(a) Backward Chaining

(b) Scripts
(c) Non-Monotonic Reasoning Systems
d) Convolutional Neural Networks
E) linear regression
F) Binary Classification
G) Rule-based machine learning
MCS-224 : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND
MACHINE LEARNING

1. (a) Compare descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics in

machine learning.
(b) What is Min-Max Search Strategy ? Write MINIMAX algorithm.
(c) Differentiate between informed search and uninformed search. Name
one algorithm for each.
(d) Describe the Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens as propositional rule of
inference.
(e) What is Prenex Normal Form (PNF) ? Transform the following formula
into PNF :
( )(Q( ) ( )R( , )) x x xxy
(f) What is Ensemble Learning ? Briefly discuss any one of the ensemble
learning method.
(g) Draw confusion matrix and write formula for accuracy, precision,
sensitivity and specificity
(h) What is a Neural Network ? How biological neuron relates to Artificial
Neuron ? Illustrate with suitable diagram and a table to map the
components of Biological Neuron with Artificial Neuron.
ANS
(a) Descriptive, Predictive, and Prescriptive Analytics:
Descriptive Analytics: Descriptive analytics involves analyzing
historical data to understand what has happened in the past. It deals with
summarizing and interpreting data to provide insights into patterns,
trends, and relationships. It answers the question, "What happened?"
Predictive Analytics: Predictive analytics involves using statistical
algorithms and machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood of
future outcomes based on historical data. It focuses on predicting future
trends and behavior. It answers the question, "What is likely to happen?"
 Prescriptive Analytics: Prescriptive analytics goes beyond predicting
future outcomes and suggests actions to take advantage of the predictions.
It recommends specific courses of action to achieve desired outcomes. It
answers the question, "What should be done about it?"
(b) Min-Max Search Strategy and MINIMAX Algorithm:
Min-Max Search Strategy: Min-Max is a decision rule used in two-
player games, such as chess. It involves minimizing the possible loss for a
worst-case scenario and maximizing the chances of success for the player
making the move. The strategy alternates between players, assuming the
opponent will also make optimal moves.
MINIMAX Algorithm:
function MINIMAX(node, depth, maximizingPlayer)
if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node
return the heuristic value of node
if maximizingPlayer
bestValue = -
for each child of node
v = MINIMAX(child, depth - 1, FALSE)
bestValue = max(bestValue, v)
return bestValue
else

for each child of node

v = MINIMAX(child, depth - 1, TRUE)
bestValue = min(bestValue, v)
return bestValue
c) Informed Search vs. Uninformed Search:
Informed Search: Informed search algorithms use domain-specific
knowledge or heuristics to guide the search process. Examples include
A* algorithm.
 Uninformed Search: Uninformed search algorithms have no additional
information about the problem other than what is given in the problem
definition. Examples include Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First
Search (DFS).
(d) Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens:
Modus Ponens: If P implies Q, and P is true, then Q must be true.
Example: If it is raining (P), then the ground is wet (Q). It is raining (P),
so the ground is wet (Q).
Modus Tollens: If P implies Q, and Q is false, then P must be false.
Example: If it is raining (P), then the ground is wet (Q). The ground is not
wet (not Q), so it is not raining (not P).

(e) Prenex Normal Form (PNF):

Prenex Normal Form is a way of expressing logical formulas where
quantifiers (e.g., for universal quantification, for existential
quantification) appear only at the beginning of the formula.
(f) Ensemble Learning:
Ensemble Learning: Ensemble learning combines the predictions from
multiple machine learning models to improve overall performance and
accuracy.
Example Ensemble Method: Random Forest is an ensemble learning
method that constructs a multitude of decision trees during training and
outputs the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction
(regression) of the individual trees.
h) Neural Network and Biological Neuron:
Neural Network: A neural network is a computational model inspired by
the structure and function of the biological neural network. It consists of
interconnected nodes organized into layers, including an input layer,
hidden layers, and an output layer.
Biological Neuron vs. Artificial Neuron:

