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Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Types of Compounds Based on
Their Properties
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Types of Compounds Based on Their Properties
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mary Grace M. Caburnay
Editors: Edwin T. Catigara, Romel S. Villarubia, Dr. Honey Lynne A. Boyles
Reviewers: Therysa Mae S. Bermudez, Glory Jean B. Leop
Illustrator: Mary Grace M. Caburnay
Layout Artist: Loraine Cecilia B. Villarosa
Management Team: Dr. Josephine L. Fadul – SDS
Dr. Melanie P. Estacio – ASDS
Dr. Christine C. Bagacay – CID Chief
Dr. Lorna C. Ragos – EPS in LRMDS
Dr. Honey Lynne A. Boyles – EPS in Science

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region XI

Office Address: E-Park Apokon, Tagum City___

Telefax: (084) – 215 - 3504____________

E-mail Address: http://deped.tagumcity.gov.ph___

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Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Types of Compounds Based on
Their Properties
Introductory Message
For the learner:
This module is primarily designed to help you, learners, continue learning
despite the present situation. This effort of DepEd is a way to cope-up with its
goal of providing the quality education you deserved.
It is easy, user friendly, and interactive. It allows you to freely give comments
or answers to its parts. Icons with labels are provided as your guide
throughout. Words, figures, and tables are simplified for your easy
understanding.
This module will help you learn Science facts and concepts, and will also
develop your positive attitude, values, and interest in Science.
Explore this module thoroughly for the best experience. Have fun!

How to learn from this module:

To be guided in using this module, you may do the following:
1. Read and follow the directions and or instructions in the activities and
exercises carefully and diligently.
2. Take your time to read the lessons.
3. Answer all given tests, activities, and exercises honestly.
4. Check your answers in the key answers provided in the last few pages of
the module.
5. Familiarize yourself with the following Icons and Terms:
Let Us Learn! - It has the objectives of the module.

Let Us Try! - Pretest or Preassessment.

Let Us Study - Introduction of a new lesson or the lesson itself.

Let Us Practice – Activities for practicing the concepts.

Let Us Practice More – Additional activities for practicing the concepts.

Let Us Remember – Additional activities for practicing the concepts.

Let Us Assess – Posttest or Post assessment.

Let Us Enhance - Enrichment activities.

Let Us Reflect - Application of the concept to a real-life situation.

Answer key to Activities – Key answers to the activities, exercises, and tests.
References - Useful links for the resources used in this module

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 Let Us Learn!

Hello! Good day!

We have some questions here!

Due to the pandemic, how do you spend time with your families?

Can you describe the bonding you have spent with them?

In chemical bonding, atoms and molecules also need to bond to each

other to be stable. The saying “No man is an island.” is very familiar in these
kinds of topics.

You will find the answer to these questions as you go along. You will
journey into this module with the following competency:
Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or covalent) based on
their properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and
thermal conductivity. (S9MT-IIb-14)

Let Us Try!

Great job! You are now making your moves towards completing this
module!

How well do you know about the types of compounds (ionic or

covalent) based on the properties of matter?

Let us try to find out by answering the following questions. After

honestly answering this, you may check the answers in the last part of this
module.

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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1. Which of the properties of atoms is the most suitable reference for the
kind of bond that will take place between/among them?
a. Atomic size c. ionization energy
b. Electronegativity d. electron affinity
c.
2. Which of the following characterizes ionic compounds?
a. Form by two metals c. form by metals and non-metals
b. Can exists as crystals d. high melting and freezing point

3. Why can metals be hammered without breaking?

a. They are ductile c. they are not brittle
b. They are malleable d. its particles are strong

4. What bond is considered a poor conductor of electricity?

a. Covalent b. ionic c. metallic d. no bond at all
b.
5. What bond would form between elements from Group 1A and
Halogens?
a. Ionic b. metallic c. covalent d. no bond at all

