OP L E .
L I shoul d think then it would have been

.
much better named by a word compo unded o f

calyx and andria a s that would tell i ts real
,
meaning .
E Such a word h a s actually been s ugge s ted

.
,
and in more than one in s tance employed by emi

nent bo tani s ts In thi s cla s s the t ube Cactu s
.
i s genera l ly fir s t mentioned ; they are noted for

their mi s shapen trunk s want of leave s and gor
, ,
eo s flower s which s hine more brill iantly by

g u ,
the unexpectedne s s a s it were of the di splay in ,
contra s t to the s tem s from which they s pring

,
.
The P rickly P ear which i s found on the Hud

,
s on i s one o f the s pecie s and the Nigh t B loom,

,
ing Cereu s another Do you kn ow any thin g

.
about the la s t flower ?
L Y e s I waited up one ni ght to s e e it Ope n ,

.
,
’
which it did about ni n e o clock in the evening,
the flower s were s ome feet around of a white ,
color wi th a yellow caly x Some that were

,
.
with me compared th e odor to Vanilla B efore .
mor n ing they clo s ed and never opened again .
E In thi s cla ss are found P lum s Cherrie s

.
, ,
P ea s A pple s Ra spberrie s B lackberrie s and

, , , ,
Strawberrie s A lmond s an d P eaches an d

.
, ,
P omegranate s The Meadow Sweet Spirea

.
—
B OT A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E . 63
U lmaria often called Queen of the Meadow s

, ,
the regal plume s of which are de s cribed a s con

s is tin of rich clu s ter s of cream colored haw
g
thorn s cented blos som s A nd la s t thoug h not
-
.
lea s t the real Queen of F lower s the Ro s e

, ,
genus in al l i ts glory and magnifice nce .
L . S ON G OF THE ICO S AN D RI A N T RIB E S .
Po mo a ! f om th Vi tag Bow r
n r e n e e s,
W om with mi g l d f i t
e c e d flow n e ru s an ers .
Th St wbe y f om i t lowly b d
ra er r r s e ,
W pl k b fo thy th o t p ad ;
e uc e re r ne o s re
With th S i e wil d d th wo dl a d P l m
e erv c -
an e o n u ,
L O thy faithf l votari om u es c e.
F om th g lowi g R a pb ry wav ri g t m
r e n s er
’
s e n s e ,
W g ath ma y a by g m ;
e er n ru e
W ifl th bo g h f th Ch ry t
e r e e u s o e er re e ,
To fi d off ri g m t f th ;
n an e n ee or ee
Th w t Ul m i f ag a t bloom
e s ee ar a s
’
r r n ,
W g ath to fo m a g al pl m
e er r re u e.
A d n th p o ff d g ift w th ow
’
o er es e r ere s e r ,
Th o that a o d g ow ;
e r ses r un us r
Th mat hl
e R o who
c w tp f m
es s se se s ee er u e,
O tl iv i t fai b t fl ti g bl om
u es s r u ee n o ,
A d b ath
n rea d th fad d flow
es ro u n e e e r,
Th odo e f it op i g ho r
rs o s en n u .
E . Like the cla s s we have ju s t been exam

Polyan dria our pre s ent one h a s an inde
, ,
finite number of s tamen s varying from eleven

,
to eleven h u ndred ; con s equently number alone , ,
a s i n Ico s andria could not be a mean s of d i s

,
tinction ; that i s g iven by the s ta m en s be i ng

i n s erte d on or g ro wi ng f rom th e recep ta cl e o r
, ,
ba s e of th e flower .B y analy s ing the flower

you can at once tell the cla s s without trouble .
It contain s a great number O f flower s valuable ,
for fra gra nce and beauty a s well a s medicinal

,
propertie s The B loodroot i s here one of the

.
earlie s t s pring flower s The rough wind s of

.
the s ea s on would s oon de s troy it were it not for

the great ma s s of leave s that s urround it which
fall the pre v 1 ou s autumn and in the mid s t of
,
which in bright contras t it s end s up i ts lively

,
white flower s The P oppy P apaver i s the

.
-
,
mos t important medicinal plant in the cla s s ; you

know how opium is procured from it ?
L I think I have hea rd they cu t the plant

.
and coll ect the s a p which flow s from it and ,
then boil it down to the thickne s s require d and ,
that this dried j uice i s the opium of the s hop s .
’
E The Clemati s Virgin s B ower i s al s o
.
—
,
h ere
,
w i th i t s leave s of greeni s h white feathe y
r ~
—
flowers ; the Mar sh Marigold with i ts rich gold

en cup s that open in early s pr i ng ; and many
66 BO T A N Y F OR YO U N G P E OP L E .
L . S ON G OF T HE P O L Y A N D R I A N T R IB E S .
Chi f f t ib to th w b i g
e o o ur r es ee e rn
M t O ff i g f a ylva ki g
ee er n or s n n ,
A thy oyal diad m

s r e
Th C l m t i i w
e e t d f th
a s s re s e or ee ,
E ri h d with ma y a
n c e by g m n ru e ,
From th g lowi g P y e n eon .
H g ift th a
er P qj l w e d s su re as ue o er se n s
A blo om fit f ss o tly bow or c ur ers
H ai d th b i g ht P p
er e l d r a a ver en s,
A d bl d it with h
n en a l t flow
s er s c re ers .
A d g old
n C l th p w b i g
en a a cu s e rn ,
T pl d g th
o e i t h flo wi g tid
e ee n e n e,
A d [ All i
n f om t h ry t l p i g
es r e c s a s rn ,
A d L kpn f om t h mo
ar s tai idur r e un n s e
Chi f f va i d t ib to th
e o re r es ee
W bi ge g i ft
rn b d dk
o ur s on en e n ee .
I TH CON V E R S A TION
S X .
EW e have now ar rived at the Cla ss D i dy

.
nam ia s o name d from two Greek word s mean

,
ing two power s The flower s in it contain four

.
s tamen s two of which are much longer than

,
the oth er s a n d hence the name of the cla s s

, ,
arising from the idea of their being more powe r

ful B ota ni s t s con s ider the inequality of the
.
corolla a s having s omethin g to do with the ine

quali ty of the s tamen s .
L I s uppos e the Order s i n thi s clas s are not

.
taken from the number of pis til s a s in the fir s t

thirteen or you woul d not have cea s ed mention
,
ing them at thi s place ?
E The order s in thi s cla s s embrace natural

.
a s s emblage s of plants There are two order s

.
,
the fir s t o f which i s G ym n o spe rrni a or naked

s eeded becau s e at the bottom of the calyx o f
,
each flower the s eed s are s een apparently naked ,
bu t have s ince been proved to po s s e s s a th in

covering The next order i s An g io spe rm i a or
.
,
s eed s with a covering .
L B ut a s both have coverin gs I s hould not

.
,
think the name s of the orde rs correct ?

E They are not s o ; but it i s a ve ry d ifli c ul t
.
thing to alter a name once given the i n co nv e~ ,
n i e n ce it would give ri s e to e s pecially in botany, ,
migh t prove very great indeed In thi s class .
are found mos t of the l ab i a tse or lipped flower s ,
so call ed from be 1 ng divided at the top into two

.
parts ve ry s im ilar to the lip s of an animal O f

,
.
the s e there are two k ind s the ri ng en t or gaping

, ,
an d p ers ona te or clos ed .

L Then th e S age s houl d be in thi s class

.
,
i t s flower s re s emble lip s .
E It would be were it not that it had onl v

.
two perfectly developed s tamen s ; we can trace

in it the beginning or rudiment s of two more ,
a s if Nature had at fir s t de s igned it for the cla s s ,
bu t afterward s changed her mind ju s t leaving ,
enough to show her in tention There are other .
plants in th e s ame s ituation a s the S age about ,
the whole of which L inneu s remarked that the

in s ect s who mos tly vi s ited them had but two
pe rfect wing s the rudi ment s of two more lying
,
us ele s s and concealed under a little membrane .
Thi s fact h a s often been brought forw ard to

s how the harmony of nature B ut to return to
.
s tudy What
. i s t h e firs t order in this cla s s ?
L G ym no spe rm i a known by the s eed a p

.
,
pearing naked .
E Thi s order inclu d e s the l a bi a te corolla s

.
of the ri ng e n t or gapin g kind they mos t in

, ,
habit place s expos ed to the s u n a s hill s and ,
vale s and the great majority are aroma tic from

, ,
which by di s tillation the e s s ential Oils are obtain

,
e d In thi s order are the P eppermint Laven

.
,
der , M a rj ora m and Thyme the la s t of which is

, ,
BO I ANY
' ‘
F OR YOU N G P E O P L E . 69
celebrated for giving the remarkably del iciou s

flavor to the honey of Hymettu s The wild .
Thyme s till abound s there and the bee s fea s t ,
on i t s blos s om s s u rviving a s Word s worth , ,
tells u s all the revolution s that have changed

,
the feature s and uprooted the population O f A t

tica Though the defile of Thermopylae h a s be
.
come a s wampy plain and the bed of the C e ph i ,
s u s i s laid dry thi s one feature of the count ry

,
h a s remained u n a ll e re d
An d s til l h i h y d to H ym tt yi ld
s one
’
s re e us e s,
Th e re t h blith b
e hi f g
e t fo t
ee b i ld
s ra an r re s s u s,
Th e free bo wa d rn f th mo
n tai i
e rer o e un n a r .
”
It h a s been remarked of the Ringent flower s that

they are never pois onou s many of them on the ,
contrary are much u s ed for family medicine a s ,
the P ennyroyal Catnep and Ho rehound , ,

.
L Is it true that Cat s are so fond of Catnep

. .
E Y e s its Odor make s it very attractive to

.
them so much s o that they often tear it up and

,
eat it with mu ch greedine s s What i s the .
s econd order in thi s cla s s ?
L An g i o spe rm ia or covered s eed s which are

.
,
al so gen e rally contained in a Cap s ule or little

bo x .
E . In thi s order are found the l a bi a te corol

las of the p e rs o n a te or clos ed kind ; neither,
order i s entirely confined to the labiatae, and in

thi s s ome are quite Open and regular having ,
bell s haped and funn el formed corolla s None

- -
.
of this order i s u s ed in cookery ; but it afford s

many valuable medicine s among which the ,
F ox Glove take s the firs t rank the common ,

’
name of which wa s at fir s t F airy s Glove from ,
i ts thimble l ike corolla s

-
A poet s ay s .
,
Th e F o x g -
lov
e on f r ai Flo a ha d i wo r
’
8 n s rn ,
L es t while sh e g ers ath flow h fi d a tho ers s e n s rn .
Here i s al s o the magnificent Tr u mpet F lower ,
in which the bill of the dear little humming bird

i s o ften found buried The Snap Dragon i s .
another curiou s flower a s well a s the P ainted ,
Cup With the mention of the Verbena we

.
will pa s s on to the next cla s s after your s ong .
L . SON G OF THE DID Y N A MI A N T R IB E S .
Com ho y b with thy b y h m

e ne ee us u ,
T f ag ra t b d
o o ur r nf wild Thym
e m s o e co e,
A dn t th S ap D ag o f g a t bow
e n er e n r n s
’
ra r n er,
Whil th H mmi g bi d ip f om t h T m p et
e e u n r s s r e ru
flow er.
Com ho y b e ne - e e,
W p a d f th e s re or ee ,
A ri h pa t in wood d fi ld
c re s an e ,
And t h e M a rj oram flow r e s
Withi bw n ou r o ers,
To th th ir ta d ee yi ld ;
e n ec re es s e n ce e
Com ho y b w
e ith thy b y h m
ne - ee us u ,
OurM i t li k flow
n ti ll bid th om
e ers s ee c e .
E . The next cla s s Tetradynami a conta in s , ,
flower s with s ix s tamen s four of which are long ,
and two s hort hence ari s ing i ts name the clas s

, ,
with four power s Thi s cla s s is a l ready s ome

.
what known to you from containing the Cruci

form fami ly D O you remember the character
.
i s ti cs of thi s family
L Y e s ; the petals have the fo rm of a cro s s
. .
I have been examining some of them s ince yo u

told me of their powers in curing s curvy the
calyx I find h a s alway s four s epal s an d the
, , ,
corolla four petal s .
E There are only two order s in thi s cla ss

.
,
di s tingui shed by the simple circ u m s tance of con

ta ining either broad or long pods ; the pod s are
receptacle s for the s eed s of flowe rs The petals .
are generally of a white or yellow color very ,
rarely a purple They are never poiso nous

. .
The fir s t order is S il icul osae, or that with shor t

or round pod s The P eppe r Gra ss is here
.
,
72 B OT A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E .
which you mu s t remember from i ts s ha rp biting

’
ta s te So i s the Shepherd s P ur s e named from
.
,
the peculiar pouch like form of the caps ul e

-
,
Thi s h a s been de s cribed a s an un s ightly annual

weed with but little to recommend it runni n g
, ,
only too qu ickly over neglected garden s and

wa s te s and h a s made its elf a denizen of the
,
whole habitable world The Candy Tuft

.
,
Cre s s and Moonwort or Hones ty a s it is s ome

, ,
time s called , are in thi s order als o .
The s econd order i s S il iq u osae or that with ,
a long and narrow pod The Wall flower the

.
,
mos t beautiful and intere s ting of the clas s i s in ,
it We are told that the n ri n s trel s and t rou b a

.
dours of former day s car ri ed a branch of thi s

flower as an e mblem of an affection that con~ ,
t in u e s through all the vici s s itude s of ti me and ,
s urvi ve s every mi s fortune It love s to grow in

.
in the crevice s of old wall s to flouri s h in thos e

,
of ruined towers or ornament the mouldering

,
tablet which record s the name s of tho s e almos t

,
forgotten by s orrowing relative s Here i s al s o .
the Radi sh Rocket Mus tard and Woad an

, , ,
article much u s e d by dyers ; the la s t belongin g ,
N u tta ll think s much more properly to th e S ili

,
c u l o see .
very much re s emble s a miniature Iri s from i ts ,
bright blue flower s and narrow gra s s like leaves .
The next order in it i s P entandria which ,
contain s the P a ss ion F lower thi s i s a climbing

plant peculi ar to the warm countrie s of the
,
We s tern Continent In the South A merican

.
fore s ts i ts long and many time s woody branche s

,
climb up to the top s of the loftie s t tree s and s en d ,
out tendrils from one to another until the whole ,
are s ecurely bound fa s t So s trong too i s thi s

.
, ,
hold that it h a s happened that a tree com

,
l e te l s evered be l ow h a s been prevented falling

p y .
E levated or traili n g a s it s ometime s d o e s upon

, ,
the grou nd its flowers s urpa s s any thing el s e

,
in nature The s upers titiou s E uropean s that

.
fir s t beheld it ob s erving the s ingular appear

,
ance of th e flower hav i ng ten petals which were ,
fancied by them to repre s ent the ten A po s tle s ,
except P eter and Juda s one of whom had de ,
nied and the la s t betrayed h is Ma s ter The

,
.
s tamen s were compared to a glory and the s mall ,
purple thread s at the bottom of the s tyle to a

crown of thorn s the s tyle to the pill ow on which
the malefactor s were bo u nd ; th e cla s per to the
cord s and the palmate leaf to the hand ; the
,
three d ivi s ion s at the top of the s tyle were the

nail s in fine they fo u nd in it the s oldier s wh o

,
ca s t lot s and every thi ng el s e fancy coul d wi s h

, ,
even to the three days in whi ch the Saviour lay

i n the tomb which i s the time that elap s e s b e
,
tween i ts opening and clo s ing in i t s native coun ~

try F rom a ll thi s they con s idered it created at
.
’
the time of the Saviour s crucifixion and thu s ,
com memorative of hi s pa s s ion or s uffering to

thos e of the New World who could not other
,
wis e s ee i t The Stork s bill Geran i u m i s al s o

here .
The Geraniums mos tly fill up two order s ,

Hep t andria and Decandria The O rder P oly .
andria contain s a great number of splendid

flower s compri s ing a large natural order much
, ,
s ubdi vided by mode rn botani s t s In thi s place

.
are the Hollyhock s to which all the re s t bear

,
con s iderable re s emblance The genus Malva is

.
here a s al s o the Althea or Mar s hm allow and

, ,
the Sea Tree Mallow Lavatera w hi ch is much

—
,
cultivated in our garden s O n the rocky coa s t

.
of E ngland it is de s cribed a s unfolding its large

purpli s h red blos som s to the se a breeze from i ts
towering s tem of five feet .
S ON G OF THE MON A D E L P HI A N T R IB E S .
W om th hi g hway id to g a
e c e e s es r ce ,
A d to t w t h ba k with M l
n s re flow e n s a va e rs
With g y G a i m va i d a
a er n u s re r ce ,
W hav d k d th la
e e d woodl a d bow
ec e e n e s an n ers .
O th ma h i th
n e had f v da t hill
rs n e s e o er n s,
H blo om A l th d li g ht to r a
er ss s ea e s e r,
A d d p i h
n ee g r t at di til
n er ree n e re s s
Th h ali g balm to t h
e e nh ph d d ar e s e er e .
Boldly w b av th bla t d to m
e r e e s an s r ,
U mov d by o a
n et mp t o oa ’
ce n s e es u us r r,
Whil fai L t
e r t h fo m
a va era e re c s er r ,
A d ha g h
n w ath n ths a dy ho
er re s on e s n s re .
SE V E N TH CO N V E R S A TIO N .
E . The Gl a s s Diadelphia or two brother ,
hood s , include s all thos e flowers that have three

s tamen s connected at the bottom but divided
,
in to two s et s It include s a great natur a l

.
order which Linneu s called from the butter ,
fl y s hape of the flower s the P apilionaceae from

-
, ,
a word meaning butte rfly Here i s a S wee t .
P ea blo s s om in allu s ion to the s hape of whi ch

,
K eat s remarked
H e Sw
ere ar tP a tipto f a fli g ht
ee e s on e or ,
With wi ng s o f g en tl fl h
e us
’
o er d li at whit
e c e e .
Thi s large piece on top covering the other s is

called the s ta nd a rd or banner a ; yo u wil l n o tice
,
’
a s I take thi s Off how it i s in s erted by a project
ing part in to the s ide piece s evidently to keep it

,
from being s haken o ff by the wi nd s The two .
s ide i e c e s c a re now ex po s ed t he s e are wings

p , ,
you s e e how s trongl y they are in s erte d with the

remaining part of the coroll a evidently for the
,
s ame purpo s e a s the other A ll that now re

.
m ai n s i s the keel b (ca ri n a ) of the boat covering ,
the s tamen s and pi s tils Wh enever rai n a p

,
.
roa ch e s the part s s ucce s s ively clo s e one withi n

p ,
the other until a l l are perfectly protected from

,
the s torm The st alk that s u stains the flower

.
i s very s lender and flexible so a s to turn with

,
th e current of air and thu s pre s ent i ts back to

,
th e wind and ra i n .
L Do the number of anthers di s tingui s h the

.
order s in this cl as s ?
E Y es
. . The P etalos temon s are the flow
e rs
,
you remember wh rch you were so much
,
s urpri s ed at in retaining their color s when d r i ed
and kept for y ear s in the herbarium They .
are among the hand s ome s t of pre s erved flower s ;

the s imple low clu s terin g s tem s are s o well
s hown and the cylind ric head s of pink and red
78 ' ‘
BOI AN Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
dis h purple flower s look s o very natural that I ,
do not wonde r they often occa s ion s urpri s e when

dried Thi s a s well a s the F u tn i to ry are among
.
, ,
the fi rs t orders The curious looking Corydali s

.
,
’
often called Dutchman s P ant s i s al s o here ,
.
B ut leaving the s e for more important plant s

we mu s t mention the P ea and B ean tribe s In ,
digo Liquo rice Gum A rabic and Tamarind s

, , ,
.
The Lupi ne i s here about which M rs Lincoln

,
.
’
mention s a traveller s s tory of the B ank s of the
Nile being vi s ited at night by the Hippopo t
,
amu s or R iver Hors e a large animal that doe s

,
great damage to garden s and field s and 7that ,
the inh abitant s de s troy him by pla cing quanti

tie s of lupine s eed s in h is way ; he devou rs the s e
greedily but th ey s oon s well in h i s s tomach
, ,
an d produce s uch di s ten s ion a s to cau s e death .
The F urze is al s o here a s well a s the B room s, ,
on s eeing which Linneu s fell on h is knee s in

tear s and prayed enraptured with their gol den
,
beauty La st, but not lea s t in thi s cla s s I will

.
, ,
mention the Milk Wort P olygal a that form s —

,
the type of a natural family The mo s t u s efu l .
among its s pecie s i s the Senek e Snake Root ,
m uch u s e d in medicine and one of the in gr e di

,
ents of the com mon Hive Syrup of the s hop s .

