Stress

MC 320 | STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

 At the end of this topic, the student will be able
to:
1. Understand the concept of normal, shear,
and bearing stress;
Objectives 2. Find the normal, shear, and bearing stress;
Intended Learning Outcomes and
3. Apply the specific applications of the
analysis.

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 oStress and Average Normal Stress
oAverage Shear Stress
Outline
Topics oBearing Stress
oAllowable Stress
oThin-Walled Pressure Vessels

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Stress and Average Normal Stress
STRESS

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Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that
studies the internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body
that is subjected to an external loading.
Stress is associated with the strength of the material
from which the body is made, while strain is a measure of
the deformation of the body.

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Stress
The material will be considered to be continuous,
that is, to consist of a continuum or uniform distribution of
matter having no voids. Also, the material must be cohesive,
meaning that all portions of it are connected together,
without having breaks, cracks, or separations.
The quotient of the force and area is called stress,
and as noted, it describes the intensity of the internal force
acting on a specific plane (area) passing through a point.

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Stress
Since stress represents a force per unit area, in the
International Standard or SI system, the magnitudes of both
normal and shear stress are specified in the basic units of
newtons per square meter 𝑁/𝑚2 . This unit is called a
pascal 1 Pa = 1 𝑁/𝑚2 .
Likewise, in the Foot-Pound-Second system of units,
stress is usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or
kilopounds per square inch (ksi), where
1 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 kip = 1000 𝑙𝑏.

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Stress
The intensity of the force acting normal to an area 𝐴
is defined as the normal stress, 𝜎 (sigma). If the normal force
or stress “pulls” on 𝐴, it is referred to as tensile stress,
whereas if it “pushes” on 𝐴 it is called compressive stress.
The intensity of force acting tangent to 𝐴 is called the
shear stress, 𝜏 (tau).

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Average Normal Stress
This bar is prismatic since all
cross sections are the same
throughout its length. When
the load 𝑃 is applied to the bar
through the centroid of its
cross-sectional area, then the
bar will deform uniformly
throughout the central region
of its length provided the
material of the bar is both
homogeneous and isotropic.

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Average Normal Stress
To define the stress at a given point Q of the
cross section, we should consider a small
area ΔA. Dividing the magnitude of ΔF by
ΔA, we obtain the average value of the
stress over ΔA. Letting ΔA approach zero,
we obtain the stress at point Q:

∆𝐹
𝜎 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴

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Average Normal Stress
𝜎 is found to vary across the section.
In a slender rod subjected to equal and
opposite concentrated loads P and P’,
this variation is small in a section away
from the points of application of the
concentrated loads (c), but it is quite
noticeable in the neighborhood of
these points (b and d).

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Average Normal Stress
In practice, it will be assumed
that the distribution of
normal stresses in an axially
loaded member is uniform.
The value 𝜎 of the stress is
then equal to 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 ;

𝑃
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴

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Average Normal Stress
However, we should realize that, when we assume that the
internal forces are uniformly distributed across the section,
it follows from elementary statics that the resultant P of the
internal forces must be applied at the centroid C of the
section.
This type of loading is called
centric loading and will be
assumed to take place in all
straight two-force members
found in trusses and pin-
connected structures.

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Average Normal Stress
However, if a two-force member is
loaded axially, but eccentrically as
shown in (a), we find from the
conditions of equilibrium of the
portion of member shown in (b) that
the internal forces in a given section
must be equivalent to a force P
applied at the centroid of the section
and a couple M of moment M = Pd.
The distribution of forces—and, thus,
the corresponding distribution of
stresses—cannot be uniform.

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Maximum
Average Normal Stress
Occasionally, the bar may be subjected to several external
loads along its axis, or a change in its cross-sectional area
may occur.
As a result, the normal stress within the bar could be
different from one section to the next, and, if the maximum
average normal stress is to be determined, then it becomes
important to find the location where the ratio P/A is a
maximum.
As a sign convention, P will be positive if it causes tension in
the member, and negative if it causes compression.

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Procedure for Analysis
1. Section the member perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
at the point where the normal stress is to be determined
and use the necessary free-body diagram and force
equation of equilibrium to obtain the internal axial force
P at the section.
2. Determine the member’s cross-sectional area at the
section and calculate the average normal stress
𝜎 = 𝑃Τ𝐴.

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Example 2.1
The built-up shaft consists of a pipe AB and solid rod BC. The
pipe has an inner diameter of 20 mm and outer diameter of
28 mm. The rod has a diameter of 12 mm. Determine the
average normal stress at points D and E.

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Example 2.1
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.2
The bars of the truss each have a cross-sectional area of
1.25 𝑖𝑛2 . Determine the average normal stress in members AB
and BE due to the loading 𝑃 = 8 𝑘𝑖𝑝. State whether the stress
is tensile or compressive.

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Example 2.2
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.2
Solution:

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Example 2.3
Determine the average
normal stress developed in
links AB and CD of the
smooth two-tine grapple
that supports the log having
a mass of 3 𝑀𝑔. The cross-
sectional area of each link is
400 𝑚𝑚2 .