Input 1 ----> | | | -----> Output

Input 2 ----> | Neuron Unit | Activation |
Input 3 ----> | | Function |
|-----------------|
1. (a) Compare descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics in
machine learning.
(b) What is Min-Max Search Strategy ? Write MINIMAX algorithm.
(c) Differentiate between informed search and uninformed search. Name
one algorithm for each.
(d) Describe the Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens as propositional rule of
inference.
(e) What is Prenex Normal Form (PNF) ? Transform the following formula
into PNF :
( )(Q( ) ( )R( , )) x x xxy
(f) What is Ensemble Learning ? Briefly discuss any one of the ensemble
learning method.
(g) Draw confusion matrix and write formula for accuracy, precision,
sensitivity and specificity
(h) What is a Neural Network ? How biological neuron relates to Artificial
Neuron ? Illustrate with suitable diagram and a table to map the
components of Biological Neuron with Artificial Neuron.
ANS
(a) Descriptive, Predictive, and Prescriptive Analytics:
Descriptive Analytics: Descriptive analytics involves analyzing
historical data to understand what has happened in the past. It deals with
summarizing and interpreting data to provide insights into patterns,
trends, and relationships. It answers the question, "What happened?"
Predictive Analytics: Predictive analytics involves using statistical
algorithms and machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood of
future outcomes based on historical data. It focuses on predicting future
trends and behavior. It answers the question, "What is likely to happen?"
Prescriptive Analytics: Prescriptive analytics goes beyond predicting
future outcomes and suggests actions to take advantage of the predictions.
It recommends specific courses of action to achieve desired outcomes. It
answers the question, "What should be done about it?"
(b) Min-Max Search Strategy and MINIMAX Algorithm:
Min-Max Search Strategy: Min-Max is a decision rule used in two-
player games, such as chess. It involves minimizing the possible loss for a
worst-case scenario and maximizing the chances of success for the player
making the move. The strategy alternates between players, assuming the
opponent will also make optimal moves.
MINIMAX Algorithm:
function MINIMAX(node, depth, maximizingPlayer)
if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node
return the heuristic value of node
if maximizingPlayer
bestValue = -
 for each child of node
v = MINIMAX(child, depth - 1, FALSE)
bestValue = max(bestValue, v)
return bestValue
else

for each child of node

v = MINIMAX(child, depth - 1, TRUE)
bestValue = min(bestValue, v)
return bestValue
c) Informed Search vs. Uninformed Search:
Informed Search: Informed search algorithms use domain-specific
knowledge or heuristics to guide the search process. Examples include
A* algorithm.
Uninformed Search: Uninformed search algorithms have no additional
information about the problem other than what is given in the problem
definition. Examples include Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First
Search (DFS).
(d) Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens:
Modus Ponens: If P implies Q, and P is true, then Q must be true.
Example: If it is raining (P), then the ground is wet (Q). It is raining (P),
so the ground is wet (Q).
Modus Tollens: If P implies Q, and Q is false, then P must be false.
Example: If it is raining (P), then the ground is wet (Q). The ground is not
wet (not Q), so it is not raining (not P).

(e) Prenex Normal Form (PNF):

Prenex Normal Form is a way of expressing logical formulas where
quantifiers (e.g., for universal quantification, for existential
quantification) appear only at the beginning of the formula.
(f) Ensemble Learning:
 Ensemble Learning: Ensemble learning combines the predictions from
multiple machine learning models to improve overall performance and
accuracy.
Example Ensemble Method: Random Forest is an ensemble learning
method that constructs a multitude of decision trees during training and
outputs the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction
(regression) of the individual trees.

h) Neural Network and Biological Neuron:

Neural Network: A neural network is a computational model inspired by
the structure and function of the biological neural network. It consists of
interconnected nodes organized into layers, including an input layer,
hidden layers, and an output layer.
Biological Neuron vs. Artificial Neuron:

Input 1 ----> | | | -----> Output

Input 2 ----> | Neuron Unit | Activation |
Input 3 ----> | | Function |
|-----------------|
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