B O T A NY FO R Y OU N G PE O P L E .
79
B ut I had lmo s t forgot ten to mention a very

a
s trange pl a nt indee d h e He d y s arum G ra n s a

t , y ,
d e s c ription of whi c h you will find in the wo rd s

of Linn aeus him s elf in thi s book and which yo u ,
may rea d al oud .
.L The movin plant i s a s L irm e u s ob s erved ,

g
,
wonderful on account of i t s voluntary motion

,
.
No s ooner contin ue s he had the plan ts rais ed

, ,
from s eed acqu i red their t e n a te leave s than ,
they began to be in motion this way and that .
This movement did not ceas e d u ri ng the

whole cour s e of their vegetation nor were ,
they ob s ervant of any time order or d irec , ,
tion ; one leaflet frequ ently revolved w h il s t the

other on the s ame petiole wa s quie s cent the , ,
wh ol e pl ant wa s very s eldom agitated an d tha t ,
only during the firs t year but s ometimes mos t ,
of the leaves would be in motion at the s ame

tim e Thi s motion doe s not depend on any
.
accidental or extern al cau s e su ch as touching , ,
heat cold , li ght, or darkne ss for they wi ll neither

, ,
excite it nor prevent i ts continuance .
S O N G OF THE DI A D E L P HI AN T R IB E S .
O u r s pe n d i d ail li k t h b t fl y wi
s s e e u te r
’
s ng,
y with th ai b w h ’
Are g a e r n o s u es .
80 B OT A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
An d lv y k l w t odor fli g
o u r si er ee s s ee s n ,
A th y w p th mo r i g d w
s e s ee e n n e s .
Th t
e fg d
re as u re s o d lt d pl i
ar e n s a n cu u re a ns
W h e g al la t p ow
e ar o n o u r n r s,
F a t f th flo k d th h ph d wai
e s or e c s , an e s e er
’
s s n s,
A d pl m
n f r g al b ow
u es or e r s.
Com ta te w t om w th
s e o ur s flow r
ee s , c e rea s o ur e s,
Whi l th e b am g ild
e s un ai le s o ur s s,
Forw fol d th m wh
e v r th da k lo d low
e en e e e r c u ers ,
A d t mpt
n t th
e t rmy g al
no e s o es .
E . The Cla ss P olyadelphia i s the la st of the

brotherhood s ; it comprehend s a ll thos e flowers
whos e s tamen s are un ited by their fil ament s
into more than two s ets It i s a clas s of very .
little importance and now fallen into di su s e , i ts

flower s being di s tributed among the ot her cla s s es .
Do you remember what the other cla s s wa s

that botani s ts treated in the s ame man n er ?
L Dodecand ria o r from eleve n to twenty
.
,
s tamen s placing them in P olyandria and Icos

,
and ri a A ll whos e s tamen s were ins erted on

.
the caly x in the latter and in the former thos e , ,
whos e s tamen s were in s erted on the receptacle .
E As the character s O f thi s cla s s were ve ry

.
Incon s tant they thought be s t to add it to P oly

,
andria As I before mentioned i ts order s d e

.
,
p en d ou the number of s tamen s The Choc o .

Pl k
uc no t flow lik th S axo maid
h er e rs e e n ,
N or a xio ly wat h if th y flo ri h fad

n us c e u s or e,
By th moo f a mid mm i g ht
e n o su er n
N or al o ft a p ll ha g h ta l f g old
as s e n er s se s o ,
L i k th Camb ia
e e wai l ik D r id
r f n s n , n or e u s o old,
Bid th m wav i my ti rit

e e n s c e .
B t follow with li g ht t p t h g old

u t s e s e e n s a r,
That g id y t t a
u es mo t li g f
ou o re s ure s re s e r n ar,
Tha iti
n c o t g iv ;
es o r c ur s c a n e
D a at h pl a
e r n i
u re v y ho
as e sures n e er u r,
Ah lov h i yo th
e d y
er l ar h pow
n u an ou e n er er
To ha m
c lo g y liv
r v o u as n as ou e . . g
E . O ur pre s ent clas s Sy ng ene s i a or flo wers , ,
wi th a union of anthers con t ain s a g reat n u m ,
ber of the vegetable tribes of the late flowering

kin d mos tly bloo ming s ometime in autum n
,
.
What were the characteri s tic s of the brother

hoo d or delphian cla s e s s ?
L A union of the filaments while the anthers

.
were s eparate .
'
E E xa ctl y th e rever s e of that i s the ca s e in

.
thi s in s tanc e T l rrs cla s s however i s d i s tin

.
, ,
g u i s h e d by the compound character s of i t s flow
e rs ,
s everal hundred s and even thou s and s , ,
being on the s ame s ta l k next each other and ,
giving to th e ca s ual ob s e rver the idea of a s ingle

flower B ut l e t him examine clos ely and he
.
,
wil l find an a s t oni s hing number of perfect littl e

BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E .
flowers each in m os t if not all ca s e s with i ts

, , , ,
calyx corol la s tamen s and pi s t il It s eem s a s

, , ,
.
if nat u re had made h p an i mmen s e number of

minute flower s so many indeed that it was
, , ,
diffi cult to fin d s talk s for all and s o w as forced ,
to crowd them off her han d s in b u ndle s F rom .
thi s c ircum s tance they are incorporated i nto a

natural order called the C om pos i tes This clas s
,
.
co nta ins man y valuable medi cinal herb s It .
h a s five order s
A nd firs t P olygam ia E q u a lis in which the ,
florets on the flower are all perfect each hav i ng ,
five s tamen s and one pi s til and produc i ng one

s eed
,
s uch are the Dandel ion Bone s et and , ,
This tle E very one h a s noticed the balloon s of

.
the Dandel ion each of whi ch is a s eed with i ts

,
calyx tu rn ed into a l ig ht chaffy s ub s tance to

bea r it away The blue flowe rs of the S u cco ry
.
s how here a l s o .
Secondly P olyg amia S upe rfl ua in which the

, ,
florets are a ll perfect and fertile thos e of the cir ,
cu m fe re n ce having no s tamen s rather filament s ,
without an ther s hence the name applied to the

,
fil am a rts s uch are the T ans y Wormwood , ,
S ta rflo we r Colts foot, a n d Dais y about which

, ,
la s t Joh n Ma s on Good wrote s ome ve ry bea u ti

ful line s which you can rea d from the book
,
.
L . N ot wo ld wo ld i phala x d p
r s on r s n n ee ,
N d w to p ov a G d i h r
ee e r e o s e e,
T h Dai y f
e h f om wi t r l p
s
’
re s r n e s s ee
T ll f hi ha d i li
e s o l ar
s n n n es as c e .
F wh b t h that a h d th
or o u ki e rc e e s es
A d po n t h d ay p i g li i g fl o d
urs e s rn s v n o ,
Wo d n alik i all h tri

ro us e n e e s,
Co l d r ar th D ai y p pl b d l
u e e s
’
s ur e u
'
Mo ld i t g r
u p i t wi y t m
s e en c u , s r s e ,
I t f i g d bo d r i ly pi
s rn e r e n ce s n,
A d n t t h g old mbo
cu dg m
e e s se e ,
That t i ilv r g l am withi 1

se n s e e s n
“
Th fli g it
en n t ai d d fr un re s r ne an ee,
O ’
hill d dal d d rt d
er an e an ese so ,
That m wh r h walk may

an e re e
’
e s see
I v ry t p th tamp f G d
n e e s e e s o o .
E . Polygamia con s is ts of ra d iate d

F ru s ta n e a
flowers the di s k one s of which are perfect, but
,
tho s e of the ray almo st petals having mo s t g e ,
n e ra ll y an imperfect s eed at the ba s e , from hen ce
the name den oting i ts bein g fru s trated s uch

are the S un F lower and B lue Bottle s— Cyanu s .
P olygamia Nece s s aria h as the ray s fertile and ,
thos e of the d is k con s tantly s terile W e are tol d .

BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E . - 85
they may be ea s ily known by producing i ts s e ed

pr incipally on the marg ins of the dis k Here .
are the Marygold ari d Leaf Cup .
P olygamia Segregata compri s es a se t of doub

l y c ompound flo wer s each one having a double ,
calyx one common to the whole head of flo w

,
e rs and one for each s eparate fl o re t in th e se t ;

,
’
s u ch are the E lephant s F oot and the Globe
T hi s tle .
L . S ON G OF THE S Y N G EN E S I A N TR IB E S .
Tho g h w boa t t T i d i
u e s d g ano ran
’
r a s co rn an r s s,
Y t e 77 i tl
o ur f d t h labo ri g
rs es ee e n ass,
A d th
n m ll bi d joi i
e s a l afy bowr s re ce n o ur e ers,
A th y f d
s eth d f th G d -l flow r
ee on e se e s o e r oun sc e s .
With th C r l a Cy
us e i e u e n a n us s see n,
A d n w fai D i y d k
o ur o nh g r a s ec s t e ree n,
A d th S
n y ope it a
uccor y en s s z u re e e,
B ath th li g ht f th mm k y
en e e o e su er s .
Fai flow b t y t mo fai

r are o u r e rs , u e re r
A re th d that li g htly float th i

e s ee s on e a r .
Wh th fadi g blo m h lo t i t g a
en e n s so as s s r ce
A f ath ry dow
e e ppli i t pla ; n su es s ce
A d w f t th
n d th pa i g g l
a s e see on e ss n a e,
T i t i gh tf l hom
o s r t h hill u val e on e or e .
Th wi g d dese thi kly to d

n e see s are c s re
I th n f t h p pl S l f y ;
e u rn o e ur e a sz
Th C l t f t k p a
’
e o s t hoa d
oo ee s se c re r ,
A d i t h C m m il
n n p th y l i
e a o e cu s e e .
Chi f f th wo dl a d d q
e o e f th m d
o n s, an ueen o e ee s.
A pt
cc e fai flow r
o ur d d ow y d
r e s an o ur n see s .
I HTH CO N V E R S A TIO N
E G .
E The name of t h e next Clas s Gyn andria

.
,
or u nion of s tamen s and pis tils i s taken from ,
the fact of the s tamen s in i ts flower s really grow

ing out from either the germ or s tyle of the pre
tils When the s tamen s cannot be counted
.
from their indi s tinctne ss we call the ma ss e s ,
Of
g l u t t in ou s pollen P o l l i n i a The order s in .
thi s cl a s s a s in many of the one s we have been

,
over are taken from the number of s tamen s

,
.
The fir s t order Monand ria contain s the O r

, ,
chi s tribe of plant s The flowers in it are re .
markable for their grote s que appearance The .
Geranium s copy the s cents of other plant s a s ,
the Ros e Lemon O range and B alm ; thi s tribe

, , ,
doe s the s ame s trange to s ay to the form s and

, ,
color s of ani m als and accordingly pre s ents u s

, , ,
with the figure s of flie s s pider s bird s and even , , ,
men colored to the life ! So clos ely doe s the

,
B ee O rchis— O phry s re s emble the in s ect whos e , ,
name it bear s a s to look at a very s hort d is

, ,
tance quite like a bee hove ring with out s tretch

, ,
ed wing over a flower B ut very few bloom at a

,
.
time on the plant that h e a rs it s o that the illu s ion

BOT A N Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E . 87
is compl ete The white Helle borine E pispa ctis

.
—
,
di splay s i ts s potle s s blo ss om s here a s doe s the ,

’
Ne o tti a Ladie s T re s s e s of whi ch we have
—
,
many s pe cies common both in dry s andy wood s

and wet meadow s They come out in fall and
.
,
have a ll white flowers incl ined to one s ide and ,
form a twis te d or s piral wreath The Lily O r .
chi s— Lis tera and the A rethu s a which is not

, ,
over a hand high who s e elegant and curiou s

purple flower s may be s een in moss y s wamps ,
blos s oming in June will clos e the firs t order

,
.
In the s econd order Diandria i s found the

, ,
’
Ladie s Slipper— Cypripedium g reat nu mbe rs ,
of which enl iven the plain s of Illi nois and are ,
called by the people Indian Moccas in s The s e .

,
a s well a s the whole O rchi s tribe occur in rich ,
s hady w o od s far away from human ken

,
At .
one time the i r c ul tivation w a s thought imposed

ble but that idea h a s proved a fallacy and
, ,
cons iderable attention i s at the pre s ent time paid

to th em .
In thi s cla s s is als o the Silk Weed B irth ,
wort and In dian Ginger, but we wi ll now pa ss

,
o n to the next .
88 BO T A N Y FOR YOU N G P E OP L E .
S ON G OF THE G Y N AN D R I A N T RI B E S .
In ui t s had
th e q e es
Of o t g lad
o u r f re s es ,
Th e fai r E p ip ti h blo om fold

ac s er ss un s,
A d th O hi ra
n e rc s ce
O fi ld ba k that g ra
ur e n s ce ,
Th e wa d ri g h ph d with wo d b hold
n e n s e er n er e s,
In ou r pa t r g r s u es ee n
L ad ies T res s es are see n ,
In wood Cyp ip d i m p pl flow

o ur s, r e u
’
s ur e e r,
A d L i t a th
n s er e re
H t doth p pa
e r n es re re,
A d b i g ht A th
n r ado re bow us a. rn s o ur er .
With i t g m n s ec e s
O th i v da t t m
n e r er n s e s,
Th Op h y t ib i
e r s bo d r w
r e n o ur r e s e se e ,
Qu f t h flow
ee n o e ers ,
Th t a e se o r re s ure s are u s,
A d w b i g th m with loyal h a rt t th
n e rn e e s o ee .
E . M on ce cia and Dioecia are fa s hionable

cla s s e s affectin g the manners of the higher
,
ran k s in the old countries ; the marrie d couples

not occupying the s am e apartments In M O .
n ce c i a,
or one hou s e are thos e plant s which ,
contain s tamen s and pi s tils in s eparate flower s

on th e s ame plant .
L A nd it i s for s uch flowers you s aid that

.
,
to sh and the O ak Of Cameron T h e Hazel .
Tree from i ts nuts you are no doubt well a o

, ,
q u a in t e d wit h ; it never attain s the height of
a timber tree The wood it produce s i s very

.
u s eful E arly in s pring it han gs out i ts curiou s

.
fruit flowe rs or catkin s in which the bright

-
, ,
crims on dots make a beautiful a ppe a re n ce .
Wal king Cane s F i s hing Rod s and Charcoal

, , ,
are made from this wood It i s the badge of the

.
Highl and Clan Colquhoun .
Here i s al s o th e Mulberry upon whos e leave s ,
the Si l k Worm feed s a s we l l a s Indian Corn ,

,
about the di s s emination of who s e pollen F lint ,
s ay s that nothi ng i s more charming con s ider

, ,
ing it the mos t beautiful vegetation that any

can offer When the s outhwe s t breeze wh is
.
per s and a s light humidity in spire s a v ol u ptu

,
o u s languor in riding by the s e noble field s of

,
maiz e the pollen floats a long the fore s t spik e s

, ,
like a d eliciou s s hower of aroma , with a fra

granee more delightful than ever breezed from
the s picy field s of A raby the ble s t Then t h e .
the different kind s of maize gro wing near each

other are intermix e d upon the s ame ear What .
is called the s ilk of the ear convey s thi s pollen

to the kernel and fru ctifie s it When there i s .
n ot a s il ken thread to convey the pollen to th e

kennel the g rain wil l be found wanting T h e
,
.
mos t important tree in the cla s s for food i s the

B read F ruit .
The Cat Tail Typha imprope rly us ed by —

,
s ome peo ple for filli ng be d tick s a s it an s wer s ,
much better for maki ng mats and s eating chair s .
The S edge Carex is a coars e gra s s of little

—
,
apparent u s e ; and a s we have s aid enough

about the order s we will fini s h wi th the Arrow
head S agitta ria s o common in muddy waters
—
u —
'
, ,
and men tioned i n th e ver s e s you l ike s o much ,
called Little Streams an d the Spurge E u ph or ,

—
bia.
L ittl t am hav bow

e s re ma y s e e rs a- n ,
B a tif l d fai r
e u u an
y; a s an
Typh to g dg
a s r n B R d an ree n ur ee
Wdl w H b with o tt o
o d;
er c n see
A w H d with y
rro fj t
ea e e o e ,
A n d th e Wa te r V i o l et,
Th e reflow ri g h y m t
th e e n ru s ou ee ,
A d t h pl m y l I d
n e w t; u i
l /
sa ora s ee
A d i pl a
n n d p d til lyce s ee an s ,
M a bl lik t h W t L il y
r e- e e a er .
L . S ON G OF T R IB E S
T HE M ON CE C I AN .
Q f th M adow w b d to thy way

ue en o e e s e en s ,
A d g ladly
n ylva t ib t w pay
o ur s n r u e e
F om t h flowi g t am w bri g to
r e hi f
n s re e n o ur c e ,
S g itt i flow
a with th i a owy l f
ar a e rs e r rr ea ,
A d th
n d lik Typ h th
e re e ptr fai e a, e s ce e r,
That r ral S ov i g d lig ht t b a

o ur u e re n e s o e r .
E p h bi w b i g f om th wil d
u or a e hor rn r e s ea s e,
And t h dg y Ce se f om lak d moo a rer r e an r .
N th alo
or e set a d to n e our re s u re s re ,
F B
or o ur h ma t fatt t b fo
e ec tb a
-
s s en e re s o r,
W hav Cam o O k d M G g ’ P i
e e
’
er n s a an c re or s ne
A d B
n ha a B i h to yi ld wi
uc
’
n n s rc e us n e,
A d Hig hla d H
n l f bold Colq ho
n az e o u un ,
Wh il Ma ki to h b i g t h box f a b o
e c n s rn s e or o n .
Q f t h M adow w b d to thy way

ue e n o e e s e en s ,
A d g ladly
n ylva t ib t w pay ;
o ur s n r u e e
E The cla s s Dioe cia or Two Hou s e s con

.
, ,
tain s tho s e who s e s tamen s and pi s tils are in s e

parate flower s on s eparate plants ; the orders ,
li ke the former depend on the number of s ta ,
men s ; hence there is but little di fference be

tween thi s and the Monoecian cla s s it contain ,
in g like the latter many fore s t tree s

, ,
.
P erhap s the mos t remarkable genu s in this

cla s s is found in the order Triandria the F icu s —
,
or F ig noted for containing the flower s within

,
the fr u it What is commonly termed i ts fruit

.
is onl y a l arge hollow pear s haped j uicy recep

tacle within which the minute flower s and s eed s
can be d is covered by a good micros cope ; it h a s
a s mall orifice on the top with a kind Of s caly
valve It wa s formerly s uppo s ed that the pollen
.
of the male flow er s was carried to the s tig m a O f

the female by mean s O f s mal l fli e s that may be
s een fluttering from one fig to another .
L I have heard a de scription Of that before

.
and it h a s been adduced a s s howing the won

d e rfu l care Of P rovidence .
E That the flie s rea ll y carry the pol len h a s

.
been dis puted In hot c l imate s the fig produce s

.
two crop s O f fr uit but to do thi s th e gardener s

,
have to ha s ten the ripe ning O f the firs t in order

to leave ti me fo r the s econd to come to maturity .
We are told that the pea s an ts in the is le s O f the

A rchipel ago where the fir s t abound s bri ng
, ,
branches Of the wild F ig Tree in the s pring ,
which they s prinkle over tho s e that are culti

v a t ed .
L That remind s me Of what you s aid in re

.
lation to carryin g male flower s O f the Date

Tree and s haking them s o a s to s p ri nkle the
pollen over the s tigma of the female to en s ure
fr u it
.
E Some however con s ider the cas e s very

.
, ,
different and a s s ert that the only u se of the s e

,
wild branche s is to s erve a s a vehicle for an im

men s e number Of s mall in s ects called Cynip s ,
which perforate the F ig s in order to make a ne s t

for their eggs and the wound they infli ct cau s
,
ing con s iderable irritation an d excitement which

accelerate s the ripening Of the fruit In many .
ca s e s the F ig contain s perfect flower s though ,
in mo s t th e v do not .
A nother specie s Of thi s genu i s the B anyan s
Tree which s end s forth branche s that fall ing to

,
th e ground take root s till remain connected with,
the parent tr u nk and in turn s end out a s s oon

, ,
a s they grow Ol d enough other s that follow t h e ,
s ame example E ach tree i s s oon a grove an d

.
continually increa s e s in s ize and number s until ,
s ome are known to be la r g e enough to give s hel
ter to s even thou s and men The leave s are .
large s oft an d Of a l ively green and the fruit,

, , ,
a s mall F ig Of an agreeable flavor which when , ,
ri pe i s Of a bright s carlet
,
.
The India Rubber Tree i s O f the F ig tribe

al s o it exude s a milky juice which when dried
, , ,
an d d arkened gives it the name Nearly all ied