6. What would be the oxidation number of an element which has 6

valence electrons?
a. +6 b. +3 c. -2 d. -3

7. What type of bonds involves the transferring of electrons?

a. Ionic b. metallic c. covalent d. no bond at all

8. What usually forms positive ions?

a. Non metals b. ionic c. covalent d. metal

9. Predict the bond that will form between Se and Cl.

a. Ionic b. metallic c. covalent d. none

10. What type of compound is CaF2?

b. Polar b. ionic c. covalent d. metallic

11. What kind of particle is produced after covalent bonding?

a. Molecule b. atom c. electron d. ion

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 12. How does ionic bonding take place?
a. Two non-metallic elements of the same kind form strong forces
of attraction
b. Two non-metallic elements of different kinds form strong forces
of attraction
c. A non-metallic element like fluorine is attracted to a metallic
element like sodium
d. A metallic element like sodium transfers an electron to a non-
metallic element like fluorine

13. What kind of chemical bond will form between two oxygen atoms?
a. Metallic bond c. polar covalent bond
b. Ionic bond d. non-polar covalent bond

14. Which of the following type of bonds will have the highest electrical
and thermal conductivity?
a. Metallic bond c. polar covalent bond
b. Ionic bond d. non-polar covalent bond

15. When does covalent bonding take place?

a. It takes place when an atom attains stability
b. It takes place when atoms collide with one another
c. It takes place when the attraction between atoms is strong
d. It takes place when atoms share electrons

Let Us Study

Way to go! Let us level up!

What are the types of compounds based on their properties?

What keeps you bonded with others?

What holds an atom together?

Everyone is seeking stability. Stability refers to the strength to stand

or resistance to chemical change or physical disintegration. Stability in
atoms involves the possession of eight electrons in its outermost energy level
of valence electron. Valence electrons are the electrons occupying the
highest energy level in an atom. Atoms of all elements therefore to become

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stable have to have eight valence electrons. We call this the octet rule, which
was proposed by Gilbert Newton Lewis, an American Chemist.

In the formation of a compound, atoms or ions combine to form

molecules or groups of ions. The forces of attraction that hold these particles
together are called chemical bonds. The bonding process involves the
sharing and giving or transferring of valence electrons.

During compound formation, the tendency of an atom to share or

transfer valence electrons to another atom to complete an octet of valence
electrons is called the octet rule.

Why do Atoms form Chemical Bonds?

It is a universal rule that everything in this world tends to become

more stable. Atoms achieve stability by attaining the electronic configuration
of noble gases.
Atom can accommodate 8 electrons in its valence shell in three ways:

1. By giving valence shell electrons (if they are less than three) to
other atoms.
2. By gaining electrons from other atoms (if the valence shell has five
or more electrons in it).
3. By sharing valence electrons with other atoms.

But before you can form a compound let us know first how can we
form a compound and we have to know what is LEDS (Lewis Dot
Structure).

Lewis Electron Dot Structures (LEDS)

A system known as LEDS, proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis, is used to

emphasize the atom’s valence electrons. It is a shorthand method that
consist of a symbol of the element surrounded by dots. The symbol
represents the nucleus of the atom while the dots represent the valence
electrons of the atom.

How will you draw the LEDS? The following instructions will guide
you.

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Step 1: Write the chemical symbol of an atom.
Carbon chemical symbol C

Step 2: Determine the column or group where an atom belongs in the

periodic table.
Carbon, a representative element, belongs to Group 4A;
therefore, its number of valence electron is 4.

Step 3: Draw the dots that correspond to the number of valence electrons.
Distribute the dots evenly; it may be placed above or below and/or either
side of the chemical symbol.

C
Types of Chemical Bonds

The valence electrons, which are involved in chemical bonding, are

termed as bonding electrons. They usually reside in the incomplete or
partially filled outermost shell of an atom. Depending upon the way how
these valence electrons are involved in bonding, they result in the following
types of chemical bonds:

1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Metallic bond

Ionic Bond

Ionic compounds are made up of ions or charged particles. A bonding

by transfer of electrons. A kind of chemical bond which exists only between
metals and non-metals.