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Example 2.3
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.3
Solution:

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Example 2.4
The cross-sectional area of bar ABCD is 600 𝑚𝑚2 . Determine
the maximum normal stress in the bar.

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Example 2.4
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.4
Solution:

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Average Shear Stress
STRESS

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Average Shear Stress
Shear stress is tangent to the plane on which it acts. Shear
stress arises whenever the applied loads cause one section
of a body to slide past its adjacent section.
The distribution of direct shear stress is usually complex and
not easily determined. It is common practice to assume that
the shear force V is uniformly distributed over the shear
area A, so that the shear stress can be computed from;

𝑉
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴

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Average Shear Stress

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Example 2.5
Two wooden planks, each 22 mm thick and 160 mm wide, are
joined by the glued mortise joint shown. Determine the
average shear stress in the glue if 𝑃 = 7.6 𝑘𝑁 and 𝑑 = 60 𝑚𝑚.

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Example 2.5
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.6
The beam is supported by a pin at A and a short link BC. If
𝑃 = 15 kN, determine the average shear stress developed in
the pins at A, B, and C. Each pin has a diameter of 18 mm.

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Example 2.6
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.6
Solution:

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Example 2.7
The block is subjected to a compressive force of 2 𝑘𝑁.
Determine the average normal and average shear stress
developed in the wood fibers that are oriented along section
a–a at 30° with the axis of the block.

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Example 2.7
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.7
Solution:

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Bearing Stress
STRESS

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Bearing Stress
If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive
forces are developed on the area of contact. The pressure
caused by these surface loads is called bearing stress.
Examples of bearing stress are the soil pressure beneath a
pier and the contact pressure between a rivet and the side
of its hole. If the bearing stress is large enough, it can locally
crush the material, which in turn can lead to more serious
problems.

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Bearing Stress
As an illustration of bearing stress, consider the lap joint
formed by the two plates that are riveted together as
shown (a). The bearing stress caused by the rivet is not
constant; it actually varies from zero at the sides of the hole
to a maximum behind the rivet (b).

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Bearing Stress
The difficulty inherent in such a complicated stress
distribution is avoided by the common practice of assuming
that the bearing stress 𝜎𝑏 is uniformly distributed over a
reduced area. The reduced area 𝐴𝑏 is taken to be the
projected area of the rivet: 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑡𝑑

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Bearing Stress
The bearing stress becomes;

𝑃𝑏 𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = =
𝐴𝑏 𝑡𝑑

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Example 2.8
For the joint shown in the figure, calculate (a) the largest
bearing stress between the pin and the members; and (b) the
average shear stress in the pin.

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Example 2.8
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.8
Solution:

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Example 2.9
Link AB, of width 𝑏 = 50 𝑚𝑚 and
thickness 𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑚, is used to
support the end of a horizontal
beam. Knowing that the average
normal stress in the link is
− 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and that the average
shearing stress in each of the two
pins is 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine (a) the
diameter d of the pins, (b) the
average bearing stress in the link.

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Example 2.9
Required:
Solution:

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Allowable Stress
STRESS

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Allowable Stress
To properly design a structural member or mechanical
element it is necessary to restrict the stress in the material
to a level that will be safe.
To ensure this safety, it is therefore necessary to choose an
allowable stress that restricts the applied load to one that is
less than the load the member can fully support.

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Allowable Stress
One method of specifying the allowable load for a member
is to use a number called the factor of safety. The factor of
safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load 𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 to the
allowable load 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 .

𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝐹. 𝑆. =
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝐹. 𝑆. = 𝐹. 𝑆. =
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤

MC 320 | ERV 51
Example 2.10

The three steel wires are used to

support the load. If the wires
have a tensile failure stress of
𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 198 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and wire AB
has a diameter of 6 𝑚𝑚, BC has a
diameter of 5 𝑚𝑚, and BD has a
diameter of 7 𝑚𝑚, determine the
greatest force P that can be
applied before one of the wires
fails. Use 𝐹. 𝑆. of 1.2.

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Example 2.10
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.10
Solution:

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Example 2.11
The bars of the truss each have a cross-sectional area of
1.25 𝑖𝑛2 . If the allowable average normal stress in any bar is
20 𝑘𝑠𝑖, determine the maximum magnitude P of the loads
that can be applied to the truss. Use 𝐹. 𝑆. of 1.2.

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Example 2.11
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.11
Solution:

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Example 2.11
Solution:

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Example 2.12
Determine the maximum magnitude P of the
load the beam can support if the average
failure shear stress in each pin is 78 MPa and
the average failure normal stress is 86 MPa.
Each pin has a diameter of 18 mm while rod BC
has a diameter of 25 mm. Use 𝐹. 𝑆. of 1.3.

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Example 2.12
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.12
Solution:

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Example 2.13
Determine the required thickness of
member BC and the diameter of the
pins at A and B if the allowable normal
stress for member BC is 29 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and the
allowable shear stress for the pins is
10 𝑘𝑠𝑖.