,
.
’
to thi s is Humboldt s celebrate d Cow Tree th a t
BO T A N Y FOR YOU N G P E OP L E . 95
exudes upon making an incis ion a grea t amount

, ,
O f a cream like whole s ome and nutritiou s d rink

-
, ,
.
’
B ut I mu s t leave th i s genu s to mention the
Hopvine Hu rn u l u s and the B lack B riony
—
,
Tamu s with long wreath like branche s and

,
-
,
s hining dark green leave s and i t s red be r rie s

,
hanging in fe s too n s The A spen is well .
kn own by the con s tant quivering O f i t s leave s .
The Y ew Tree noted for i ts ela s ticity and

, ,
hence u s ed for making bow s ; i ts j uice is pois on

,
o u s and in Old en time s the arrow s were dipped
into it to render the wound s fatal they might ,
infli ct The B ay B erry or S weet Gale M y

.
,
—
rica whos e elegant s pray s de s erve to fin d a

,
’
place in a lady s wreath not only for i ts beauty , ,
but for the de l ightful fragrance it exhale s from

i ts berrie s and leave s when rubbed between the
fi nger s In s ome plac es the people make bed s
.
O f i ts twig s and in other s s cent their clo the s

, ,
with i ts leave s ; the p oet s ay s :
G al e fro m th e bo g s hall waft A abia b l mr n a .
I will di s mis s the cla ss with the mention of the

Willow Mis tletoe and Ra ffl e s ia the la s t the
, , ,
m os t extraordinary flower k no wn It wa s d i s .
co vered in the Is land of Sumatra by Dr A rnold ,

.
,
96 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E .
in 1 8 1 8 and called by him the magnificent

,
Titan of the vegetable kingdom To increa s e .
the wonder it i s entirely de s tit u te Of root s a nd

,
leave s the blo s s om the like Of which the mind

, ,
O f man had never conceived the exi s tence of ,
forming the entire flower It wa s attached to .
the s tem O f a grape vine the circ umference O f ,
the full expanded flower i s nine feet i ts necta ,
ri u m calcu l ated to hold nine pint s and t h e i

p s ,
tils a s large a s cows horn s ; the whole weighing

about fifteen pound s The color i s a mottled .
yellow Since that time other s pecies h a ve

.
been di scovered but not quite a s large .
O N G OF THE D IGZ C IAN T UB S

S .
Pri w lay
n ce s s , t h flo al h i
e on e r s r ne
L i g ht w ath t h g a f l H m l
re w av
s e r ce u u u us e es
O ur n o th my tl with th w twi
r e rn r e e se e ne ,
Th w t M y i f g a t l av
e s ee r ca s
’
ra r n e es .
Th eda k f too f th T m li g
r es ns O e a us c n
To th ilv y Willow b di g p ay
e s er
’
s en n s r ,
Who blo om lik dow f om th yg t wi

se ss e n r e c ne
’
s ng
S h d a g old
e li g ht th v al day
s en on e e rn .
Th e p a ly t f
e r u ts o i
'
th e M i s s e l to e
With ma y v g l f w bi d
n an e e r ree n ea e n ,
A d th A p
n e l d bow that th ow
s
’
en s s en er s r
Th i t mbli g l av to th mm wi d
e r re n e es e su er n .
98 B OT AN Y F OR YOU N G PE OP L E .
Un k ow
n ad mi d ra
n a n d un re o ur c e,
S p ri g
p d bloom
n s u d fad anaway s an es ,
A d f w hav
n e o g ht ti g pl
e s u o ur re s n ac e,
O wat h d
r b d f om day to day
c e our u s r .
Y t i th
e impl t blo om dw ll
n e s es ss s e ,
S h p oof f pow r d wi d ig
uc r s o e an se es n,
A to th wa d ri g pi rit t ll
s e n e n s e ,
T h ha d that fo m d th m i divi
e n r e e s ne .
E . Cla s s Cryptogamia or Conceale d

O u r l ast ,
Marriage s form s in i tse lf a ground divi s ion Of

,
the vegetable kingdom In all the flower s in .
it neither s tamen s pi s til s or proper s eed s are

, , , ,
recogni s able eve n by the micro s cope a different

arrangement prevail s Their propagation is .
carried out by mean s of s pores which though ,
confe s s edly the mo s t s imple Of all organiz e d

bod ie s have appropriate receptac l e s provide d
fo r them proving a s Nuttall remark s the e xi s
, , ,
tence O f the univer s al law O f nature that with ,
out a parent mediate or immediate neither ani ,
mal nor vegetable in whatever part O f the s cale

,
of exi s tence they are found can pos sibly have ,
a being .
It h a s been s aid that Linneu s having a rra n g

ed the plant s that would admit Of cla s s ification ,
took the remainder and ca s t them into a heap

t ogether , which he ca l le d C ryptog e a m o u s He .
fou n d it im ms s i bl e to arrange thi s cla ss i n any

ot her way than by i ts own natural affinities
or res emblances pointed out by nature, Of thes e
he m ade six .
l e t The F E R N s may be known by their

.
,
plume li ke leave s which are called f ron d s

-
.
,
be i ng Of one continued s ub s ta nce with the

branch The fru ctific a tion or fruit maki ng
.
,
apparatus i s generally on the lower s urface of

,
the front in the form of round or Oblong dots

, ,
which cons is t upon bein g placed under a magni

,
fier of thick clu s ter s Of very s mall rather flat cir

, , ,
onl ar cap s ule s which at fir s t are whole but after

, ,
t e rwa rd s bur s t and s catter t o a great di s tance

an impalpa ble po wder .
Here i s found the Maiden H air about which ,
it h a s been be autiful ly remarked that botanis t s

have in vain sought to fin d out i ts nature it ,
having s eemingly determined to conceal from

their learned re s earche s the s ecret of i ts flower s
and i ts frui t It confide s to Z ephyr alone the
.
invis ible ge rm s Of i ts youn g family The Crea .
tor Of a ll things s elects the cradle fo r i ts child

ren ; and it plea s e s hi m s ometime s to form a
s ombre veil with their waving tre s s es which
ever conceals from vulgar g aze the cave Where
the s olitary Naiad s leep s and where s h e h a s ,
s lept from the beginning O f age s ; at other time s
they are bo rn e on the wings Of the win d to the

s ummit s O f lofty tower s or the tottering rem ,
nant Of an Ol d chateau where they s hine like ,
verdant s ta rs ; and s ometime s di s pos ed in light

fe s toon s they adorn the retired and s had y s po ts
,
which s hepherd s love Thu s thi s wild plant i s .
not to be under s tood by science but hide s its ,
q
s ecret origin from our curiou s en uirie s It i s the .
prettie s t of a ll fe rn s and Pliny s tate s that though

,
you plunge it in water it will s til l remain dry .
The Royal O s mund or F lowerin g F ern is a n ,
other noble and s tately s pecie s It i s mo s t com .
mon in our dark swamp s on it the caps u le s are ,
very con s picuo u s The F ragile a mo s t elegant

.
,
s pecie s i s al s o here noted for i t s extreme brit

, ,
tl e n e s s as als o the Lycopodium which Nuttal l

, ,
con s ider s the mos t elegant and curiou s F ern in

the United State s Some of the s pecie s Of F ern
.
,
in tropical countrie s attain a height of thirty ,
feet The num ber known amounts to near a

.
thou s and wh ich are a ll mos t abun dant in mois t

,
and s hady s ituation s .
2 d The M o s s n s are little herb s with di stinct

.
s tem s . Mungo P ark when travelli ng wa s once , ,

1 02 '
BO I AN Y
‘
FOR YO UN G P E OP L E .
The L I V E R W O R T S which are thi cker ,
ri n d more j uicy than the Mo s s e s There i s .
s ome di s pute on account O f the origin of the
name A number suppo s ed it to be derive d

.
from the vi rt u e it wa s formerly thoug ht to po s

s e s s in curing d i s ea s e s O f the liver and the re s t
,
think it aros e from their re s embling the colors

Of th a t organ The Ju gg e rm a n n ia are the mos t
.
common plant s in thi s or d er .
5 i h The S E A WE E D S a name that n eed s no

.
,
explanation A common plant in it i s the Gulf

.
Weed found floating in the G ulf O f F lorida

, ,
so metime s forming floating field s many mile s in
extent O ne of its specie s named the Gigantic

.
, ,
i s s aid to be over s i x feet long another form s a ,
good manure and a fourth i s boiled with meal

,
in Lapland and given to cattle for food O n

,
.
burning many Of them a fford an impure s oda

,
called K elp .
5 i h The L I CH E N S which vary in texture

.
, ,
form and color being woody leathery leaf li ke

, , ,
-
,
and white g reen or black Many Of them are

, ,
.
exceedingly u s efu l for many purpos e s in m edi

cine and dying They mos tly re s emble trees.
in miniature Y ou have Often e a te n j el l y made

.
of the Iri sh and Iceland Mo ss e s

,
.
BOI ANY
’ ‘
F OR YOU N G P E OP L E . 1 03
6 th . The MU S H R OO M tribe never e xhi biting ,
any appearance Of green herbage generally ,
corky fle shy or mould like varying in form and

, ,
-
,
color A ll are Of quick growth and very s hort

.
,
duration ; they grow mo s tly i n dark and under

groun d s ituation s .
L Cats up i s made from them i s it not 2

.
'
.
E F rom s ome not from a l l for many are

.
, ,
poi s onous We are told that the O s tia ck s a

.
,
Siberian tribe make a preparation from one of

,
the s pecie s that wil l ki ll the mos t robu s t man

in twelve hour s Several Of our Mushroom s
.
are almo s t a s dangerou s a s there i s a l iquid ,
hid within them Of a nature s o acrid that a s in

gle drop on the tongue w ill produce a bli s ter .
The Rus sian s duri ng their long fa s t s live e n

ti re l y on thi s tribe and are a fflicted in co n s e
,
q u e n ce with violent convul s ion s in many ca se s .
L Is there any method by which the good

.
can be d i s tingui s hed from the bad ? i f not I wil l

ca t no more Cats up .
E Y es
. The eata ble s pecie s is known by
.
i ts convex s caly white cap or head wh ich i s

, , , ,
mounted upon a s talk The whole i s at fir s t .
covered by a wrappe r that bur s ts by the s udden

gro wth of the up per part an d in many ca s e s ,
We can s e e the remains Of it in the form of a

ring below the head The Tuber Mu s hroo m is .
collected for food in E urope and A s ia ; it i s round
and s olid grow s above the ground h a s no roo t

, , ,
and when Ol d become s warty and dark colored .
There is another of thi s la s t kind d i s tingui s hed ,
a s a favorite article Of food and by growing ,
un d er ground It i s de s cribed as bei ng a s large

.
a s the human head , re s embling much a Co m a
nut, and covered with a dark rather wood y brown ,

-
bark It i s filled with a fle s h y corkl i ke matter

.
when ripe s imulating in color t he fle s h B ut

,
.
we have had enough Of thi s cl a s s and will con

cl u d e with the crim s on cup—like form of the Pe
z iz a .
L . S ON G OF THE C Y PTO G AM IAN T RIB E S .
Chi ftai from vari d to

e n o ur e s re ,
What trib t h ll t ib p ovid u e s a our r es r e,
W hav g m
e o a ho
e e s on ce n s s
’
re ,
A d b
n ath th flowi g tid ;
en e e n e
A d ma y a p
n io t a
n laid rec us re s u re
O th mo y ba k i th fo
n e ss t g lad n s n e res e
W will b i g
e g alla t hi f
rn our n c e
Th wavi g lo k
e f M id h i
n c s o a en - a r,
A d F g il with g a f l l af
n ra e r ce u e
F lov ly dam to w a ;
or e es e r
A d th R y l O m
n e d palmy bo g h
o a s un
’
s u
A pl m that
u it a wa io b ow
e su s rr rs r
ber of s tamen s Often varie s in the s ame s pecies .
You will often find Tulips with from three to

eight s tamen s .
L Ho w do they manage in s uch a ca s e ?

.
E B y di s covering the number u s ually found

.
and cla s s ing them accordingly Number i s very .
little to be relied on but i t i s s till th at you s e e

-
, ,
on which t h e whole sy s tem i s ba s ed .
L Then if the sy s tem is s o very im perfect

.
, ,
why did you take s uch pain s to induce me to

’
learn i t 2 .
E Without under s tanding it you could make

.
but l ittle proficiency i n botany for the majority ,
O f the work s written o n it are ba s ed upon the
Linnean s y s tem .
L What i s the great difference between the

.
t wo s y s te m s ?
E That of Linneu s con s ider s onl y the organ s

.
Of fru c ti fic a t io n or the s tamen s and pi s til s while

, ,
the other take s the mo s t important part s of the

plant the frui t and s eed B ut you mu s t re
,
.
member that the information you acquire in

lea rn ing one will be O f great u s e in s tudying
the other So far from the natural being a per
.
feet s y s tem many emi n ent botani s t s Of the pre

,
s ent day have u s ed the former in preference .

BOI AN Y
' ‘
F OR YOU N G PE OP L E . 07
The truth is a s I remarked to yo u before that

, ,
knowledge of s pecie s i s the important con s idera

tion s o much s o tha t it i s a s s erted that no one
,
can be en ti tl ed to the appell ation of a bota

nis t u ntil that pers on h a s dis s ected and gathered
at lea s t three hundred d ifferent plants .
T E N TH CO N V E R S A TIO N .
L Why . that by cutting o ff a

i s i t, E mily,
s lip from a ro s e bu s h and planting it I can have
another bu s h a s large a s the firs t ? Doe s the

end of the s lip begin to rot and then tu rn into
root merely becau s e it i s put in the ground
s
,
?
I re m emb er reading a fact s tated in a book ,
which s aid that it made no difference what part

O f a plant wa s put in the ground a ll would in ,
s uch a ca s e equally change the Office s : that

if a tree wa s turned up s ide down the former
roots would change to branche s and be ar leave s ,
and the Ol d branche s and leave s turn to roots .
E That w a s a wrong s tatement but to ex

.
plain why it i s s o I mu s t take a s omewhat

,
rOun d about way O f

- -
maki ng you unders tand
what mean Y ou know what a polypu s i s I

.
,
pre s ume
L 0 ye s ; I have many time s cut them in
.
piece s and the s eparate parts became d is tinct

and whole ani mals I have be side s s een them
.
growing out from one another s omewhat like ,
the branche s Of a tree .
E That cla ss Of animal s rank the lowe s t a s

.
,
might be expected in the Z oological s cale

,
.
Their organ s are ve ry s imple and of cours e s o , ,
are the function s or Office s of the s e organ s .
They pos s e s s s en s ation and can move about, ,
but their only u se is s eemingly to imbibe nour

is h m e n t
. A great m any polypi are gener al ly
together in one bod y and that accounts for the
,
s eparate bodie s which each develope s for its e l f
when cut off from the others They re s emble .
plants in that particular you cannot find a s in

gle plant or a s ingle polypu s .
L What i s not the ros e grow i ng i n that pot

.
a si ngle ro s e
L O n the contrary it con si s ts of a m ul ti tu d e
.
,
Of them ; there are thou s and s of l ife germ s s cat
te re d throu gh every part that require but a l i t

tle irritation to excite them and prod uce an active
s tate of exi s tence C u t Off a s lip of your ros e
.
1 10 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E .
in a ca s e with enough Of food prope r for it while

,
ge rm inating .
L B ut if I plant the s eed Of an apple it will

.
b y and b y become a tree without the juicy mat

- -
,
ter that i s arou nd the s eed s a s they can d o ,
wi thout it What u e i s that portion

. s ?
’
E To s upply the want s of m a n
. Nature s .
fir s t Obj ect i s to s ecure the continuation of the

s pecie s by carefu l attention to the preparation Of
the s eed apparatu s When that i s d one sh e

.
d oe s s omething for m a n but never before ,

.
L A re there other in s tance s except in the

.
,
common fruits where s h e be s tows s uch at ten

,
tion 22
E Many but among the mos t remarkabl e
.
are the Silk Weed and Cotton the long down

which s urround s the s eed s enclos ed in the
caps ule with them an s wering no purpo s e s what
,
ever except for the u s e s to which man applie s

,
the matter their s eparation .
L You were going to explain the germina

.
tion of the embryos by irritation

E The s eed , then i s merely an embryo e n
.
,
c lo s ed in a little s torehous e Of food ; putting it

into the grou nd an d exciting it to action — which
action it i s enabled to s u s tain on account Of the
BO T A N Y F OR YO U N G PE OP L E . 11]
su pply of food will en s ure i ts growth The

-
.
ger ms that exi s t throughout the plant are of ,
co u r s e de s titute of this s upply or the s e e d mak

, ,
ing proce s s woul d be unnece s s ary Now to e n .
s ure the s prouting you mu s t make the proper
ki nd of irritation and place it in favorable cir

,
cu m s t a n ce s to an s wer two obj e cts l s t excitin g , ,
the ge rm 2 d g iving it s us tenance while germi

, ,
nating .
It s exciteme n t i s ea s ily produced but the ,
oth er i s more difficult It is a law of vitality

.
,
that i f any part O f a living body i s excited the

ve ss el s carryi ng fluid to that part Wil l become
enlarged and ca rry much more than their u s ual
s upply . Cau s ing thi s firs t action around the
germ will give it th e requi red fo od and thu s , ,
in s tead of peris hing it s prouts forth and i s either

, ,
a fre s h branch on an Ol d plant or form s an e n ,
ti re l y new one .
In order to make a layer we are d irected to ,
bend down a pliant branch without s eparatin g

it from the plant and fa s ten it in the g round
, ,
making a s light incis ion at the s pot where it is

con fine d The requis ite irrita tion i s thu s pro
d uc e d a flow Of pure s a p take s place toward s
,
the part the excited germ is s upplied with food

, ,
1 12 BO T A N Y F OR Y OU N G P E OP L E .
th e ground is convenient and the germ s oon ,
s hoot s out There are s everal creepin g plants,

.
Ob s erve s De Can dolle which propagate them ,
s elve s in thi s mann er without the a i d O f m an .
Their lower branche s traili ng upon the ground ,
are Often partially covered with earth wa s hed

over them by rain and if in the Operation they
,
are s lightly wounded by fii ction or the contact

O f any hard s ub s tance s uch a s grave ] or cb
p
, ,
ble s root s s tr ike out the connecting branch

, ,
with the parent being deprived O f nou ri s hment

,
by the rapacity of the young plant rot s and ,
peri s he s ; the s eparation being thu s made and ,
the requi s ite organ s developed the layer becomes ,
a new individual plant Mos t Laurel s and .
E vergreen s are propagated by layers whi ch is ,
be s ide s the method u s ed in Vineyards .
L It mu s t be s omewhat on the s ame pl a n

.
that the B anyan T ree h a s s uch a number of

Offs ets from it I can conceive of nothing more
.
s imple than th e bendi ng Of the branche s to the
ground a nd there taking root and t h e branche s ,
that ari s e from them though s till connected with

,
the fir s t tree s ending out other s in the s ame

,
manner and s o forming a fore s t from a s ingle

,
s lip .
1 14 BO T AN Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E
Grafting is accomp l i s hed by taking a po rtion

from one plant and in s erting it into a n openin g
in another in s uch a manner that they will
,
unite and grow together The cut branch i s .
called the g raf t or s ci on and the tree into ,
which it i s ins erted the s tock P lant s of the

,
.
s ame family can all be grafted in d i s cri m i n a t e i

y
into one another a circum s tance which the
,
Dutch flori s ts take advantage Of for they make ,
different s pecie s and color s Of ros e s grow on one

trunk and thu s prod uce a beautiful effect It
,
. .
i s principally done fo r the s ake of altering th e

flavor and s ize Of fruits We might continue
.
thi s s ubject s ome time even to th e multi,
plication Of plants by s eed in all the variou s

method s now u s ed for that pu rp os e ; but you
can pur s ue thi s part at your leis ure to much
better purpo s e .
L I heard a beautiful thought ye s terday that

.
s truck me very much which wa s that no child

,
h a s s o richly ornamented a cradle a s the s e e d

'
when repos ing in the rece s s e s O f the flower .
E B eautiful a s it i s true ! and the germ that

.
i s excited t o action lo s e s thi s cradle but a s we ,
h ave come again to the seed and flower the ,
beautiful will give way for a time to the won

BO T A N Y r-O
‘
R YOU N G P E O P L E . 1 15
d e rfu l , w h en I i nform you that the green calyx

s l e n d id l
y colored corolla s tamen s with ye l low
,
anthers a n d pis til a re all i n reality, nothing but

, ,
mere leave s and Ofte n change from the s e organ s

,
into s uch when circums ta nces favor s uch varia

,
tion .
L Can it be poss ible

.
E Vegetable phy s iology is much more s im

.
ple than you im ag ine and by a li ttle examina ,
tion you will e as ily pe rceive the truth of the

fa c t I have s tated The affin ity the leave s of
.
the calyx have to the common leave s of the

plant, ina s much a s they are often of the s am e
color and s hape and alway s pe rform the s ame
,
Ofi i c e is undi puted ; s omet ime s the calyx is

,
s
p a i nted The. leave s of the corolla are in s ome
in s ta nce s of a gre en color which fact with v a , ,
rions other matter s needl es s to mention here , ,
prove s their ori gin the s ame a s thos e Of the ,
c al yx or common leave s The s tamens by

,
. .
exce s s of nouri s hment wi ll flatten and s well ,
out becoming blos som leave s a s well a s the

, ,
pis til ; now and then a s econd flower with ca ,
l yx corolla & c s prin ging up from the centre

, ,
.
,
of t h e fir s t .
L That m u s t be the ca s e I s uppos e with

.
, ,
s ome Of our garden flower s I have Often look e d .
in vain for the pi s til s and s ta men s in our ros e s ,

th ey were too well fed and mu s t have thought
,
if we had s o much food to give them we were ,
ab l e to a fford luxurie s and s o s pent the materi al

,
for s eed in beautifying them s elve s .
E Garden flowe rs will rarely an s wer for

.
botanical purpo s e s ; wild flower s only are the

one s to be relied on The change I s poke of
.
in relation to the conver s ation of s tamen s into

pi s til s may be s een a s it were taking place in
, , ,
thi s monthly ros e O n the out si d e i s the calyx

.
,
in s ide thi s a great many petal s a s you a d ,
vance inward you s ee filaments with petal s on

them in s tead of anther s and s till further the , ,
regular s tamen s and in the centre the pis til s

,
.
L I under s tand it all now ; thi s monthly

.
ros e i s a pe rfect in s tructor .
E Gardener s have taken a hint from thi s

.
,
and s ometime s when they have found fruit tree s

bear but little in too rich a s oil made the ,
ground poorer and been amply rewarded for

,
their pain s .
L There were no s tamen s in that ca s e I

. .
s uppo s e they had a ll turned into petal s .
E O r the tree it s elf become enlarged by a

.
1 18 BO T A N Y F OR YO U N G P E O P L E .
crea s ing the roots s ucki ng up nutriment fiOm

,
'
the s oil and the lea ve s elaborating it until there

, ,
i s eno u gh to produce flower s ; at thi s point it

h a s an enormo u s s ize and the leave s not being
,
s o much re q uired the outer one s begin to wither :

,
thi s is the de sired s ign It i s tapped and the .