Compounds can be represented through the chemical formula. A

chemical formula is a shorthand method in writing the name of the
compound, it shows symbols to represent the elements and a subscript to
represent the exact number of atoms used.

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 Steps in the formation of an ionic bond

1. Get the valence electron of the elements in the compound by looking at its
family number in Roman Numerals.
Example: Na Family: IA valence electron: 1
Cl Family: VIIA valence electron: 7

2. Write the LEDS of the elements

Na Cl
3. Transfer the electron/s of the element who have lesser electrons to the
element who have higher electrons to become stable.

Na Cl

4. Write the ions (cations are positive ions, anions are negative ions). If the
element gives an electron/s it will have positive ions, if the element/s receive
an electron/s it will have a negative ion/s.

Na +1 Cl -1

5. Write the formula of the compound by combining the elements with their
ions as a subscript. Since the electron is only 1 you can write only the signs
or only the elements.

Na+Cl- or NaCl

5. The energy needed to remove an electron from the neutral atom is known
as ionization energy. In the case of Chlorine where it accepts electron or
electron/s are being transferred is made possible as electron affinity is met.
Electron affinity is a measure of how much energy is released when an
electron is gained by certain atom.

As sodium loses an electron, and as chlorine gains an electron, both

atoms now become stable.

If the electronegativity difference between the two elements is greater

than 1.7, then the higher electronegative atom has a greater attractive
ability enough to force the transfer of electrons from the lesser
electronegative ion. If the electronegativity difference between two non-
metals is no greater than 1.7, they can only share electrons and we call their
bond a covalent bond.

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Covalent Bond

A bond between non-metals. Non-metals have high electronegativity;

thus, they have a greater ability to attract electrons. There are two types of
covalent bonds; polar covalent bond and non-polar covalent bond.

Electronegativity Difference for Types of Covalent Bond

Difference in Type of Bond

Electronegativity
0 – 0.5 Non-polar Covalent
0.6 – 1.5 Polar Covalent

Formation of Covalent Bonds

When two or more non-metallic elements combine in covalent

bonding, a molecule is formed. The gases like O₂, H₂, N₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂
always occur as a diatomic molecule. They are more stable than single
atoms.
There are three types of covalent bonds depending on the number of
shared electrons; a single covalent bond, denoted by a short line ( ) is the
sharing of one electron pair between two atoms. A double covalent bond,
denoted by two short lines ( ) is the sharing of two electron pairs. And the
triple covalent bond, denoted by three short lines ( ) is the sharing of
three electrons pairs.

Steps in the Formation of Covalent Bond

1. Identify the valence electron of the elements.

Example: NH₃

N family: VA valence electron: 5

H family: IA valence electron: 1

2. Write the LEDS.

N H
H
H

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3. Show the sharing of the pairs of electrons with either single, double, or
triple. Analyze what type of bond it will have based on the number of shared
electrons. (Since the N has 5 valence electrons it needs 3 electrons to be
stable, and H has 1 valence electrons. There are 3 H therefore 3 electrons
will be shared from each Hydrogen).

H N H or H N H

H H

Properties of the Different Types of Compounds

Ionic Covalent
Formed between Formed from the
electrostatic attraction attraction of two non -
between cation and metals
What is it?
anion. This occurs
mainly between metal
and non-metal
Formed when Formed when atoms
oppositely charged ions share electrons to
attract with each other. become stable. The
Electrons are electronegativity
Formation
transferred from one difference between non
atom to another. They – metallic elements
either gain or lose should be equal or less
electrons than 1.7
Polarity High Low
Shape No definite shape With definite shape
Melting point High Low
Boiling point High Low
Occurs between Metal and non-metal Two non - metals
State at room Solid Liquid or gas
temperature
Hardness Hard Soft and brittle
Poor conductors but Does not conduct
Electrical Conductivity can conduct electricity electricity
when dissolved in
water or molten

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Metallic Properties

Metals have special properties that separate them from other solids.
Metals are malleable, ductile, a good conductor of heat and electricity, have
high melting and boiling point, and shiny or lustrous. Metals have these
properties due to their free valence electrons or also called as “sea of
electrons”. The electrostatic force that holds the atoms together in metals is
called metallic properties.