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Example 2.13
Required:
Solution:

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Example 2.13
Solution:

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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
STRESS

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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
In general, thin wall refers to a vessel having an inner-
radius-to-wall-thickness ratio of 10 or more 𝑟Τ𝑡 ≥ 10 .
Cylindrical or spherical vessels are commonly used in
industry to serve as boilers or tanks. When under pressure,
the material of which they are made is subjected to a
loading from all directions.

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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Provided the vessel wall is “thin,” the stress distribution
throughout its thickness will not vary significantly, and so
we will assume that it is uniform or constant.
Using this assumption, we will now analyze the state of
stress in thin-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure
vessels. In both cases, the pressure in the vessel is
understood to be the gauge pressure, that is, it measures
the pressure above atmospheric pressure, since
atmospheric pressure is assumed to exist both inside and
outside the vessel’s wall before the vessel is pressurized.

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Thin-Walled Cylindrical
Pressure Vessels
A small element of the
vessel is subjected to
normal stresses 𝜎1 in the
circumferential or hoop
direction and 𝜎2 in the
longitudinal or axial
direction.

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Thin-Walled Cylindrical
Pressure Vessels
Circumferential Stress

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Thin-Walled Cylindrical
Pressure Vessels
Longitudinal Stress

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Thin-Walled Spherical
Pressure Vessels
We can analyze a spherical
pressure vessel in a similar
manner.

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Thin-Walled Spherical
Pressure Vessels

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Example 2.14
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 4 𝑓𝑡 and
a thickness of 1Τ2 𝑖𝑛. Determine the maximum internal
pressure it can sustain so that neither its circumferential nor
its longitudinal stress component exceeds 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖. Under the
same conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure that
a similar-size spherical vessel can sustain?

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Example 2.14
Required:
Solution:

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Practice Problems
STRESS

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Practice Problem 1
Knowing that 𝜃 = 40° and 𝑃 = 9 𝑘𝑁, determine (a) the smallest allowable
diameter of the pin at B if the allowable average shearing stress in the pin
is 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎, (b) the corresponding average bearing stress in member AB at
B, (c) the corresponding average bearing stress in each of the support
brackets at B.

Answers:
𝑑 = 11.453 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑏 = 134.933 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑏 = 89.955 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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Practice Problem 2
Determine the smallest safe cross-sectional areas of members
CD, GD, and GF for the truss shown. The allowable average
normal stresses are 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in tension and 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in
compression.
Answers:
𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 1475.730 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐺𝐷 = 841.295 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐺𝐹 = 1500 𝑚𝑚2

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Practice Problem 3
Determine the average normal stress and average shear stress
at point C in the beam. The cross-sectional area at C is 6 𝑖𝑛2 .

Answers:
𝜎𝐶 = 0
𝜏𝐶 = 12.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖

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Practice Problem 4
Determine the largest load P
that can be applied to the
frame if the allowable average
normal stress and the
allowable average shear stress
at section a–a is 150 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎, respectively.
Member 𝐶𝐵 has a square
cross section of 25 𝑚𝑚 on
each side.

Answer:
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.5 𝑘𝑁

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Practice Problem 5
Three forces, each of magnitude 𝑃 = 4 𝑘𝑁, are applied to the
mechanism shown. Determine the cross-sectional area of the
uniform portion of rod BE for which the normal stress in that
portion is +100 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Answer:
𝐴𝐵𝐸 = 285.333 𝑚𝑚2

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Practice Problem 6
If 𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑁,determine the average shear stress developed in
the pins at A and C. The pins are subjected to double shear as
shown, and each has a diameter of 18 mm.
Answer:
𝜏𝐴 = 𝜏𝐶 = 78.595 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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Practice Problem 7
The column is subjected to
an axial force of 8 𝑘𝑁, which
is applied through the
centroid of the cross-
sectional-area. Determine
the average normal stress
acting at section
a–a.

Answer:
𝜎 = 1.818 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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Practice Problem 8
The homogeneous 6000-lb bar ABC is supported by a pin at C
and a cable that runs from A to B around the frictionless
pulley at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 in.
Answer:
𝜎 = 10458.722 𝑝𝑠𝑖

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Practice Problem 9
Answer:
𝜎𝐵𝐶 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐷 = 35.714 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇
𝜎𝐶𝐹 = 141.421 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐶

Find the stresses in members BC,

BD, and CF for the truss shown.
Indicate tension or compression.
The cross-sectional area of each
member is 1400 mm2.

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Practice Problem 10
Two wooden planks, each 12 in. thick and 9 in. wide, are
joined by the dry mortise joint shown. Knowing that the wood
used shears off along its grain when the average shearing
stress reaches 1.20 ksi, determine the magnitude P of the axial
load that will cause the joint to fail.
Answer:
𝑃 = 2.25 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

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For consultations?
ENGR. ELIANDRE RUSSEL P. VISTAL
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Adamson University
900 San Marcelino, Ermita, Manila
eliandre.russel.vistal@adamson.edu.ph

MC 320 | ERV 86