,
great amount of juice that come s out fermented ,
thu s making an intoxicating liquor which i s th e ,
common drink Of the country When allowed .
to flower it s end s u p a central flowe r s talk from

,
-
eighteen to thirty feet in height which i n turn , , ,
s end s out over three thou s and flower s the n e c ,
tarie s O f which di s til s hower s of honey .
L Somethi ng like the s ame thing happen s

.
with the Lilie s in our yard the l o n g leave s , ,
though much s maller re s emble tho s e of the A loe ;

,
They come out early an d begin to work a good

while before the flower s talk s come u p ; afte r
i ts flower s and i t s fruit i s ripene d the s talk s fall ,
down and decay but the leave s continue a s

,
fre s h a s ever working until the fros t come s an d

,
de s troy s them .
E Y our s i rn il e i s a very good one

. There .
are three kind s Of plants : th e A nnual B iennial , ,
and P erennial .
The A nnuals all come up from s ee d in the

s pri ng ; they have fibrou s roots that ab s orb the

nouri s hment from the ground and lay up a lit
tle capital or accumulation Of s a p They s pend .
this directly in flowering dying in a u tu mn after , ,
the s eed i s pe rfected When required for medi .
c inal p u rpos e s they are gather e d ju s t before

,
flowering Some fa rmer s do thi s with their

.
gras s e s and s o much nutriment do they yield

,
in con s equence that they s urpri s e their neighbors

,
by fattenin g their cattle with them P ea s .

,
B ean s and Cucum bers are annual plant s

, ,
.
The B ien nial s a s their n ame denote s live

, ,
two year s A s in the ca s e of annual s they

.
,
come up from s eed but s pend the fir s t s u mme r

,
in laying up capital E arly the en s uing s pring .
they s prout s ending up a s talk with con s idera

,
bl y rapidity and producin g flower s and fr u it

, ,
dyi ng directly afterward s a s in the former ca s e , ,
both di ffering from the Century P lant mos tly in ,
l ength of time Such are O ni on s Beets and

.
, ,
Carrots
L O nio ns B eet s an d Carrots ! why we take
.
, ,
them out of the ground eve ry year They s ure .
l y are annual plant s .
E Y ou foll ow the exam ple of the Mexican s

.
,
in waiti ng till the s tor e i s accumulated and then

12 0 B OT A N Y FOR YOU N G P E OP L E .
s ei zing upo n it preci s ely a s you do upon the

,
honey which the bee h a s been laying up a l l

s ummer Man a s lord of t h e earth make s all
.
, ,
thing s s erve h i s purpos e s Did you leave the

.
plant alone and s ome are alway s left for s eed

, ,
it would a s I mentioned s prout up and bear

, ,
flower s and s eed s The s tore of nouri s hment

.
it lay s up caus e s the root s to s well and a s s ume

the variou s bul gi ng form s i n which you se e
them .
P erennial s do not begi n to flower until they

have laid up con s iderable capital and then do ,
not ever s pend the intere s t of it but con s tantly ,
add to th e s tore Such are Ros e s Lilie s O ak s

.
, , ,
and A pple Tree s .
L a rge and lo n g lived tree s produce bri t little

fruit at a time and that alway s of a s m all s ize
,
the little A co rn for in s tance i s produced on the

, ,
O ak and the Wa hi u t on the Hickory ; and

,
the gigantic tree O f Mou nt E tna i s a Ches

nut with quite s mall fruit Could it be con
,
.
t ri v e d to induce them to yield plenty Of fruit ,
they would dim ini s h in s ize and s oon die A

mo re effectual plan could not be tried to s weep
O ff our tall fore s t tree s from the ea r
th S O t hat .
there are other rea s on s for A corn s growing on

I wo ld hav id at N at
u bi th
e sa , u re s
’
r ,
L t A o
e c r p po th a th ;
rn s c e e u n e e r
B t l t th p mpki
u e va t d o d
e u n, s an r un ,
O t h Oak lofty b g h b fo d
’ ”
n e s ou s e un ,
He sa id d h a hly pok
— an as e r s s e,
LO f om t h b
r h f th Oak e ra n c es O e ,
A wi d whi h
n dd ly aro
, c su en se ,
B at how f a o
e s hi o
ers o c rn s o n s n se .
Oh O h q oth Ja k th w o g I
,
u c ,
e r n see ,
A d G d i Wi
n o f tha m ;
s ser a r n e
For di d a how r f p mpk i s larg e O u ns e
Th us on my ak d h ad d i ha g n e e sc r e,
I had b b i d d bli d d q it ;
ee n ru se an n e u e
Wh t H av appoi t I fi d i rig ht
a e en n s n s .
Wh ’
en e e rI m t mpt d t b l ’
e e o re e ,
I ll thi k how li g ht th A o f ll
’
n e c rn s e .
Wh r a
e e s on Oak had p mpki h g s u ns un ,
My b ok k ll had topp d my to g
r en s u s e n ue .
ELE V E N TH CON V E R S A TIO N .
E . O ur convers ation to day will be on the

adaptive power Of nature a s s how n in the v e ,
getable kingdom and her va ri ous contri vances

for preventing the extinction O f her children by ,
the di s s emination of s eed s Y ou have noticed .
the b u r s ting Of the caps ule s that conta in the

bal am eed have you not
s s s ?
,
L Many a time ; when they are fully ripe

.
BOT AN Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E . 12 3
I Often go in the garden and touch th em pur

pos ely to s e e them bur s t and hear th eir loud
cracki ng whi le the s eed s are thrown in eve ry
,
direction a s if from the mouth of a little cannon

,
.
E A nother not le s s curiou s i n s tance i s in

.
, ,
the ca s e of the common Dandelion each s e ed ,
Of which when ready for planting is furni s he d

, ,
with a little ball oon to ca rry it Off to an ot her

place ; when it arrives there the ball o on d e
compos es and nouri s he s it an s we ring the double
,
purpo s e of trans port and food .
L I s uppos e the hooked s eed s of th e B ur

.
dock are made s o purpos ely so that it may

,
cling to any p ass ing Obj ect and thu s be carried

to d ifferent place s They Often s tick to me
.
when I go near them and I have s een great

,
numbe rs on the wooly back s of s heep and the

hair of cattl e .
E The win g s with which many s eed s a re

.
furnis hed often carry them acros s the s ea s .
Linneu s s aid the s eed s of the E rigeron were

,
i ntroduced into E urope fiOm A merica by s eeds

'
wafted acros s the A tlantic ocean The s eed s

.
,
he obs erved embank upon the rivers which de

, ,
sc end from the highe s t mountai n s Of Lapland
arrive at the middle of the plain s and coa st s of

the s ea s The ocean h a s thrown upon the

.
coa st s of Norway the nut s of the Mahogany

and the fruit Of the Cocoa nut Tree borne on i ts -
,
wave s from the far dis tant tropical region s ,
which wonderfu l voyage h a s been performed

without injury to the vital energy of the s eed s .
S e ed s are very tenaciou s of l ife s o much s o , ,
that thos e taken from E g yptian mummie s which ,
have been accidently s hut up in the proce ss of

embalming have , when mod ern re s earch h a s
,
opened the s e mummi e s and the s eed s been ,
taken from th e m and planted s prouted and pro ,
d u c e d fr u it .
’
L The s qui rrels lay up their winter s s tore
.
of nut s under ground d oe s not s ome Of them ,

now and then take root and s prout ?
,
E Very Ofte n ; in fact s o much s o that the

.
,
Indian s ha d a tradition in which it wa s a s s ert

ed that the s e animals pl anted all the timber of
the country S O exten s ive i s the circulation Of
.
s eed s by variou s mean s that climate alone form s

, ,
a limit to their univers al diffu s ion thi s la s t i s a

boundary they cannot pa ss with life s o tha t ,
each kind i s confined within eternal althoug h

invis ible bar riers .
L I have been rea di ng a po em by Charlotte

.
win d or s tream As soon a s it arrive s wi thin a

.
certain range of the female it obey s a n e w ln

flu en ce and i s in s tantly attracted to her in s pite
,
of the Oppo s ition of both wi nd and tide— a fact

that h a s been proved in many in s tance s ; it then
s hower s on her the pollen and having ful fille d ,
i ts miss ion die s

,
.
E W ill you repeat the poem ?

.
Off p i g f th wat t ll
s rn o e ers e
By what di ov d p ll un sc e re s e ,
Th t ta g ht
o u ar mov d to t u un e re s
O t h wav
n e i o ta t b a t ? es nc ns n re s
Wh th riv g hi g tid
en e e rs us n e
Ri i g hi g h
s n d a g i g Wid an r n n e,
Th at with ov rwh lmi g fo

re s e e n rc e ,
Al l that d h h adlo g o r
nee s er e n c u se,
S till app a thy f ag il h ad

e rs r e e ,
S till thy flow t h wav

’
p d
e rs e e o e rs re a .
Tho g h th t am b
u k d away
e s re e s uc e
By th mm thi ty y e su
’
er s rs ra ,
’
Till th m adow hild o d
e e
’
s c re n r u n
With t h pa
er o n hi g g o d e rc n r un ,
Y t thy p a f l h k I fi d
e e ce u c ee n ,
O i t liq id o h
n s uli d c uc re c ne
Wh th
en ce ha m o al d d t a
e c r c n ce e an s r ng e ,
S iti g th
u n to v y ha g 2 ee e er c n e
L ady h who bad

, e dw ll e us e
Wh th t o bl d wat
ere e w ll ;
r u e e rs s e
L t
en t m a pi al pow
o ur s e s r er
P io i th
re c us d f l ho
n e n ee u ur,
BO T A N Y FOR YOU N G P E OP L E . 12 7
Tho g h to a th
u oot b g iv
e r o ur r e en ,
S til l w fix e vi w h av o ur e on e en .
Wh th tid b gi to i
en e es e n r se ,
N a
e rer w pp bh t h ki
e a ro a e s es .
H w
o wat ov rflow
ca n ers e ,
If t h L o d
e pport b tow 2
r su es 2
A th
s olli g flood ti
e r n s re re
S lowly oil th livi g Wi r

c s e n e,
S t i ll o t a t i g whi l w i k
c n r c n e e s n
F ar b th th g a y bri k
e n ea e r ss n ,
All un mov d h d e t
o ur ea s can res
O th
n t aml t hal low b a t ;
e s re e
’
s s re s
L ady h w w b d y
o ca n e e r ,
If t h L o d
e d pply ?
r o ur n ee su
Favo d fl w t f om my h art
re o re , r e ,
N v
e ermay th l o par t ! e es s n
N ’
e er s hall th at i g wav f w re en n es o o,
t h h mbl Ch i tia
’
O er e u fl w; e r s n o
G d
o bid th to m b til l
c an e s r e s ,
O im pa t th
r r df l kil l e nee u s ,
In con fid i g t g th t
n id s re n o r e,
B oya t
u n t h f io
o er
’
tid e ur us e .
N v
e hall t h t am f g ra
er s e s re s o ce
Fail i th appoi t d pla

n e n e ce ,
Whil r lyi g Hi wo d
e e n on s r ,
M an u n do bti g t t th L ord
u n ru s s e .
E .Dr Good mentions a plant called the

.
,
Ai r F lower from its curiou s habits

,
It is a .
n ative of Java and the E a s t In dies be v on d the ,
Ganges ; and in the latter regi on it i s no u n co m

mon thing for th e i nhabitants to pluck it up on
account of the elegance of i ts leave s the be auty ,
of i t s flower and the exqui site od our it d iffu s e s

, ,
and to s u s pend it by a s i l ken cord from the ceil

ing s of of th eir room s where from year to year
,
it continues to put forth new leave s new blos ,
s om s and new fragrance excited alone to l ife

, ,
and action by the s timulu s of the s urroundi ng

,
atmo sphere .
L How I wi s h one s uch plan t adorned our

.
room s Would it not be po s s ible t o get one

.
here and by tempering the air in the hou s e so

,
a s to be equally warm with that of i t s native
home make it flou ri s h a s well ?

,
E It might a n
. s wer in a h ot hou s e but would -
,
not in common room s a s the temperature coul d

,
not po ss ibly be retained at the mean point .
Many of th es e plant s are s o fitted for their own

arid field s th a t juicy a s they are it i s i m po s s i
, ,
ble to make them grow in any but s ear and

parched s oil s and the moi s ture in our ai r wo u ld
,
mos t certainly de s troy them .
A n in s tance i s related of the Solandra a Ja ,
m aica s hru b which wa s long propagated in

,
s tove s by cutting s and though freely watered

, ,
would not s how any sign of flowering n o twi t h ,
s tanding the cutting s grew s everal feet in length

1 30 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G P E O P L E .
in g w
alike to s helter their own flo er s and tr unk ,
a s well a s traveller s and animal s .
E A s you advance toward s the pole s the

.
leaves dimini s h mos t remark a bly in s ize dwin ,
d l in g down to an exceeding min utene s s while ,
in the torrid zone flouri s he s the T alipot of

,
Ceylon a s ingle leaf of which i s s uffi ciently large

,
to s helter twenty men from the change s of the

cl imate in which they dwell .
A nother remarkable peculiarity in whi ch ,
plants re s emble animal s i s their clothing In

,
.
c old climate s the tree s have a warm and thick
cove ri n g of fine mos s a s the bear h a s of fine

,
fur ; in warm one s on the contrary both tree s

, , ,
men and animal s are naked

,
.
L I s hould think al s o that in pl ace s expo s ed

.
,
to gre at wind s they would have roots s u nk very

deeply i n the earth to prevent their being torn up .
E Nature i s alway s careful to adapt her

.
chil dren to the danger s that s urround them and ,
invariably s uits their abilitie s to their circum

s tance s . The Reed h a s flexibility and bend s to
the bla s t th e O ak vigor an d bravely with s tand s
, ,
it A botani s t can divine at a glance the coun

.
try of a vegetable that i s placed before him He .
Ob s erve s its s tructu re and then con s ider s the

BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G PE OP L E .
climate or local ity to whi ch that s tr uc tu re i s

,
fitted ,
The H eath that g r ows on the s tormy C ape of

Good Hope h a s a s much ela s tic power in it s
,
s tem a s if it were made O f s pr i ng s t eel and so ,
energetic are the vital power s of the plants in

general of that place that Thun berg havin g
, ,
carefully taken one up and laid it on a s tone ,
found it after th ree years in vigorou s health and

vegetating havin g gain ed s ome inche s derivin g
, ,
its aliment alone from the moi s ture and coo l ne s s

of the s tone .
L If every t h ing in nature is w i s ely provided

.
,
and h a s i ts u s e s I s houl d l ike to know O f what

,
o s sible benefit to man are poi s onou s plant s ?

p
E They may be of great benefit to hi m irr
.
directly by feeding the animals a s I fo rmerly

, ,
mentioned which he eats ; you mu s t remember

,
that what are pois onou s to hi m are not so in a l l

ca s e s to other anim al s
,
.
B ut more than thi s s ome write rs a s cribe to

,
them another ve ry im mrta n t u se that of puri ,
fy i ng the atmo s phere from unhealthy mias m s .
We find the greate s t num ber of th os e plants

alway s in u n h e a th y natural s ituation s a s on ,
th e borders of mars he s ; and a s they aboun d

mos t during the greate s t heat s it h a s be en ,
s urmi s ed th at Nature placed them there to

ab sorb the po rs on a s it ro s e Near R ome are .
s ome plain s over which at certa i n s ea s on s of the

,
year it is death merely to cro s s yet all this time

, ,
they are covered with the balmie s t flower s which

s cent the gale s that pa s s over them with the
'
mo s t odorous perfume s Wherever cor ru ption .
reign s s ays a w ri ter, Nature beg in s to put forth

,
a vigorou s vegetation and s catter s flower s to c on

,
ceal or neutralize it ; and to create va s t number s

O f noxiou s in s ect s and animal s probably by a h ,
s orbing the mia s ma to re s tore t h e air to purity .