Why are metals good conductors of heat and electricity? This is due to
their free valence electrons.

Why do metals have a high melting point? This is due to the

electrostatic attraction between the lattice of a metal cation and the fluid of
valence electrons in which they are immersed.

Why are metals malleable and ductile? Malleability is the ability of

metals to be shaped by pressure, either by hammering, rolling into sheets,
or forging. Ductility is the ability of metals to be drawn into wires. These two
properties are derived from the non-directional nature of attractions between
the kernel atoms (cation ions within a metallic solid) and the fluid of
electrons.

Why are metals shiny? Luster is the ability to shine and / or the
ability to reflect light. The presence of free electrons that vibrate and move is
the reason why metals reflect light.

Let Us Practice

Very good! You made it this far! Let us continue rolling!

After honestly answering this. You may check your answer in the
Answer Key Section.

Activity 1: Metal and Non-Metal Combinations

1. Prepare six pieces each of tiny balls of orange and green clay.
2. Given the following combinations :
NaCl LiBr
CaF₂ KI

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 Use the periodic table of elements to locate the first elements of each
combination and mark them using the orange clay.
3. Use again your periodic table to locate the second element but this time
use the green clay.

Guide Questions:
1. Which side of the periodic table is the elements with orange clays located?

2. What classification can you give to those elements? Metal or non-metal?

3. Which side of the periodic table is the elements with green clays located?

4. What classification can you give to those elements? Metals or non-metals?

5. How are the given combinations formed? What type of bond exists
between them?

Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Name Game

Direction: Identify the type of compounds on the following. Write if it is
ionic, covalent, or metallic.

_____________ 1. NaCl
_____________ 2. Au
_____________ 3.MgBr₂
_____________ 4.MgO
_____________ 5. NH₄
_____________ 6.CO₂
_____________ 7.Li₂O
_____________ 8. Fe
_____________ 9.O₂
_____________ 10. CaF₂

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 Let Us Remember

Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.

I Learned.

Thoroughly answer the question below. You may use appropriate academic
vocabulary and clear and complete sentences.

Types of Compounds

What are the types of compounds? How do they differ from each other?
What are the properties of each type of compound?
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Let Us Assess

Superb! Just Superb! It’s time to try the fruit of our journey!

Multiple Choice

Direction: Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers
the question.

1. Which is not a type of chemical bonding?

a. Covalent bonding c. ionic bonding
b. Polar bonding d. metallic bonding

2. Which of the following pairs of atoms is most likely to form a covalent

compound?
a. C, O c. Na, Cl
b. Mg, Br d. Ba, Cl

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3. The following describes ionic bonding, except _____.
a. It involves the transfer of electrons.
b. Atoms either gain or lose electrons.
c. It involves sharing of electrons.
d. It is a bond between metals and non-metals.

4. Which of the following is an example of ionic bond?

a. CO₂ c. MgBr₂
b. OH d. CCl₄

5. Why are metals shiny?

a. Because it is shaped by pressure
b. Due to electrostatic force attraction
c. Due to the ability of a metal to be drawn into wires.
d. Due to the ability to reflect light.

6. Which of the following is NOT a property of a metal?

a. Soft c. luster
b. Ductile d. malleability

7. Which of the following is an example of a covalent bond?

a. CaF₂ c. N₂
c. Li₂O d. Fe

8. What kind of chemical bond will form between two oxygen atoms?
a. Ionic bond c. metallic bond
b. Polar covalent bond d. non-polar covalent bond

9. Why do atoms react with one another to form chemical bonds?

a. To produce ions c. to attain stability
b. To form molecules d. to form compounds

10. Which of the following properties of metal means it can be drawn into
wires?
a. Electrical conductivity c. malleability
b. Flexibility d. ductility

11. Nitrogen (N) belongs to a family 5A and it is diatomic. How many

nonpolar covalent bonds will there be in N₂ molecule?
a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1