,
L Y et I Often s e e Stramonium plant s grow

. .
ing in con siderable quantitie s e s peciall y on Man ,
hattan I s land in the upper part of the city

, ,
where there are no mars he s and it i s quite

healthy .
E In s tead of di s proving what I have s aid

.
,
t h e Stramonium will confirm it ; the greater
pa rt of the ground on which you s e e it i s of a ,
mar s hy nature but a few year s s ince and the

'
greater part of that po rtion of the city wa s cover

ed with water and h a s s ince been filled in with
,
earth and the Sound channel made narrower

,
.
.The Stramonium s on the principl e which I

,
1 34 ' ‘
BO I AN Y F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
qualitie s Haller remark s that the A conit e

.
, ,
a d eadly poi s on with u s and with the juice

,
of which the Gaul s bathed the points of their

arrows to ren der the most trifling wound inevi
tably fatal los e s i ts envenomed propertie s a s it
,
grow s further north and i s even eaten in Swe

den a s a s alad to create appetite .
B y examini ng carefu lly we can alway s find

either a mean s of cure or prevention on the s pot
where di s order exi s t s Acting on thi s principle
.
a gentleman who had ob s erved great numbers

of Willo w tree s growing by a mar s hy brook ,
from which the mia s m that prod uced fever a n d
ague wa s noted for i ts injuriou s effects thought ,
that in the wi llow m rrs t exi s t a curative princi

ple A fter a s eriou s of experiments h e found he
.
wa s ri ght in h i s conjecture Since then a s alt

.
h a s been extracted from the tree called S a la c i ne ,
whi ch will eventually s upe rcede the Quinine or

active p ri nciple of the P eruvian bark .
E Somewhat s imilarly it i s related that

.
,
an Indian of P e ru who labored under an inter

mittent fever wa s compe lled one day by e xc e s
, ,
s ive thir s t to d ri nk of a pool of water he

,
happened to meet with in the field s Though .
the liquor wa s extremely bitter the d raug ht wa s ,

copious and to hi s s urpri s e the di s ea s e returned

,
no more Ot hers affected with agues after

.
,
heari ng hi s expe ri enc e tri ed th e s ame reme d y

,
and experienced s imilar benefit .
A t firs t it w a s imagined that th e s al utary vir

tue w a s dependant upon s omething adherent
in the water but thi s w a s found to be a mis ta ke
, ,
and it w a s at length di s covered that both the

bitter tas te and m e dici n al e ffi cacy aros e from a
large quantity of the bark of a neighborin g tree
that had fall en into and wa s infu s ed in the pool
,
.
The tree wa s the celebrated Cinchona B y an .
ea s y analogy the bark it s e l f came to be em

ployed and the fever cu ri ng v irtue s of the
,
remedy were s oon rendered kn own to th e inha

bi ta n ts of A merica .
A fter the s ubjugation of Peru the efficacy of ,
the medicine wa s ca refully concealed from the

Spaniard s but w a s at la s t in an hour of need , ,
revealed to th e Gove rnor O f Loxa by an Indian ,
i n gratitude for a s ignal Obli gation formerly con

ferred Another Opport u nity w a s not long want
.
ing of trying i ts effect on an E uropean co n s ti tu

tion The s ubj ect of experiment wa s of high
.
ran k being the w ife of the Viceroy of P eru Her

, .
dis eas e wa s an ag ue under whi ch s h e had nearly

1 36 ' ‘
sunk till the Governor o f Loxa hea ri ng of her

,
dan ger s ent her a quan tity of the new remedy

,
by which s h e wa s s peedily cured The countes s .
name wa s C h in con from which the bark h a s de

,
rived i ts technical appellation .
TWE L TH CON V E R S A TION .
L I have been thinking th at a s the gras s

.
tribe s are mos tly annual s and require s eed every

year to keep their s pecie s in exi s tence t hey mu s t ,
gradually dimini s h for the cattle u ndoubtedly

,
eat up the plant s s eed s and all and there will

, ,
come a time when the whole will be con s u med

and we s hall have no more meat on account of
the want of gra ss to feed the animal s whos e
fle s h furni s h it to u s .
E In s tead Of calculating h o w s oon s uch d e s

.
t i tu ti on would take place you would if a true ,
naturali s t look for s ome contrivance of P rovi

,
dence to avert s uch a dreadful evil .
P art of your s tatement wa s incorrect you ,
took it for granted without much , if any e xa m i ,
nation The cattle d o not eat up the whol e

.
tion a s po s s ible for without that a great a m orm t

,
of re s pon s ibility would be incurred without doing

a ny po s s ible good Y et I cannot conceive of
.
a cas e i n which people could be s o ignorant a s

to throw away the s eas oning of food for s uch a
s ill y r ea s on.
E Y et on preci s ely the s ame ground s

.
, ,
you entered the premis es of the cattle and

plucked up what an s wered th e s ame pu rp o s e to
them a s s alt and kitchen herb s did to you Y ou .
mu st remember that God take s care of the h ap

p in e s s of every li v ing creature and that a work
,
of s u pe rog ati on of h is h a s never been di s covered .
B ut it is time now to clos e our preliminary

convers ation you kn ow quite enough to com
,
mence botani s ing without farther del ay There .
i s one t ing you mu s t invariably when pos s ible

, ,
do and that i s not only to collect a s pecimen of

each pl ant for examination but one or two for
pre s erv ation Taking s ome pain s to adhere to
.
thi s rul e will en s ure you in a s hort time a v a

l u ab l e Herbarium .
L How shall I pre s erve the plants

.
?
E When you want them for analy s i s a tin

.
bo x with a tightly fitting lid i s the be s t ; they

, ,
will keep for a number of day s in thi s way by

occa s ionally s prinkling water u pon them You .
can u s e the bo x I employ for thi s purpo s e and

-
, ,
it will be s eldom empty if you conti nue s tudy

i ng botan y a s you hav e co m menced Do not .
forget that three hundred s peci m en s carefully

analys ed will rank you among the order of
botani s t s .
F or your herbarium a d ifleren t cour s e mu st

,
be pur s ued provide your s elf with as many old

news papers a s you can fil e them and between, ,
the i r leave s s ome page s intervening for each

,
plant place your s pecimen s ; over the top of all

,
lay your large s t atla s covered with enough books

,
to make it quite heavy The paper wi ll ab s orb

.
the mixture ; taking them out often and expo s ,
i ng both paper and plants to a current O f air ,
will material ly help the drying Y ou can ea s ily .
tel l when thi s i s accompli shed and mu s t t h en ,
tran s fer them to your blank book Write on -

.
each page with the flower the cla ss order , , ,
genu s and s pecific name and the place where

, ,
you found it or the name of the pers on if a

, ,
pre sent a s wel l a s the location It will be well

,
.
to have a regular de s c ri ption on one s ide of the

pag e and the flower on the other
,
.
L How long doe s it take them to dry ?

.
1 40 BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G PE OP L E .
E . F rom a couple of day s two or thr e e to

w e ek s depending of cour s e on the mois t u re they
,
contain .
L How hould they be fa tened on

. s s ?
E Sewing with a fine needle and thread is

.
perhap s the be s t plan Some cut the paper .
its elf and thu s form loop s other s u s e glue an d ,
pa s te To defend the whole again s t in s ec ts it

.
,
i s well to pas s a bru s h over it dip ped in an alco

holic s olution Of corro s ive s ublimate .
L I noticed in your herbarium that many

.
of the prettie s t flower s had lo s t their color and

changed to black I it s o alway s
s ? .
E O ften among the blue red and white

.
, ,
colo rs yellow s carlet and green are rather

, , ,
more durable To give you an oppo rtpn i ty of

.
applying your knowledge I wil l pluck thi s flower ,
and wi s h you to di s cover i ts name by its charac

ter s
. D r Thornton compare s a per s on e n g ag
.
,
ed in a s certa i ning the name of a plant to one

upon a botanical j ourney the plant being hi s ,
directory If he can read th e botanical charac

.
ter s impre s s ed upon i t by the hand of nature ,
he will by following the s y s tem s oon ar ri ve at

, ,
’
h is journey s end How many s tamen s do you
.
here count ?
other the Mirabili s Jalapa

,
Common F our
’
O cl ock flower s heaped ped uncled leave s glab
, , ,
rou s I mus t look in the G L O S S A R Y for the

.
meaning of s ome of the s e term s Y e s ; thi s i s .
the flower I n e ed proceed no further

. .
E The generic mark s led you to the hou s e

.
,
and the s pecific to the n umber s o that your ,
j ourney h a s ended the l etter h a s at la s t reached

,
i ts de s tin ation Here i s another plant in what

.
,
cla s s an d order i s i t ?
L I mu s t cut it Open to s e e It i s in the
. .
fourth cla s s and firs t order it h a s four s tamen s

and one s tyle .
E Will you turn to that cla s s and order i n

.
the manus c ri pt and te l l the genus Y ou will .
have e a s v work for they are comparatively few

,
in th e cla s s .
L I am un s ucce s s ful I have compared it

. .
with a ll s pecie s and it doe s not agree with a

s ingle de s cription There i s a mi s take s ome
.
where ; perhap s it h a s been omitted by acciden t

in the li s t .
E Can plan ts having only four s tamen s be

.
possi bly in any other cla s s but th e fourth ?

L They cannot 0 ye s ! I recollect two of
. .
,
the s tamen s are longer than the other s it mu s t

belong to the cla s s of two power s — Didynamia .
It h a s a calyx with one of the teeth truncate

corol funnel Shaped arid curv e d tube the border
-
,
five cleft nearl y equal It mu s t be the Ver .
bena .
E I purpo s ely s elected that flower to puz zle

.
you I did s o becau s e when a s choo l girl I

.
, , ,
wa s caught in that way my s elf and the effect ,
on my m ind wa s inva l uable ; though Often ex

po s ed I never failed afterward s and I have no
, ,
doubt it will be equally s e rvicea ble to vou .
L I hope I will examine more carefully be

.
fore I give another op inion ; but I have not yet

found i t s s pecie s It is the Verbena Ha s tata I
.
,
can tell it at t h e firs t glance looking among the

s pecie s It is erect and hig h with long narrow
.
leave s awl pointed at the end s and roughly

, ,
s awed on t h e mar i n The lower leave s ome

g s .
what ga sh ha s tate s pike s linear and panicled

-
, ,
wi th an appearance Of piling .
E Y ou can n o w pur s ue your j ourney in a

.
great meas ure alone With a far le s s amount .
of knowledge to commence many by una s s i s ted , ,
e ffort have become celebrated naturali s ts Here

,
.
i s another flower that grow s very plentifully rn

’
grandmother s garden and which s h e s ay s often ,
1 44 ' ‘
BO I ANY F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
fall down by i ts own weight Take a blo s s om .
and tell me i t s name .
L It h a s ten s tamen s and two pi s til s ; it i s

.
t h en in the tenth cla s s and s econd order of that

cla s s .
E How will you w ri te it in your de s cription ?

.
L Cla s s Decandria order Digynia

. Its , ,
.
calyx is infe ri or or below the ge rm made of one ,
leaf tu be s haped h a s five teeth and let me

,
-
, , ,
s e e de s titute O f s cale s ~T h e petal s are five in .

,
number with claw s It mu s t belong then to

,
.
the genu s S aponaria and turning to that genus ,
in th e B otany I perceive it agree s with the de

,
s cription of the O fli c i n a l i s The calyx i s cyl in .
d ri c a l the leave s of a long oval s hape Oppo s ite

, ,
to each other and nearly growing together

.
around the s tem Thi s is the Soapwort or .

,
what grandmother ca ll s B ou n cing B et I per .
c e i v e that in looking up the genu s of a p l ant

, ,
my attention mu s t be principally directed to the

part s O f the flo wer while the s pec ific di fference s
,
relate the s tem s and leave s .
E There i s a di s tinction between the s tem s

.
of plants wh i ch i s ba s ed on their mode s of grow

ing T h e two kind s are called by the name s
.
of E N D O G E N OU S and E XO G E N OU S .
perceive now why they are termed endogenou s ,
a s they grow from the centre outward s When .
a E uropean wood cutter it h a s been well re ,
marked begin s to fell a tree of thi s de scription

, ,
he is quite a s toni s hed at h i s hardne s s If I .

‘
’
h ave so much di fficulty with t h e out s ide s ay s ,
he how s hall I ever get through the heart of

‘
’
the wood ? B u t a s he pr o ceed s he find s that ,
t h e tree s of the tropical climate s have tender
hearts though hard s ur face s It i s s aid that .
thi s render s them peculiarly approp ri ate for

making ma s t s of ve s s el s and pipe s to convey
water .
E xogenou s tree s toper from the bottom to the

top and s end O ff branche s on all s i d e s which
, ,
the endogenou s rarely do ; they more or le s s in ,
all ca s e s re s emble a cone in s hape The s tem

,
.
i s compos ed of the wood and bark In the cen .
tre is th e pith which an swer s s omewhat like the

m arrow that i s in our bone s for the purpos e Of
nouri s hing them Thi s pith or cel lular s u b
.
s tance i s in both endogenou s and exogenou s

s tem s ; in the former it form s with the wood y
matter irregula r bundle s but h a s in th e latter

,
a radiated appearance di s tin g ui s hing the di ffe r

,
ent kind s at firs t s ight .

BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G PE OP L E . 147
L I s houl d think that

. hardly needed a s wa s
a di s tingui shi ng mark We can tell endogenou s .
tree s by not giving Offl b ra n ch e s and the bundle

Of leave s at the tops .
E There i s another external mark the vein s

.
,
i n the leave s or woody line s rtm pa rallel to

,
each other and are generally long and po inted ;

,
while in the exogenou s plants they form an in

te rs e c t i n g net work .
The fir s t year there i s a layer of woody mat

ter around the pith between it and the bark ;
during cold weather vegetation cea s e s The .
s econd year there i s another layer added outs ide
the fir st layer and in s ide the bark ; thi s las t

s queez es t he fi rs t so tightly t hat it cannot ex
'
pand a t all s ideway s and a s it cont inue s grow

,
ing mus t s hoot up ward The third y ear a n .
other layer enclos e s the s econd and s e rve s it a s ,
it h a s s erved the fir s t so that the s econd i s ,
forc e d upward s in s ame manner In three .
years then there are three layer s the firs t Of

, ,
which i s hi ghe s t the s econd next in height and

,
the thi rd lowe s t thu s explainin g it conical form

,
.
L If we cou ld s ee the different layer s of

.
woo d I think we might ea s ily tell the age of the

tree.
E They are generally very ea s ily di s tin

.
u is h a bl e Here i s a piece of fire wood ; how

g .
O l d i s it ?
L There are twenty two ri ng s it i s twenty

.
-
,
two year s Ol d .
E E xamine the other end how many rings

.
in that ?
L Twelv e
. .
E Twelve from twenty two leave s ten ; it

.
-
,
wa s con s equently, ten year s growing the length

,
of thi s piece .
L B ut doe s it ever s top growing

.
?
E Y e s ; for at la s t the in s ide layer s become

.
s o extremely hard a s to be no longer capable of
yielding to pre s s ure it i s then p e rf ect wood be

, ,
fore which i t wa s a l bu rn u m or white wood s o ,
called from it s color .
L B ut that could not apply to the Mahogany

.
tree who s e wood i s not wh ite .
L It doe s howeve r apply in every ca s e ; not

.
, ,
u ntil it become s e ct wood and cea s e s to be

p rf
e ,
a l bu rn u m doe s the depo s it of coloring matter

,
take place in it which give s each kind i ts pe cu

liar character ; even ebony when young i s per
fe ct l y white .
L B ut how doe s the bark grow all thi s time ?

.
in vi s iting Cape Verd in the year 1 748 he w a s ,
s truck by the venerable appearance of a tree 5 0
feet in circumference He recollected having

.
read in s ome old voyage s an account of an in

s cription made in a tree thu s s ituated NO .
trace s of s uch an in s cription remained but th e

o s ition of the tree hav ing been accurately de
p
s cribed A d a r
,
n s o n wa s induced to s earch for it
by cutting into the tree when to h is great s ati s

,
faction he di s covered the in s c ri ption entire

, ,
under n o le s s a covering than three hundred

layer s O f wood .
A s omewhat s imilar s tory i s related Of Daniel

Bo one the fir s t s ettler of K entucky
,
.
BO T A N Y FOR YO U N G PE OPL E . 15 1
SYNOPSIS
CL A S S E S ORD ER S .
l MO
.
N A N DRIA
Gi g A ow oot d C Mo og y ia 2 Di g y i a
. .
n er, rr -r
,
an an n n , . n .
na
2 D
.
I A N D R IA
J ami P iv t Oliv Mo og y ia
. .
e ss n e, d r e e, an n n , 2 D i g yn i : t
.
L ila
.
,
c
3 T
.
S aff o r n,I ri d th G a
. R I A N D RI A
s , an e
.
r s s es —Mo
o
og y ia 2 D yg y i
n n , . n a, 3 .
Trig y ia
. o
n
4 T
—
.
E TRA N D R IA
B d S t aw Holly d Sk k Mo o g y ia 2 Dig y i
. .
3
a
e r an un n n , n a,
T ig y i 4 T t ag y ia
.
, ,
Cabbag
p
e . r n a, . e r n .
5 PB N I A N D B I A ’‘
Fo g t Bo a Bi d Mo o g y ia 2 Di g y ia 3
. .
r e M e N o t, r g e, n n n n
T ig y ia 4 T t a g y ia 5
, , .
,
w d P o tato B ll Flow
.
ee es, e r n e r n
P ag y ia 6 H xag y ia
, ,
d Viol t
.
,
.
ers an e s . en t n , . e n ,
1 3 P o l yg n i a
6 H
. .
E XA N D R I A
S ow D op N a i Mo o g y ia 2 Di g y ia 3
. .
n T r , rc s s u s , u n n n ,
T i g y ia 4 T t ag y ia 6
,
lip Alo G ap d Hya

. .
e, r e, a n r n , : e r n
H xag y ia 1 3 P olyg y ia
, , .
i th
c n e n n
—Mo og y ia 2 Dig y ia 4
.
,
7 H
. .
E PTA N D R IA
Ho Ch t t d Chi k
. .
rse es nu an c n n n
Wi t g
, ,
T t ag y ia 6 H xag y i a
y .
, .
n e r re e n e r n e n
8 OC
.
, . .
TA N D R IA
D op C a b r y d T Mo og y ia 2 Dig y ia 3
. .
Ear r , r n e r , an ree n n , n
Prim o
,
T i g y ia 4 T t ag y ia
. .
r se . r n , . e r n .
9 E NN E A N D R I A
R h ba b S a af a 2 Di g y ia 3
. .
u r , ss r ss
.
.
y M gy i
ono
n n s, .
,
Tri g y ia 4 TT t ag y ia
. .
n e r n
10 D C
. .
E A N D RIA
Ca ia Wild I dig o A b t
.
H Mo o gy ia 2 Dig y i a 3
.
ss , n r u us , n n n
V Fly t p Hyd a g a
,
4 T t a g y ia 5
, .
, .
e n us -
ra , r n e i a, e r n
Pi k d P ok w d
,
P tag y i a 1 0 D ag y i a
. .
n s , an , e ee . en n , . ec n .
15 2 B U TA N Y
’
F OR YOU N G P E OP L E .
Rej t d 11 DO C
ec e DE A N D R IA
Mo o gy ia 2 Di g y ia 3
. .
Ag imo y d Mi g o tt
.
r n an n ne e l n n , n ,
ma 5 P tag y i a 12
. . .
T i
r , . en n , .
DO e c a g yn i a
ICO
.
12 SA N DRIA
P a h A ppl R o Ca t Mo og y ia 2 Di g y ia 3
. .
e c e, se , c us , 1 . n n , n ,
T i g y ia 5 P tag y ia 1 3
.
,
P la t P l m d S t aw
.
I ce n , u an r r n en n ,
P olyg y ia
. .
,
b y
,
e rr n
13 P O Y
. .
L A NDRIA
P py L a k p Col mbi H Mo o g y ia 2 Di g y ia 3
. .
o , r s ur, u ne , n n , n ,
T ig y ia 4 T t ag y ia 5
. .
Wat L ily L mo
ea , er e n, r
'
n e r n , .
d P o y P tagy ia 6 H xag y ia
.
, ,
an e n . en n , e n ,
1 3 P oly g y ia
.
n
14 D Y MA
. .
. ID NA I
Mi t P y y LC t p d
.
n , en n ro a a ne , an H G ym n o s perm i a , 2 . An g i o s
V vaier n pe rm i a
15 T Y M
. .
E TRA D NA IA
Ho R di h M ta d d ili lo iliq o a
. .
rse a s us r an 1 S cu se , 2 S u s
Cabb ag
. . .
,
.
e
16 M O H
.
N A D E LP IA
G a i m P a io Flow r T ia d ia 5 P ta d ia 7
. .
er n u ss n e 3 . r n r en n r , .
H pta d ia 8 O ta d ia 9
.
, , ,
Hollyho k Cotto c n e n r c n r
a d ia 1 0 D a d ia
. .
, , ,
E nne n r ec n r
1 2 Dod a d ia 13 P oly
, ,
.
ec n r
a d ia
. .
,
n r
D H
.
17 I A D E LP IA
Ba L I di g o P t d ia 6 H xa d i
. .
Pea , e n, u c ern e , n 5 en an r e n r a,
d L iq o i
.
,
D a d ia
, .
an u r ce. 10 O t d i c an r e, ec n r
R j t d 18 P
. .
e ec e , O LY A D E LP R I A .
Cho olat Joh P ta d ia I a d ia P

.
’
c d St e, an n s 5 en n r , co s n r ,
O
Wo t
. .
r . l ya n d ri a .
19 S Y N G E N E s rA
Da d lio L tt B do k
.
P olyg amia a li 2 P
.
n e n, e u c e, ur c , l E u s, . O
Thi tl d all t h oth
.
s e an e er l yg m i S p
a 3 P oly
a u e u a,
ompo d flow g amia F t a a 5 P oly
.
c un ers ru s r n e
g amia N 5 P oly
,
. .
i e s ces s a r a ,
g amia S g r g ata
.
e e .
2 0 G Y N A N n R rA
hi ady lipp Va il
. .
O rc s, L
’
s S e r, n 1 Mo a d ia 2 Dia d ia
n n r n r
la ilk 4 T t a d ia 5 P t
.
, .
B i rt h wo rth , a n d t h e S e r n r e n an
W d
, .
,
d ia 6 H xa d ia 1 0 D
.
ee s . r , . e n r e
Dod a d ia
, .
ca n d i 12r a, ec n r
1 3 P olya d ia
.
,
. n r .
15 8 BO T A N Y FOR YOU N G P E O P L E .
ERoa Monadelphia P entandria Calyx

M .
— .
five leaved Corol five petalled Necta ri e s five

. .
,
alternating with fil aments A rils five one .

,
s eeded awned beaked at ba s e of recepta cle .