12. What kind of particle is produced after covalent bonding?

a. Molecule b. atom c. electron d. ion

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13. Which of the following shows that an atom is stable?
a. Having 2 valence electrons c. having 6 valence electrons
b. Having 4 valence electrons d. having 8 valence electrons

14. Which of the following type of bonds will have the highest electrical and
thermal conductivity?
a. Metallic bond c. polar covalent bond
b. Ionic bond d. non-polar covalent bond

15. What bonds hold in Group 1 and 2 of the Periodic Table?

a. Non-polar covalent bond c. metallic bond
b. Polar covalent bond d. ionic bond

Let Us Enhance

You are amazing! This would be easy lemon squeezy!

What’s in the Box?

Direction:
Answer the statement below and fill the boxes.

1. What do you call the electrons occupying the highest energy level in an
atom?

2. A shorthand method consists of a symbol of the element surrounded by

dots.

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3. The energy needed to remove energy.

4. A measure of how much energy is released when an electron is gained by

a certain atom.

5. The electrostatic force that holds the atoms together in metals.

Let Us Reflect

Congratulations! Might what to share your deep thought on this!

Chemical Bonding
How does bonding affect our lives? Just like atoms, is it important to be
stable? Why?
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Let Us Remember
Answer
Types of Compounds
There are three types of compounds, ionic
compound, covalent compound and metallic
compound. Ionic bond is a bond between metals
and non-metals with electronegativity difference
of 1.7 and above. Formed when oppositely
charged ions attract with each other. Electrons
are transferred from one atom to another. It has
high polarity, no definite shape, high melting
and boiling point, solid at room temperature,
hard, and poor conductor of electricity.
Covalent bond is bond between to non-
Activity 2: Name Game
metals, they share electrons, electronegativity
difference should be equal or less than 1.7, low
Answer
polarity, with definite shape, low melting and
boiling point, in liquid or gas phase at room
1. ionic
temperature, soft and brittle, and does not
2. metallic
conduct electricity.
3. ionic
Metallic bond is a bond between two
4. ionic
metallic elements, good conductors of heat and
5. covalent
electricity, have high melting point, malleable,
6. covalent
ductile and shiny. These properties are achieved
7. ionic
by metals due to their sea of electrons.
8. metallic
9. covalent
10.ionic
Activity 1 : Metal and Non-
Metal Combinations
Answer
1. Elements with orange clays are
located at the left side of the periodic
table. Answer
2. They are metals. 1. B 11. A
2. C 12. D
3. Elements with green clays are located 3. B 13. D
at the right side of the periodic table. 4. A 14. B
5. A 15. D
6. C
4. They are non-metals. 7. A
8. D
5. The elements combined are metals 9. C
and non-metals. They formed ionic bond. 10. B
Pre-Assessment
Answer key to Activities
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Let Us Reflect
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding could also be compared to humans’ relationships, like friendship or
intimate relationship. We need to bond with other person in order for us to fulfill what we want in life,
there is a saying that says, “no man is an island”. To be stable is an important thing to do because it
will reflect how well we will live economically.
Assessment
Answer
What’s In The Box 1. B 11. D
2. A 12. A
Answer
3. C 13. D
4. C 14. C
5. D 15. C
1. VALENCE ELECTRON 6. A
2. LEWIS ELECTRON DOT 7. C
STRUCTURE 8. D
3. IONIZATION ENERGY 9. C
10. D
4. ELECTRON AFFINITY
5. METALLIC BOND
 References

Pili, Adora S. and Sotto, Rosario L., Science in Todays’ World Chemistry Textbook,
SIBS Publishing House, Inc ., 2004
Aquino, M. D., Madriaga, E. A., Valdoz, M. P., Biong, J. A., and Santos, G. C., RBS
Science and Technological Series Science Links 9, Rex Book Store, Inc., 2017

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

E-Park, Apokon, Tagum City

Telefax: (084)-216-3504

Email Address: http://deped.tagumcity.gov.ph

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