, ,
E C icon iu rn
. Pe n d u n cl e s u s taining many
.
flowers Leave s pinnate ; leaflet s toothed pin

.
n a ti fi d P etal s Oblong obtu s e Stem a s cend

. .
,
ing [ Stork s bill Geranium ]

.
E Cicutarium
. Pe n d u n cl e su s taining man y
.
flower s Leave s pinnate, leaflets s e s s il e pin na

.
,
tifid ga s hed
,
Corol much larger than Calyx
. .
Stem pro s trate hir s ute [ Hemlock Geranium ]

,
.
E Mos chatum
. P eduncle s us tainin g many .
flowers Leave s pinnate leaflet s partially pro

.
,
v i d e d with s talk s oblong t oothed coral equali ng

, ,
the ca lyx s tem procumbent [ Mu s k Geranium ]

,
.
FR AG AR I A .
—
Calyx
Ico s a n d 1 l a ,
‘
P olygynia .
infe ri or ten cleft the five a lternate divi s ion s ,
being s mall er P etal s five Receptacle ovate

. .
,
s imulating a berry Ac in e s nake d im rrrers ed in .

,
the receptacle .
F Virginiana Calyx of the fruit s preading

. . .
Hair on the petiole s erect on the peduncle s clos e

pre s s ed Leave s rather glabrou s abo ve [ Wild
. .
Strawberry ]
BO T A N Y F OR YOU N G PE OP L E . 15 9
F Ve s ca
. Calyx of fruit refie xe d Hair on
. .
the petiole s s pread ing on the pe n d u n cl e s clos e ,
pres s ed [ E ngli s h Strawberry ]

.
G E R A N I U M Monadelphia Decand ri a C a
.
— .
lyx five leaved Corol five petalled reg ul ar . .
Nectarie s five a dhe ri ng to the ba s e of the five

,
altern ating lon g filaments A ri ls five one se eded .

,
awned beaked at the elongated top of th e re

,
t a cl e
ce
p .
G Maculatum E rect Stem d ich o rn a to us

. . . .
Leave s Oppo s ite three or fiv e parted ga s hed , , ,
upper leave s s e s s ile P e n d un cl e s two flowered . .
Petal s Obo vate [ Spo tted Geranium ] .
G Robertianum Spreading hirs ute Leave s

. .
,
.
Oppos ite te rnate and quinate three cleft pinna

, , ,
ti fid .P e n d u n cl e s two flowered P etal s entire .

,
twice a s long a s Calyx A wn net veined [ Herb . .
Robert ]
HE L I A N T H U s — Syngene s ia P olygamia F ru s
.
tran c a Calyx imbricate su b s quarro s e leafy

.
-
,
.
Receptacle flat cha ffy E gret t wo leaved chaff,

.
l ike caducou s .
H A nnuu s Leaves cordate, three ne rve d

. . .
Pe n d u n cl e sthickening upwa rd s F lower s nod .
ding [ Common S unflower ]

.
H Tubero s us Leave s three nerved s oa

. .
,
brou s ; lower one s ovate u pper one s ovate acu ,
minate P etioles c iliate Root tuberou s [ Je

. . .
ru s a l e m A rtichoke
]
I R rs Triand ri a Monogynia Corol s i x pe

.
-
.
talled unequal P etals alternate jointed and

,
.
s preading Stigma s three petal form cowled

.
, ,
two l ipped .
I P licata B earded S cape mo s tly one flo w

. . .
ered and a s long a s the leave s P etal s undu

,
.
,
late plicate erect one s broade s t [ Garden Iri s ]

, ,
.
I G e rm a rri c a Corolla bearded Stem w i th

. . .
leave s many flowered Inferior flower s pe

,
.
d u n cl e d [ F leur de.L i s
]
I PO M E A — P entandria Monogynia . Calyx .
five cleft naked Coral funnel form with five

,
.
fo ld s Stigma globular and covered with fle shy

.
,
points Caps ule two or thr ee celled many

.
,
s eeded .
I Coccinea
. P ube s cent Leave s co rdate . .
,
acuminate P edun cle s five flowered Corolla

.
,
.
tubular [ Scarlet Morning Glory ]

.
fe rio r, petalled bell s haped P etal s with a

six ,
.
longitudinal line from the middle to the va s e .
Stamen s s horter than the s tyle Caps ule s with .
valve s connected by cancellated hair .
L Candidum Leave s lanceolate s cattered

. .
,
.
Corolla bell s haped s mooth within [ White Lil y ] ,

.
L Ph il a d e l ph ic u rn Leave s whorled lance

. .
,
linear Corol erect bell fo rm s preading Pe

.
,
-
.
tals lanceolate with claw s [ Red Lily ] .
L Canaden s e
. Leave s remotely whorled .
,
lanceolate P eduncle s terminal, lengthened

.
,
often in three s Corol nodding P etals s pread . .
in g .
[ Nodding Lily ]
L ON IO E R A P entandri a Monogynia Calyx
.
— .
,
five toothed Corol tubular long five cleft u h

.
, , ,
equal Stamen s ex s ert S tigmas globo s e B er

. . .
ry ,
two or three celled with many s eed s
,
.
L C a prifo l iu rn
. Cowl s gaping t erminal .
,
.
Leave s s e s s ile con nate [ Honeys uckle ]

,
.
L P ericlymen um F lower s in piled termi

. .
,
nal head s Leave s di s tinct [ Woodbine ]

. .
MY O S OT rs . Calyx
-
P entandria Monogynia .
mos tly five cleft Corol s a l ver fo rm carved .

, , ,
five cle ft lobe s s lightly emarginate throat clo s ed

, ,
with convex s cale s Seed s mo s tly s mooth . .

M Pa l u s tru s Seed s s mooth Calyx leave s

. . .
,
nearly oval a s long a s the tube s of the corol

,
.
Stem s u b ra m os e Leave s lance Oval Ra

-
.
. ,
-
.
ce m e s bractle s s F
[ go r et Me Not
] .
M A rv e n s i s Calyx leave s ova l ac u mina te

. .
, ,
hirs ute longer tha n tube of cor d Stem branch

,
.
ing Raceme s conj ugate Leave s lan c e Oblong

. .
-
,
hir s ute [ S corpion Gra s s ]

.
NY M P HE A Monogynia C al yx
.
—
P0 l ya n d l l a '
four S i x and s even leaved

,
Corol many pe .
'
talled pe tals equallin g the length O f s epal s

,
.
Stigma a broad dis k marked with radia ted line s ,

.
Berry many celled many s eeded

, ,
.
N O dorata Leave s round cordate entire

. .
-
, ,
s u b emargi nate lobe s s preading a s under acumi

-
, ,
n ate obtu s e
,
P e tal s equall ing the four leaved
.
Calyx [ Sweet Scented Water Lily

. .
Oxa L Is Decandri a P entagynia

.
— Calyx .
five parted pe rmanent P etals five often con

,
.
, ,
n e c t e d at the ba s e Cap s ul es five celled five .

,
,
co rnered Opening at the co r n er s Seed s arilled

,
. .
O A cetos ella Scape one flowered Style s

. . .
e qual Leave s ternate obcordate hir s ute Root

. .
, ,
toothed [ Wood Sorrel . .

1 64 BO T A N Y FOR YO U N G P E OP L E .
PA P A V E R Monogynia Calyx .
— Po l ya n d l l a , '
.
,
two leaved ca d ucou s

-
Corol four petalled
,
.
,
.
Stigma a di s k with radiati n g line s over it Cap

,
.
s ule s one celled opening d e h i s e n t by hole s u h ,
der the permanent s tigma s .
P Rhea s Cap s ul e s urn S haped , s mooth

. .
, .
Stem many flowered pil o s e Leave s g a s h

, ,
.
,
p i n n a t ifid [ Wild P oppy ] .
QU E R C U S Monoe cia P olyandria . Stami —

.
rra t e flo w e rs — Calyx co m m o n l v five cleft Co , ,

.
rolla none Stamen s five or ten F emale

,
.
,
.
C alyx one leaved quite entire rugged Corolla

, ,
.
n one Style s two to fiv e Seed s one ovate

.
,
.
,
.
Q Tinctoria Leave s obovate Oblong pu

. .
, ,
be s cent beneath ; lobe s oblong obtu s e d e n t icu , ,
late s etaceou s mucronate Calyx s aucer form

,
.
, .
Aco rn d epre s s ed globo s e [B lack O ak ]

, ,
.
RUBU S Ico s andria P olygynia Calyx fiv e

.
— .
,
cleft inferior Corol five petaled B erry com

,
.
,
.
,
po s ed Of one s eeded juicy acini ,

.
R Id eu s Leave s quinate pinnate and ter

. .
,
nate tomento s e u nderneath leaflet s rhomb

, ,
ovate acuminate P etiole s channelled Stem

,
. .
prickly [ Ra s pberry ] .
e rs pedicelle d . F r u it fringed with den s e down .
[ E l m Tree ]
V O C A Diandria Monogynia Calyx

ER NI .
— .
four parted Corol four cleft wheel shaped

.
, ,
with the lowe s t s egment narrower Cap s ule two .
celled few s eeded

,
.
V O ffici na l is
. Spike s lateral ped u ncled
.
,
.
Leave s Oppos ite obovate hairy Stem procu m , ,

.
bent with coar s e hair s [ Speedwell ]

,
.
WI N D S O R I A Triandria Digynia .
—Calyx .
,
t wo valved one nerved cu s pidate

,
C o ro l s two ,
.
valved outer valve s having nerve s with mucro

,
nate point s between which are teet h and a frin g

,
ing below ; inner valve s naked F lowers clos ely .
piled two way s in a thick s pike .
W S e sl eri o id e s P anicle s preading and fle x

’
. .
u os e .Spikelet s ped u ncled generally s ix flow ,
ered lanceolate Lower valve of corol ovate

,
.
five toothed [R e d top ] .

-
X NA T H I U M — M o n ce c i a P entandria
. Male ,
Calyx common imbricate Corol one petalled ,

.
,
fiv e cleft funnel fo rm,

R eceptacle s chaffy F e . .
male : Involucre two leaved Corol none ,

.
,
Drupe dry muri ca t ed two cleft Nut two , ,

.
ceHed .
’
X Strumarium Stem una rm ed
. Leave s . .
cordate s errate three n e red at the bas e F ruit

, ,
.
,
oval pube s cent with hooked bris tle s

, [ B ur
,
.
Weed ]
Y U CC A Hexandria Monogynia Corol in

.
—
.
,
ferio r bell form

,
F ilament s s u b—clavate Style
. .
,
none .Caps ule oblong with three obtus e ,
angle s three celled open i ng at the s ummit S e ed s

,
.
co mpre s s ed .
Y F ilamento s a S te rn l e ss Leaves broad

. . .
,
lanceolate entire fil a m e n to s e i n the margin ,

.
S tig ma s turned back s pread i n g [ Si lk Gras s ,

. .
B ear Gra ss ]
Z EA — Triandria
. M on ce ci a
Male : Calyx .
,
glum e two flowered awnles s corol glume

, , , ,
awnl e ss F emale : Calyx glume two valved

.
,
.
Style one long and pendulou s S e ed solitary

,
.
,
buried in an oblong receptacle .
[ In exam i n ing t hi s genu s it S hould b e t e
membe red that the number of valve s are in

crea s ed in the glume s by cultivation ]
May s Leave s lance linear entire keel e d

.
,
.
[ Indi an Corn .
1 70 M ED I CAL PL A NTS .
MY RI CA C E R IF E R A— B A YB ER R Y .
at al o d
N ur r e r, M y ri cac e m— L i rrn aea n c la ss , Dit i a— Od r e r,
T t a d ia
e r n r .
G en mi at flow wi th fo t i x ho t
. Char . t S ta n e e rs ur o s s r e rec
s tam havi g la g fo valv d a th ; f ti l flow

e n s, n r e u r- e n e rs er e e rs
ova y r p io ; tyl t w p ad i g ti g m a t w a t
o ne , s u er r s es o s re n s s o cu e
d p ru ll d
e o ne ce d d Sp Ch L av at
e , o ne s e e e . ec . a r. e e s c u ne e ,
la olat a t t i l m t lax ; al a t ; f it o d
nc e e cu e , s e r e a eu s sc es cu e ru r un ,
n ak d Thi pla t i fo d i d y w o d d fi l d g owi g

e . s n s un n r o s an e s, r n
f om th
r t i x f t i h i g ht
re e d ov d p o f ly with
o s ee n e ,
an c e re r us e
l av
e It bloom i May Th p ifi am all d t th
es . s n . e s ec c n e u es o e
wax b a i g p op ty f th f it whi h boil d i wat

- e r n r er o e ru ,
c , e n e r,
g iv thi
e s o ned i t w i g ht f bayb y tallow A t
r i ma d f s e o e rr . ea s e o
th eba k d d f ly i d ia h a d hol a mo b
r ,
an u se re e n rr oe an c er r us .
fl i al o p pa d f om t h ba k b y fi ly pow d i g i t
'
S uu s s re re r e r ne er n ,
an d baki g n .
E U PA I O R IU M ' ’
P FO ER LI AT U M— B O N ESET .
N at al ord
ur e r, C o m po s i t ar— Li n nae a lan c ss, S y n
g e ne s ia - Or
d e r, E q l is ua .
G en I vol
. imb i at oblo g ; tyl x t d
Char . n uc re r c e, n s e e se r e ,
l ft hal f way d ow ;
c e pta l ak d ; papp ab o n re c e c e n e us sc r us .
Sp Ch
ec . L av o at — p rfoliat O blo g at
ar . e es c nn e e e, n -se rr e, ru
g o se t villo It gn
s erow f om t w t fo f t i h i g ht
se . r s r o o ur ee n e .
It flow i d d p
e rs d t mi al o ymb fo m d f
n e n se , e re s s e ,
er n c r s, r e o
s mall o ymb a h o t i i g f om tw lv t fi ft flo t
er c r s, e c c n a n n r e e o e en re s
o f a d ll whiti h olo
u Th l av t m d t lk s f a c r . e e e s, s e s , an s a are o
g ayi h g
r s olo Th d
re e n c bla k oblo g with a t r . e se e s a re c , n cu e
ba d papp
s e s, an with ab o hai It i a fall pla t blo
us sc r us rs . s n , s
so m i g f om A g t to O tob
n r d i fo d a t am u us c e r, a n s un ne r s re s,
s wamp d ma h It i a val abl family pla t ; m h

s , an rs es . s u e n uc
u se d t w at vomit p g
o s d g iv to
e t th , y t m Th , ur e , an e ne o e s s e . e
M EDIC A L P L A N TS . 1 7]
HO W! A ND
Bo n s s s r
d o f th pow d d h b i t g ai
se o e A pi t f boili g
e re er s en r ns . n o n
wat po d er o u te f th h b
o n an d t ai d wh ool
un c e o e er ,
an s r ne en c ,
i g iv n i gi ll d o Tak h t it wi ll w at ; l k wa m
‘
s e n se s . en o ,
s e u e r ,
vomit ; nd old p g Th ol d t i
a c ,
d t t g th t h
ur e . e c ea s u se o s re n en e
s
y t
s em i tabl
!
,poon f l d o at i t
es val T h n u
g i am se s n er s . e ene r c n e
w as
g iv i ho o enf E pat n ki g f P t w h fi t d
n r o u e r, n o o n ns , o rs u se
it ; th p ifi i all io t h l af la pi g th t m
e s ec c, n us n o t e e c s n e s e .
1 72 M E D IC A L P L AN TS .
B Lo o n - n oo r .
1 74 MEDI CAL P L A N TS .
BL U E F L AG .
c olo b loom i J
rs , an d n une . It g ow om th f t i h i gh t
r s s e re e ee n e .
Th oot i th po ti o
e r s e r n u se d ; i g ht g ai f th f h po w
e r ns o e re s
d d fift
e re ,
f th d i
or ee n o e r e d will p g It i g iv i d op y
, ur e . s en n r s .
and om tim s i ho i
e es n c r n c liv omplai t Th d o tio i
er c n . e ec c n s
al o d a wa h i o
s u se as s n s re m o th
u d l an u c e rs .
1 76 M E D IC AL PL AN TS .
CY MPPR I P ED I U A RV I F LO RU M — Y E LL OW L AD I E s S L I P P E R
’
.
Nat al o d r O
ur r e , rc h i d ae ce ae— L i n n ae a la
n c ss , G yn a d ia
n r — Or
d er T ia d ia
, r n r .
G en . pal j oi d i to
C ha r .
g Th e t w o i n fe r io r se s, ne n o ne se
m t om tim
en , sa ly qit d i ti t ; lip v t i o i flat d
e e s ne r or u e s nc en r c se , n e ,
obt ; tyl with t mi al lob S p C h

use s e S t m l afy ; er n e . ec . ar . e e
lob f tyl th
e o o d a t ; pal ovat oblo g
s e, re e c rn e , cu e se s e, n , ac u
mi at ; p tal lo g twi t d ; lip ho t tha p tal

n e e s m n ,
s e s r er n e s, co
pre ssed It g ow i wo d d m ad ow t th h i g ht f
. r s n o s an e s o e e o
tw lv fift i h
e e or Th l av om tim i x i h
e e n nc es . e e e s are s e es s nc es
lo g d th wid
n an v d alt at la pi g p b re e t e , ner e ,
e rn e, c s n u e s ce n .
G ally b t
e ner flow whi h bloom i May J u o ne e r, c s n or une .
S gm
e t fo g i h with p pl t ip
en s d pot
u r, Th re e n s , ur e s r e s an s s . e
g i am i d iv d f om th G k m a i g V
e ne r c n e lip
s er e r e re e , e n n e nu s
’
s
p d th
e r, a n p ifi f om th flow Th oot
e s th p ec c r e er . e r s a re e or
tio d d ho l d b oll t d i a ly p i g d i d d
n u se , an s u e c ec e n e r s rn , re , an
re d d t pow d
uce Do a t a po f l i l l
o vo d er . se ,
e s on u n a ne r us an
hy t ri l d i a
s e ca se se s .
CH M H M — S OT
I AP W IL A
‘
A C L L AT A P TE D I NTE R G R E E N .
Nat al o d r E ri a
ur — Li w la D a d ia O d
r e , c ce ae nn an c s s, ec n r - r e r,
M o o g y ia
n n .
G Ch en Calyx fi part d ; p tal fi

. a r. tyl ho t d ve e e s ve s e s r an
thi k ; ap l fi l l d op i g at t p S p C k L av
c c su e ve c e e , en n o . ec . ar . e es
l olat a mi at li ghtly at ; p d l
an c e e, cu
y mb d n e, s se rr e e un c e s c o r os e ,
filam t woolly G ow f om fo t ix i h hi gh wi th
en s . r s r ur o s nc es ,
l av
e i h d a hal f lo g d hal f i h w i d ma k d
e s an nc an n , an an nc e, r e
with whiti h li Flow f a p pli h whit

s olo ne sd . e rs o ur s e c r, o n n o
d i g talk blo mi g i J
n s d J ly
s, Th l av th
o n n un e an u . e e es a re e
1 78 M E D IC A L PL A N TS .
S N AK E H EAD .
M E D IC AL P L AN TS . 1 79
CH O EL NE GLA B R A— S N AK E H EAD .
at al o d S oph l ia — L i a la D d y
N ur r e r, cr u ar c e ae nn ae n c ss , e na
mia— O d A g p m i r e r, n ro s es a .
G Ch en Calyx fi l ft thr b a t d ; o ol i g t i
. ar . ve c e , ee r c e c r rn en , n
fl t d a th
a e woolly ; ap l t w l l d t w valv d ; d
n e rs c su e o ce e ,
o e se e s
w ith m mb a o ma gi e Sp Ch P la t mooth ;
r n us r ns . ec . a r. n s
l av oppo it oblo g l a olat a mi at

e es s at ; flow
e, n nc e e, cu n e , se rr e e rs
spik d G ow t w f t i h i g ht with l av f a hi i g
e . r s o ee n e , e es o s n n
da k g r olo d d t whit flow ti g d with d

re e n c r, an se n s ou e e rs n e re ,
f om A g t t S pt mb
r u Th us
g i am ppo
o t h e e e r. e e ner c n e su se s e
flow mbl a to t oi b t t h ommo am l i k

e rs re se e r se ,
u e c n n e e ns
th m t a k with op mo th d xt d d to g
e o s na Th
e en u an e en e n ue . e
pla t h a bitt ta t
n as d i g iv i th fo m f t t er s e , an s en n e r o ea o
t g th th toma h d i ai d t b
s re n en f l i live s m c , an s s o e us e u n e r co
plai t worm n ,d j a di s , an un ce .
A p o c rN UM A N D R O S E M IF O LI U M — D OG S -B A N E .
at al o d Ap y
N ur s— L i
r e r,a la G y a d ia —
ocD n ac e a nn ae n c ss , n n r r
d P
e r, ta d ri a
en n .
G Ch
en . Calyx mal l ; o o l la b ll hap d wi th mal l
ar . s c r e -s e , s
lob ; tam i id ; fil am t ho t al t ati g wi th fi

es s e ns ns e en s r , e rn n ve
g la d nl a tut h ; a th
r a‘
g ittat
ee o iv t h i gnt ti e rs s
g e, c nn en , co er n o s
ma by th middl ; ova i t w ; tig ma o at ; fol li l

e e r es o s s c nn e c es
lo g di ti t S p C h
n , s nc L av ovat ;
. ym l t al d
ec . ar . e es e c es a er an
t mi al t b f o oll a lo g tha alyx with limb p d

er n u e o c r n er n c ,
s rea
i g ; a ha d om pla t att i i g th h i g ht f th
n n s e f t n d , a n n e e o re e ee , an ,
i A g t m aki g a fi app a a
n u us , with i t d a k g
n l av ne e r nc e s r ree n e es
1 80 M ED iC A L PL A N TS .
’
Do e s B A NE .
an d re d an d whit t ip d flowe -s r Th t i th
e pa t d e rs . e roo s e r use
tw ty fi grai f it wh f h pow d d t
en - ve ns o ,
en re s - e re , ac as an
e m e ti Tw r th g ai f q tly p at d
c . o o re e r
g iv
ns, re ue n re e e , are en
i d y p p ia
n s e d l w f v
s an oTh I d ia e d op y wi th
e rs . e n n s c u re r s
it b y g ivi g la g d o
n r eTh g ri am r mbl i m
se s . e e ne c n e e se es n ea n
i g th
n e commo E gl i h n n s one .
M E D IC AL PL A N TS .
G en C h a r .Co oll a i g la t b la l ft a ly t ba
. r rre u r, u u r, c e ne r o se
on th pp i d ; a th j oi d abov i to a v d t b :
e u er s e n e rs ne e n c ur e u e
s ti g ma t w lob d ; ap l op i g at t p ; d mall S p
o- e c su e en n o see s s . ec .
Ch ar S t m hai y
. t om what b a hi g ; l av ovat
e r , e re c , s e r nc n e es e
la olat
nc e il at pilo
e , se ss ap l i flat d Thi w ll
e , se rr e, se c su e n e . s e
k n o vvn pla t f om i t a p i fi i Thom o p a ti

n , r s u se as s ec c n s n s
’
r c ce ,
se n d t i t p tty pal flow f om A g t t S p t mb

s ou s re It e e rs r u us o e e er .
g ow
r a foot
s t w hi g h Th g ori am w g iv oi ho o . e e ne r c n e as en n n r
o f Lob l om 2 40 y a i
e e, s It i a pow f l m ti
e m e rs s n c e . s er u e e c , re se
bli g toba o i i t ff t b t a t i a ho t tim I g

n cc n s e e c s, u c s n s r er e . n re
u la p ti it i g iv i a thma with om
r rac ce s en n s ,
s e s u cc e ss .
A C S L E PI A S
'
T B O
U ER S A— B U TTE R F L Y W E ED .
N at al o d A l pi d
ur — Li
r a a la G y a d ia
e r, sc e a ac e te nn e n c ss , n n r
O d P ta d ia
r e r, en n r .
G Ch
en Caly x mall ; p tal j oi d at ba ; fl x d ;
. a r. s e s ne se re e e
fi lob d with fi av t d ho r
ve - e . at th ba f th lob ;
ve er e ns e se o e es
c o at ma f a th fi a gl d t at op i g b y fi
nn e ss o n e rs , ve - n e , ru nc e, en n ne
fi l g thwi fi d i ti t pai f ma
ss u re s en f poll
se ; f l ve s nc rs o sses o en o
li lc es tw v ti o ; o, d omo Sp
en r c Ch St m se se e s c se . ec. ar . e
hai y b hi g at top ; l av alt at

r ,
ra n c n il oblo g la e es e rn e , s e ss e, n -
nc e
olat ; mb l ma y fo mi g la g t mi al o ymb It i
e u e s n ,
r n r e er n c r s . s
abo t t w f t mo hi g h d d t mag ifi t o a g
u o ee or re ,
an se n s ou n ce n r n e
c olo d flow i A g t Th pod

re e rs fill d with flat ova t
n u us . e s a re e e
se e d pa k d i with lo g ilky d ow
s, c e Th g
n i am i n s n . e e ne r c n e s
g iv i
en ho o f E n l p i t h ng d f m
r o di i T h oot scu a us, e o o e c ne . e r
i bitt
s wh d y d a ily pow d d It d o i fift
er en r , an e s e re . s se s e en
g r ai ns Th d
. o tio i wat ei tak b y th wi gla
ec c n n er s en e ne ss ,
M E D IC A L P L A N TS .
1 83
B UTTE R F L Y WEED .
a till t o g
s s r n e r one by th tabl poo It i gi v i
e es n . s en n
pl i y la t tag
e ur s ,
s s es o f i flamma t io
n f th h t ata h d
n o e c es , c rr ,
an
oth d i a wh
er se se s e re it i d i abl t x it p of p pi
s es r e o e c e r u se e rs ra
F LO R AL DICTI O N AR Y .
I N th e gad f t h E a t Flo a
r en s o iv th homag d e s , r re ce es e e ue
fo r h erwid ly att d d va io g i ft Oh flow ! flow

e sc e re an r us s . e rs ers
w may w ll thi k th m t h
e e l phab t f t h
n a gl B t e e a e o e n e s .
”
u
how oldly do w look th m ; how oft

c e w g a dl on e en a re e re r e ss
of th i ha m h ; Whil i oth la d th y almo t b

e rc r s ere e n er n s e s su
v th
se r e f w iti g
e use o xp i g by a blo om joy g i f
r n , e res s n ss , ,
r e ,
h p d pai d votio
O e, es pi ty d l m t y tim t that
r, e n, e , an a os e ve r sen en
fill th mi d
s e n .
I Ea t n la d th y talk i flow
s e rn n s e n ers ,
A d th y t l l i a g a la d th i lov
n e e d a s; n r n e r e s an c re
E a h blo om that bloom i th i g d

c ss bwr s n e r ar e n o e s,
O i t l av n a my ti la g ag b a
s e es s c n u e e rs .
Th R ei th ig f joy d lov
ose s e S n o an e,
Y o g bl hi g lov i i t
un a l i t daw ;
us n e n s e r es n
fi d th mildn that it th g tl dov

e n e ss su s e en e e
F m th My tl ro owy flow i d aw
e
8
’
r e s sn er s r n
~I o nn dw ll i th L ily b ll
c en c e
/e
Ma
s n e
’
s e
.
P a h a t i i t ativ h av
u re a s e r n s n e e en
F m ub i g ht ta d g lo y w ll
es r s r, a n r
’
s s e ,
By th g lo y l af f t h bay g iv
e ss e o e a re en .
Th il t oft d h mbl h a t
e s en ,
s ,
an u e e r ,
I th Viol t hidd
n e w t b ath ;
e
’
s en s e e n es s re es
A d th t d
n ] that
e enot pa t er s o n ,
c an n r
A twi f v g ne ofo dly w ath e er re e n n re es .
Th Cyp e that da kly had th g av

re s s r s es e r e,
I o ow that mo
s s rr i t bitt lot u rn s s er
A d faith that a tho a d ill

n , b av us n s c an r e,
S p ak i thy ble l av Fo g t M N t
s n ue e es— r e e o .
Th g ath a w ath f om t h g a d bow

en er re r e r en e rs ,
A d t ll t h wi h f thy h a t i flow
n e e s o e r n e rs .
1 86 FL OR A L D I C T I O N A R Y .
B arberry , Sharpne s s .
B as il ,
Hatred .
’
B ear s B reech ,
A rts (the )
Beech , P ro s perity .
B ee O phrys or
—
,
0 1
'
chis . E rror .
B ilberry . Treachery .
B indweed, Humil ity ,
B lack Thorn Di fficulty , ,
B ladder Nut Tree F rivolous A mu s ement

-
,
.
B lue B ottle C e n ta u ry D e l ic a cy ,
.
B orage ,
Bluntne s s .
B ox ,
Stoici s m .
B ramble E nvy
,
.
B roken Straw Di s s en s ion Rupture , ,

.
B room ,
Neatne s s .
B uckbean Calm Repos e .
B urdock ,
Importunity .
B ut tercup s Ingratitude
,
.
Candy Tuft Indi fference , ,
Canterbury B e ll Bl u e Con stancy ,

.
Carnation Y ellow Di s dain , ,

.
C a t ch fly Snare
, ,
Cherry Tree Good E ducation ,

.
Che s nut Tree Do me ju s tice ,

.
F L OR A L DI CT I O N A R Y . 1 87
Chi na As ter Variety

,
.
Chi na or Indi an Pi nk A vers ion

, ,
.
B elove d Daughter .
Clove P ink ,
’—
Colt s foot ,
Justi ce s ha ll be don e you ,
Co lumbine ,
F oll y .
Co riander ,
Hi d den Merit .
Co rn , R iches .
Tree .
Inn ocence ,
I pa rtake your
I will thi nk of it .
S adness .
B as eness
B l ac kness .
188 F L O R A L D I CT I O N A R Y .
’
E nchanter s Night
s hade ,
F as cination .
F ennel ,
Strength .
F ern ,
Sin cerity .
F lowe ring ,
Reverie .
F ir Tree ,
E levation .
F l ax ,
I feel your kindne s s .
’
F lora s B ell ,
Y ou are without preten sion .
F raxinella F ire.
G e ra n i u m , S o rrO ql Melancholy s pirit

,
.
G ill yflo we r La s ting beauty .
Goo s e foot -
,
Go o dne s s .
Gra s s ,
U ti l ity .
Hawthorn Hope ,
.
H azel , R econciliation .
’
Heart s E a s e or Pa n sy T h in k of me , ,
.
Heath ,
Solitude .
Hepatica or Noble ,
Liverwort Confidence ,
.
Holly ,
F ore s ight .
Hollyhock F ruitful ne s s
,
.
Honey s uckle B ond s of love .
Hop ,
Inj u s tice .
1 90 FL OR AL DI CT I O N A R Y .
Maiden Hair ,
Di s cretion Secrecy ,
.
Mallow , Mild or Sweet Di spos ition .
Manchineel Tree ,
F a ls ehood .
Mandrake ,
R a i i ty .
Maple ,
Re s erve .
Marvel of P eru , Timidity .
Madwort R ock, ,
Tranquillity .
Marygold Inquietude
,
.
Small Cape
,
P re s age ,
.
Meado w S affron My be s t day s are p ast ,

.
Meadow Sweet U s ele s s ne s s ,

.
Mezereon De s ire to plea s e

,
.
Michaelma s Dai s y A fterthought ,

.
Mignonette Your qual itie s s urpa s s you r

,
charm s .
M is s e l toe ,
I s urmount all difficul tie s .
Moonwort F orgetfu lne s s

,
.
Mos chatel Weak ne s s

,
.
Mos s Ros e P leas ure without alloy

,
.
Mo s s Tuft of
,
Maternal Love ,
.
M o th e IW OIt Secret Love,

.
Moving P lant A gitation ,

.
Mulberry Tree Bl a ck I will not s urvi ve Y o u

, ,
.
Mulberry White ,
Wi s dom ,
.
Mu s hroom Su s picion
,
.
Mu s k R os e , Capriciou s beauty .
F L O R A L D I CT I O N A R Y . 1 91
Myrobalan ,
M yit l e ,
Myos otis or Mo u s e
,
E a r, F orget me not
- -
.
Nettle ,
Cruelty .
Night Convolvulus ,
Night s hade B itter ,
Sweet ,
No se g a y,
O ak ,
Hos pitali ty .
O live B ranche s ,
P eace .
O range F lower ,
Cha s tity .
O range Tree ,
Generos ity .
Par s ley ,
E ntertainment, F easting .
P a s que F lower ,
Y ou are without preten s ion .
P eriwinkle ,
Sweet Remembrance s .
P er u vian Heliotrope ,
I love you Infatu ation,
.
’
Phea s ant s E ye ,
Sorrowful Remembranc es .
P impe rnel ,
As s ignation .
P ine A pple ,
You are perfect .
P ink ,
Lively and Pure Affecti on .
Plane Tree ,
Geniu s .
P lum Tree ,
K eep your promi s e s .
1 92 FL OR A L DI CT I O N A R Y .
Plum Tree Wild , ,

Independence .
’
Poet s Narci s s u s ,
E gotis m .
P otato ,
Be n e fice n c e .
P opl a r B lack, ,
Courage .
White ,
Time .
7
Con s olation of s le e p .
White Sleep of the Heart .
Primros e ,
E arly Y outh .
E vening ,
Incon s tancy .
P rivet ,
P rohibition .
P rovin s Ros e ,
Gra ce s .
Pyramidal B ell
F lower ,
Gratitude .
Quaking Gra s s . A gita tion .
Ranunculu s Y ou are radiant with charm s

,
.
Red Shank s P atience .
Red Valerian A ccommodatin g Di s pos ition .
Reed s ,
Mu s ic .
R e s t H arrow O b s tacle ,
.
Ro s e ,
B eauty .
Monthly B eauty ever new .
Wild Simplicity
,
.
White Silence ,
.
Hundred leaved Grace s ,

.
1 94 F L O R A L D I CT I O N A R Y .
Sun flower F a ls e Riches

,
.
Sweet briar or E g
-
,
latine P oetry
,
.
S weet s cent e d T us
-
s ilage Ju s tice shall be done you .

,
Sweet Sultan F elicity .
Sweet William F ine s se ,

.
Tea sle M is ant h roph y .
Thi s tle, Au s terity .
Thri ft , S ympathy .
Thorn Apple ,
Deceitful Charms .
T h yme ,
A ctivity .
Tremella ,
R e s is tance .
T m fli e . S urpri s e .
Trumpet F lower ,
Separation .
Tulip ,
Declaration of L ove .
’
Venu s Looking gla s s F lattery -
,
.
Vervain E nchantment
,
.
Vine ,
Intoxication .
Violet B lue,
Mode s ty ,
.
White Candour ,
.
Wake Robin ,
A rdour .
Wall flowe r
-
,
F i d e l i tv in A dversi ty .
F L O R A L D I CT I O N A R Y . 195
Water Lily ,
u en ce .
Weeping Willow,
Wi ld or Dog Ro s e
, p
,
li ci t
y .
W ill ow Herb ,
P retens ion .
Wood Sorrel Joy .
Wormwood A b s ence .
Y arrow ,
W ar .
Y ellow Day Lily ,

Coquetry .
Infid e lity .
Sorrow .
1 96 GL O S S A RY .
G L OS S AR Y
O F T E C HN I C A L T E RM S
AC E E O S E Nee d l e shape d
.
— - .
A N C E P s.
— T WO e d ge d - .
AC I N U S — ~A s m all be r ry
.
[ har k.
AC U L E U S — A pri c kle o r sharp point from the

. ,
ACU M I N A T E — H aving an open o r a wl -shaped

.
po ung
AD N A T E . Growing togethe r
- .
A G G R E G A T E — Gathered togethe r in fas i c l e s o r

bun d le s .
A L A —
. A wing atta c he d to s ee d s forme d o f mem ,
h ra n e .
A N G U L A R — F ormed. furni s he d with angle s

o f, o r .
A PE T A L o u s — Plant s who s e floral d evelopment i s

.
without petal s are s aid to be ape talou s

, .
A P PR E S S E n — W hen t he limb o f a l ea f i s pre s s e d

.
c l o s e upon the s tem or when hair s are laid ,
flat upon the s urfa c e of a plant they are ,
s a id to h e appre s s ed .
A RT IC U L A T E D —Jointed . .
1 98 GL O S S A RY .
C O L O R E D — D iffering from green whi c h fro m i ts ,
being s o c ommon a c olor i s c ounted c olor

le s s i a botan y .
C O M O S E — Term applied to a flo wer shoot whi c h

.
i s te rminated by bar ren b ra c te ae .
C O M POU N D Seve ral thi n g s in one A c ompoun d

.
- .
umbel i s formed of s eve ral s ingle umbe l s ;

the c rys a n th e m u m i s a c ompound fl o we r ,
being formed of many l ittle flower s o r flo rets .
C O N C A V E — H ollowed
. .
C O N E — A parti c ular kin d o f c ompoun d fruit ,
s u c h a s that o f the i n t ib
p e r e .
C O N N A T E — Situated oppo s ite e a c h other an d

.
,
j oined at the ba s e .
C O N N I V E N T — C onve rging
. .
C O RD A T E — He a r t shaped ac c o rd ing to the vul

.
-
a r n oti on o f a heart
g .
C O R Y M R — A b u n c h of flower s whe re the fo ot

.
s talk s proc e ed from di ffe rent part s of the prin
c i pal axi s but all attain the s ame height

,
.
C O RY M E O S E — F ormed or arrange d after the man

.
ne r o f a c orymb .
C R E N E — N o tC h e S or round teeth bor d e ring a

.
, ,
leaf or the petal s of a flowe r .
CA M PA N U L A T E —B ell sh ape d
.
- .
CA PS U L E — A s eed box
. .
GL OS S AR Y . 1 99
C R E N A T E Notched .
—
when the t e eth are
rounded and not directed toward s either
,
end of the leaf .
C R E N U L A T E F illed with notche s

.
—
.
C U L M The s tem of gra s s e s

.
—
.
CU N E A T E Wedge s haped broad and abrupt

— .
-
at the s ummit and ta pering down to the ,
ba s e .
C Y M B I FO R M Having the form of a boat

.
”
-
.
C Y M E — A mode of flowe ring s omewhat like a

.
flattened panicle .
p E C I D U OU S .
—
F alling o ff Trees s hedding their
.
leaves and the leave s s hed annually are s aid

, ,
to be deciduou s .
D E C O M P OU N D Term appl ied to a leaf when

.
-
it is twice pinnated ; and to a panicle when

i ts branche s are al s o panicled .
D E C U M B E N T Lying down .
-
.
D E C U R R E N T When leave s run d own the

.
—
s tem to a point con s iderably below the pl ace
where they diverge from it .
D E F L E X E D F olded downward s
.
— .
D E N T I C U L A T E D B eing finely toothed .

—
.
D E P R E S S E D P re s s ed downward s
.
— .
D I CH O T O M OU S A s tem that ra m i fie s in pairs

.
—
.
2 00 GL OS S AR Y .
D I G I T A T E — H aving the form of an open hand

. .
D I S T I CH OU S — Leave s or flower s placed in two

.
Oppo s ite row s are s o termed .
DO R S A L B elonging to the bac k

.
—
.
D R U P E — A fruit enclo sing a s tone or nut

. .
E G L AN DUL OS E W ithout gland s .

- .
EGR E T The h a iry crown s of s ome s eed s as

dandelion .
E LL I PT IC Nearly oval bu t of equal bre a dth

.
—
,
at each end .
E L L I P T I C L A N C E OL A T E
-
A form between an .
-
e l lips is and a lance shape -

.
E M AR G I N AT E B eing S lightly notched at th e

.
-
end a s the box lea f

,
.
E N S I FO R M Having the form of a s word with

.
-
a s traight blade ,
EXSE R TE D P roj ectin g out of th e flower or

.
—
S heath .
F A L C A T E S haped like a s ickle long and

.
—
,
crooked .
FAS C IC L E s W hen l eave s or flower s grow more

.
—
than two together they are s aid to be fa s ci

cu l a t e d or in fa s cicle s
,
.
F A S T I G A T E T apering to a narrow point like

.
-
,
a pyramid .
FI L I FO R M Long and s imple like a thread

.
-
. .
2 02 GL OS S A R Y .
HYP O C R A T E R I FO R M Salver s haped a tube .

-
expanded into a flat border .
I M B R I C A T E When leave s are laid one over

.
-
a n other lik e tile s on a roof they are s aid to

, ,
be imbricated .
I N C U R V E D F olding i nward s
.
-
.
IN F U N D I B U L I F O R M I s F un nel form .
-
.
I N V O I U C R E ~ Whe 1 e the b ra ct eae or floral leave s

. .
-
'
are s e t in a whorl .
I N V OL U T E — Term applied to l eave s when rolled

.
inward .
J A G G E D Divided irregularly in many pa rts

.
-
.
J U G U A N A yoke growing in pair s

.
- ~
, .
LAM E L L zE Term applied to the plate s which

.
-
form the gill s of the mu s hroom plate s .
L A N C E O L A T E Lance or s pear s haped a s in

.
- -
,
tulipa s ylve s tri s .
L A T E R A L O n one s ide
.
-
.
L E AF L E T A partial or little leaf part of a com

.
-
,
pound leaf leave s are always called com

pound when they con s i s t O f more than one
leaf on a s talk Leaf i s an expan s ion of .
,
the fibre s of the bark for the purpo s e of ex

po s ing a great quantity of green matter ,
which s eem s nece s s ary to i ts function s in

r e s piration ; when the s tem i s green le s s
GL OS S A R Y . 2 03
leaves are required s ometi mes from that ,
cau s e a s in the cactu s none at all It i s

, , .
divided into three pa rtS the s keleton or -
framework being the expanded petiole the ,
branche s of which form rib s to the diffe ren t ,
mode s of which ramification are owing the

variou s form s of leave s the pulpy portion ,
holding the green matter and the cuticle ,
or s kin that covers all

,
.
LE G U M E —A pod applied to t h e fruit of legu

.
minou s plants s uch a s the pea (Se c

, ,
.
L I G N E OU S ~ P lant s whos e s tem s become gra

.
-
dually le s s herbaceou s and of a woody ,

.
t exture and which s u Iv i v e more than

,
three years the annual fall of the leaf ,
or which retain their leave s in winter a s

well a s s ummer .
LI N E A R . Narrow with parallel s ide s a s in mos t

-
, ,
gra s s e s .
LU N A T E Cre s cent s haped l i ke a half moon

.
- -
,
-
.
LYR A T E . Lyre s haped : cut into many trans

- -
ver s e s egment s becomin g larger toward s

,
the extremity o f the leaf, which i s rounded .
LA B I A T E .
—Re s em b ling lip s .
M AR E S C E N T .
— Withering .
GL O S S A RY .
M E M B RA N o u s .
— In texture like a memb rane , s o ft
and supple .
M UL T I F I D — Cut into thr ee four fiv e o r more

.
, , , ,
nar row divi s ion s .
M U C R O N A T E — Sh a rply pointed
. .
M U R IC A T E D — Covered wit h s hort sharp point s

. .
N E CT A RY — H oney c u p
. .
N A T A N T — Floating
. .
N E RV E S — Pal a l l e l vein s on l eave s

'
.
NUT A N T — N o d ding
. .
O w n — H aving the figure o f an el l ip s e .
OV A RY — The portion of the pi s til whi c h c ontain s

.
the Ovul e s o r germ s o f s ee d s .
OV A T E — Of the shape of an e gg c u t l engthwi s e

. .
O E O V A T E — O v ate reve r s e d
. .
P A L E A C E O U S —C h afi:y . .
P A L M AT E D — Cut into Oblong s e g ment s s o as to

.
,
re s emble a hand .
P A N D U R IF O R M — Fid dle shape d Oblon g b road at

.
-
,
the extremitie s an d c ontrac te d in the c ent re , .
P A N IC L E -A bun c h of flowe r s c ompo s e d o f nu

.
,
m e ro u s bran c he s of d ifferent length s e a c h ,
bearing a flowe r .
P E C T IN A T E — Like the teeth of a c o m b

. .
P E L T A T E — S talk fa s tene d in the middle

. .
P E R I A N T H — An inne r c alyx i mm e d i a te lv s ur
.
,
rounding t h e flowe r .
QU A D R A N G U L A R — Having four . corners or
angle s .
QUA T E R N A T E F our together .

-
.
RA C E M ES — When flowers are arran ged roun d

.
a filifo rm s impl e axi s each pa rticular ,
-
fl o we r being s tal ked , they are s aid to be in
raceme s .
R A D I A N T or R A D I A T E
,
A flower i s s aid to be .
—
radiant when in a clu s ter of floret s thos e , ,
— o f the circumference or ray are long and , ,
s preading and unlike tho s e of the di s k .

,
RA D I C AL A term applied to leave s proceedin g

—
immediately from the root a s in the dais y ,

.
RE C U R V E D F olded backward
.
— .
RE T I C U L A T E D Having the appearance of net

.
—
work .
R E T U S E — A brup tly blunt at the end

. .
R U G OS E . R ough or coar s ely wrinkled

—
,
.
R U N C I N A T E — Having large teeth pointe d back

.
ward a s i n the Dandelion .
S A G I TT A T E Shaped like an arrow—hea d

.
-
triangular very much holl owed out at the

,
ba s e .
GL OS S A R Y . 2 07
S C AB R OU S Rough to the touch oppos ed to

.
—
,
glabrou s .
S C A L E S — Any s mall developmen t s re s embling

.
mi n ute leave s als o the leave s of the in ,
v ol u c ru m of compound flower s .
S C A P E A s tem ri s ing from the root and bear

.
~ —
,
ing nothing but flower s like the tulip ,

.
S E G M E N T S P0 1t ion s of anything
.
— .
S E R I C E OU S H avn a s urface like that of v el

.
—
v e t to the touch .
S E R R A T E D E dged with S ha rp teeth like thos e

.
—
,
of a s a w .
S E S S I L E S aid of leave s s eated on the s tem

.
—
without foot s talks .
S E T A C E OU S —B earing s ome re s emblance to t h e

.
form of a b ri s tle .
S I N UA T E Un (l u l a t i n g or wavy
.
-
,
.
S PAD Ix . F lower s talk developed in a s patha

—
,
or Sheath .
S P A T H A A s imple floral leaf enclo s ing the

.
-
whole inflore s cence .
S PA T U L A T E Having the form of a s patula ; a

.
~ —
kind of knife almo s t s po on s haped but flat ,

-
,
.
S P I K E F l OW8 1 S s o call ed s eated upon a lon

.
— ‘
,
g
s talk a s wheat .
,
S i mo n a — Hanging o ne wa y .
S P I N OU S F ull of prickle s
.
-
.
S T I P E — The s tem of a fern or fii ng us

. .
S T I P U L JE T WO s mall leaves placed u s ually a t

.
—
,
the ba s e of the floral leaf and on Oppo s ite ,
s ide s of the branch .
S h au n — Small s treak s channel s or furrows ,

.
S T R I A T E D —When the channel s in leave s are

.
perceptible to the touch but invi s ible to the ,
eye .
S UBU L A T E Very narrow at the ba s e and in

.
-
,
s en s ibly vergi ng to a point at the s ummit .
a s the jun iper leaf .
S UPR A-D E C O M POU N D — D oubly de c ompounde d . .
T E N D R IL — The thr ead like appendage to c limb

.
-
ing plant s by which they s uppor t them ,
s elv e s and twine around othe r obje c t s .
T E R M I N A L — E nding o r at the to p
.
, .
T E R N A T E —Con s i s ting of thre e leaflet s

. .
THYRS E — A kind of den s e pani c l e like that o f

.
,
the lila c .
TO M E N T O S E — D o wny c ov e re d with fine mat

.
,
te d hai r .
T O C T II E D Cut s o a s to re s emble teeth

.
-
.
T RI F I D —Cut into th re e
. .
T RU N CA T E — Having the en d ab ruptly c ut O ff

. .
TRIPI N N AT E —T ripl e r ow s o f leaflet s

. .
I L L U S T R A T I ON S .
A NA L Y SIS OF THE C AR NATI O N PINK

.
I L LU S TR A TI ON S .
2 l 1
O F THE BEA N , W I TH ITS GE R M I NA TI ON .
FI G 2. .
s tormg of fo o d
'
o r cav it i es for th e for th e suppo rt of
nnin g int o th e gro und to M ome a roo t ; b ru nning up
s up pl ies u im
n tr e nt fro m y d
th e co t l e o ns u il b h
nt ot t oo k
F O UND I N THE ‘V OR KS O P L I NNE US .

2 12 l . I L L U STR ATI O N S .
XII .
2 14 I LLU S T R A TI O NS .
YO UN G R A D IS H HO W
S I N G S E E D L EAV ES .
B
T U E N E CT A R Y OF N A S I UR T I U M
'
.
U S TRATI O N S 2 15
I LL .
L Y DIE .
I’E R I A NTB .
NA R C IS S US .
B CC
A A .
WE O R LE D E ATH .
2 16 I LLUS TRA TI O N S .
B C
RA TE A .
SPA D IX .
’
AXILL AR Y . S E SS IL E .
2 18 ILLU S TR A TI O NS .
C M
A P A N UL ATE . PE R S ON A TE . S A L V E R -S H APE D .
CO NE .
C MB
LI I N G S TE M . G LU M E
C R E E PI N G R OO T
.
B OU
TU E R S R OOT .
I L LU S TR ATI O NS .
C LA S PI N G .
I N FU ND I B UL I FO M R IS
MB
U EL
.
C R E E PI N G STE M
22 0 I LL USTRATI O N S .
O CH
P U . S QUA RE PO D .
DE C UR R E NT . C O LATE
LA N E . E L L I PT I C AL , F I D D L E -S H A PE D
PI NN A TI FD
I .
L O BE D
TR I A NG U L AR . C R E NATE D . R HOMBO ID . T R ! { NG UL A R
2 2 2 I LL U S TR A TI O N S .
ii IU C R O N ATE . P I N N ATE . A R TIC U LATFI ) .
TE R NATE .
S TI P U L E AR R O \V S H A P ED .
'’
S E R RA I E D .
B I N AT E PLAITE D .
I L LU S TR ATI ONS . 2 23
K ID N E Y H
-S AP ED . T R O VV E L-S H A PE D . M APL E S E E D .
OB O V A TE .
T WI NI N G STE M .
O V AT E .
PE CTI N ATE .
O HE
L10 8 T O T D B IPI N NATI ‘
2 2 l I L L U S TR A TI O NS .
O O
PP S
IT E
!
.
L I NE A R WE D G ES H A P ED .
S PATUL AT E .
C ATK I N .
PR E MO RSE R OO T
.
226 I LLU S TR A TI ONS .
’
C A l S U I Jf
.
AL P H AB E T I C AL LIST OF B OOKS
PU B L IS H BY ED
FO W LE RS A N D W E L LS ,
NO 131 NASMUST NEWY ORK

. .
Am eri can Phrcnol ogical Journa l an d

Mi l y C i u l a i
s ce la n . rc t o n, A yea r, $ 1 00
A H om e for All ; or , a Now, Ch ea p ,
C v i
on d Su p i M d f Bu il d i g
e n e n t , an ero r o e o n ,
Amati v en ess ; or , Evil s an d Remedi es

of E i d P v d S ual i y W h A d i
xc es s v e an e r ert e ex t , it v ce ,
A M anua l for M agn eti z ing Wit h the

Mag t i Ma h i f h T a m f D i a
ne c c ne , or t e re t e nt o se se ,
B otany for a ll Cl a ss es ; C onta in ing a

F l l D i t i a y wi m h a O H u d d Il l u a i
o ra c on r ,
t h o re t n ne n re s t r t o ns ,
’
Combc s L ec tures on P h ren ol ogy By .
g Cm
G eo r e mp l o u be .ll a i A co e te co rse . I us t r t o ns ,
C on s titut i on of M an , cons i d ered in Re

ai
I t on al O j
to E xte rn i d l d di b e ct s . Re v se a nd e n a rge e ti o n ,
’
C ombe s Ph y s iol ogy a pp l ied to the Im .
p vmro e M l hy i a l d u a i
e nt o f e nta a nd P s c E c t o n,
C ombo on Infancy ; or , the Physiologi

M al Ma a m
ca l an d Chi l d
or ll u a d n ge e nt o f re n . I s tr te ,
C on s um p tion , its Pr ev enti on an d C ure,

Wa
by t h e a m By J l h w
t e r Tre t e nt. oe S e ,
M D . .
,
Chroni c D i s ea ses , es pec i a ll y the Nerv

o us i a fW m
D s e se s o o en . Dy D . Ro ac h ,
C uri o sities of C ommon W ater Wi th .
Ad d i i by J l h w M
t o ns F mh d di oe S e ,
D . ro t e 5 th Lo n on e ti o n,
Ch o lera ; its C au s es , P rev enti on , and

Cu re d h B w l C mp l ai
; an a d by W a
al l ot er o e o nts t re t e te r,
g
,
Ch emi s try , Appli ed to P h y si ol ogy , A

i C mm By f
r c u l t u re , a nd o e rc e . P ro e ss o r LI
FO W L E R! ! AND WE L L S ’ P U B C LI ATI O NS .
Ch art , for Recor d ing variou s D ev el o p

m e nts .ig d D es ne fo r Pl i re no l og is te ,
D efenc e of P h reno l ogy B y D r An . .
d w re g dw
Bo ard m zi n. p A u li v
oo o rk fo r s k e ti c s a nd nb e e e rs ,
E d ucat ion C om pl et e Embrac ing P h y .
s io l ogy , i mal M a l l C u l u
An an d Mm y e nt ,
S e f- t re , and e or ,
E d ucat ion , foun d ed on the Nature of

M an By
. . i ifi w
D r S p u rz l i e i m A s c e nt c o rk ,
Fami l i ar L es sons on P h reno l ogy De .
ig d
s ne Child
fo r t h e Y uh
u se o f re n an d o t ,
Foo d an d D iet : C onta in ing an Analy

s is o f e v e ryF d kmd i By
o i oo ia a nd D r nk . P ro fe s s o r Pe re r ,
Fa s c inat ion , or the P h il o s o p h y of

C h a m i g (Mag i m ll u a i g
r n . ne t s i I st r t n th e Pri nC i p l es of L fe .
Fam il iar L ess ons on As tronomy : De

arg ue d Ch i ld
fo r Y u h h l Fam i l i
re n a n d o t in Sc oo s an d es
De
,
Fam il i ar L essons on P h y s i ol ogy .
ig d
s ne Ch i l d
fo r t h e Y uh
use o i
“
re n a n d o t ,
H er ed itary D esc ent : its La w s an d

Fa app l i d H u m mp v m
ct s e to di i an I ro e e nt . Ne w e t on,
H uman Rig h ts , an d t h ei r P oli t ica l

Gu a a i By Ju dg
r nt e s . eg Il ui lb u t . \ V i t l i No t e s by G e o r e C o m bo
H y d ro p at h y for the P eo pl e w it h Oh ,
s e n a t : o ns o n ug i W a Dr s, D et t e r A i r, E xe rc we , e t c. ,
Lov e an d P arentag e : a ppl ied to the

Imp m ro v e O pig e nt o f ffs r n
L ectures on the P h il o s oph y of M es mer

Is m Cl ai v ya i h u i
a nd r o n ce W t I nst r ct o n i n i ts P roce s s ,
M oral an d Int ell ectual Sc ienc e B

,
y .
Cm ao g y
be , S t r t to n , C o \ h ll u a d ,
G re or
,
a nd o t e rs . I str te
M at ernity : or the B earing an d .

N u i g Ch ild
rs n of du a i
re n , III ( l l l 'l l l l g F e i i i r
i le E c t o n,
M emory an d Int ell ectua l Imp rov ement

A pp l i d e to e cl f F i l i w nt i o i i . m i l J UV e II I it I i i e t ri i i t i o n,
FO W L E RS AND WE LL S '
P UB L I C A TI O NS .
Synop s is of Ph renol ogy and Phys iol ogy ;

W i h ll u a i
t u l y I st r t o ns in Ne ro o
g
Sc ience of S wimming giv ing the His

y wi mm i
to r of u S a ng , a n d I ns t r ct i o n to Le rne rs ,
’
The P arent s Gui de and Chi l d bi rt h ,
mad a y By H e E dl s . M rs . es te r Pe n e to n ,
Tobacco : its E ffect s on the B od y an d

Mi d n b w . ubjTh e es t o rk o n th e s ec t ,
T eeth t heir S t ructure D isease an d ,

Ma a m J h B u d ll i ,
n ge e nt . By o n r e . D e nt s t,
T em perance an d T i ght Lac i ng ; found -
ed o u aw i th e L s of L fe ,
Vegeta bl e D iet as Sanction ed by Med

i al
c p i
Me n , a nd Ex
,
e r e n ce i n A l l Ag es ,
W ater C ure Journa l an d H era l d of Re

-
m
fo r v d H s . H al h J u al
De o te to y i l ro pnt l i y . A e t o rn .
W a t er C ure M anual ; a P o p u l ar W ork

-
Hy d pa h By
on ro M t y . J o e l S l i e w, . D
W ater C ure in Every Kno w n D i s ea se

-
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By J H au . a la d
. R M s se . Tr ns te by D r . ee k e r,
W at er C ure Error s of P h y s ic ian s an d

- -
Oh t pp l i a i f By J H
e rs i n the A c t on o . . . R an ssc ,
W at er C ure E xp erienc e in B y M r s
- -
. .
M . v i h l Wi h u i
S Go .
Wa
e CuN c o s t I ns t r c t o ns i n te r- re ,
W ater C ure for W om en i n P regnancy

-
d Ch i l d bi h
an ll u a d Wi h um u a rt . I st r te t n e ro s c s es ,
W ater C ure Al manac co nta in ing muc h

-
,
imp a ma f h a l hy d u h a l hy Y a l y
o rt nt tte r o r th e e t an th e n e t . e r .
W ater an d Veget abl e D iet B y Wm .
amb M F m h d d i
.
L ,
. D . ro t e Lon on E ti o n ,
W oman : her E d ucat ion and Influ ence .
Wi h t du i an M i l d Il l u a d
I nt ro 40 ct o n by rs . K rk an . str te ,
E i r n nn a W my d d d by u h be a n d re c e
p p l a aéyl p p i d ret rn o f
or T xe s on s o r e re e t e
rra s r mm . fl at a t ri ex osta P e o st
wL g!
'
i ng e ns e or e s re s s , a
WE L L S
,
ro 5 AND
1 3 1 Nas s a d et , Ne w
,
Y o rk .

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I L L U S TR A TE D

a n x i ous t o e x plo r e t h e m s t e r i e s o f t h e v e g e t abl e s e c u r e

nd i n na t u r e e v e ry W h e r e b o u nti fu l i n h e r g i fts a nd t hat

wit h a t ho r g h x p iti o f th e sys te m of L i aeu s an d

w o ld b p u liarly a c c pt abl to y u th w hav

val abl t th hil d to th par t t th p pil th

C L INT O N HAL L , 13 1 Nas s au s tre e t ,

mod k ow to bota i t P op rti f t h C ifo m

family— M k f that family Ha d

hola T t f g ood o — Co olla S tam

Cal yx R pta l S pal —{V t

B a ty f t h V g tabl K i g dom o t a t d with that

di mi ati g t h P oll U f Calyx U f Co olla

— B ild Up P ll Dow A o t f t h C atio f

P la t Oth e n s— it og i th A tmo ph r A imal

k p a imal aliv — Fabl f S adi Fo l m tary p i

an i trod tio to th N at al Fi t Cla S o g f th

T ib — Thi d Cla Food b tt tha ri h illu trat d

Bi dw d T ib P otato family poi o o T b

H mlo k T ib at lik th P otato Modifyi g f poi o

ous pla t S o g f th P ta d ia T ib Cla H x

i — S o g f th H xa d ria T ib — Cla H pta d ia

O ta d ia Trib — Cla E a d ria S o g f t h E

a d ia T ib — S ymm t y i P l a t — Cla D a dria

Trap S o g f t h D d ia Trib —Cla Do d a d ia

Wat r L ily— S o g f th P oly dri Trib

Cla Didy amia— O d

F oxG lov — S o g f t h Didy ami a T rib — Cla

m i — Cha t i ti f t h C ifo rm Famil y Th —

W ll Flow S o g f t h T trady amia T ib — Cla

i m —~o d r P olya dria a

Cla Diad lphia P pi l

ceo u s ﬂow P talo t mo — L pi

S akn R oot Movi g P la t— S o g

T ib 3 —Cla P olyad lphia— H w mod r Bota i t d i

ad lphi a Trib Cla S y g ia— It ha a t i ti

P olyg amia S p ﬂ — Joh Ma G ood

P olyg ami a F t P olyg m ia N i — Polyg ami

Cla ss y a d i P olli ia P lia iti f th O hi family

Co Fli t ma k th f ti ﬁ ti f Mai Flow

Cla P olyg amia I t O d — S o g f th P olyg amia Trib

r oom — Th i Habit Q liti How to t ll t h p i

for Cat p — T b M h oom S o g f th C yptog amia

Cotyl do O ﬁi f d maki g — U f f it— S ilk d

B a nya tr P p Willow H mboldt G rafti g d ’ — —

m & P oof G d ﬂow t b avoid d by yo g

t ry Al o — L ili — Ann al Bi ial d P

Ad aptiv pow r e at — Bal am p l — Da d lio b l

loo — B do k hook — E ri g o Maho g a y d Co a

reg io — Tal ip t— Clothi

H ath f th Cap f G od Hop — Th b g — U f p i

pla t — Th i g al it atio P lai ar R m

d a g o pla t — A alo g y f a im l Cold li mat

co v ery f P r via bark

M et hd o p rvi g th g r trib — U f bitt r h rb i

ser vi g pla t — Cha g f olo wh dri d Thor to

compa i Bota i al Di to ry It app l i atio Mi a

matio f do g o t m Wood tt Formatio f

E xo g o t m Cabbag lik top — P l l l v i l av

tio f ba k G i mbl t— I riptio — A da o Da i l

Floral Di tio ary pr d d by P t y

L a u ra S is ter what kind of ﬂowers are

E m i l y I have never examined them

L If you do not know the i r name and have