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202312-The Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Farmer
202312-The Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Farmer
Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the association between short sleep duration and depres-
sive symptoms among elderly farmers. Methods: This study analyzed the Safety for Agricultural Injuries of
Farmers cohort data collected from September 2015 to June 2018. The data were based on an agricultural
survey of the health and behaviors of adult farmers on Jeju Island in South Korea. Depressive symptoms were
defined as a score of 8 or higher according to the short form of the geriatric depression scale. Short sleep du-
Received November 5, 2023
Revised November 19, 2023 ration was defined as less than 6 hours of average daily sleep duration. Results: The analysis included 507
Accepted November 21, 2023 participants, aged over 60 years. Of these, 87 (17.2%) demonstrated depressive symptoms. The prevalence of
Address for correspondence
depressive symptoms differed significantly between farmers with <6 h (25.8%) and those with ≥6 h (13.5%)
Jung-Hwan Oh, MD of sleep (p=0.001). Multivariable analyses confirmed that short sleep duration was significantly associated
Department of Neurology, with depressive symptoms (odds ratio=1.876, 95% confidence interval=1.129–3.118). Conclusions: Our
Jeju National University findings suggest that short sleep duration increases the risk of depressive symptoms among elderly farmers.
College of Medicine,
15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju 63241, Korea Adequate daily sleep duration may prevent depressive symptoms in the population.
Tel: +82-64-717-1620 J Sleep Med 2023;20(3):188-196
Fax: +82-64-717-1320
E-mail: oh.junghwan77@gmail.com Keywords: Sleep; Depression; Farmers; Aged.
연구 도구 일반적인 특성
본 연구에서 60세 이상의 노령 농업인의 일반적 특성은
수면 시간 및 우울증 평가 Table 1에 제시하였다. 대상자의 평균 나이는 69.7±6.3세(60-
건강 행태 항목 중에서 대상자에게 “하루에 평균 몇 시간 88세)였다. 평균수면 시간은 6.35±1.2시간(1-14시간)이었고,
수면을 취하십니까?”라는 질문으로 수면 시간을 평가하였고, 짧게 자는 사람은 총 507명 중 151명(29.8%)이었다. 남성(312명)
하루 6시간 미만의 수면을 취한 군과 6시간 이상의 수면을 취 이 여성(195명)보다 많았고, 성비에 따른 수면 시간에도 유의
한 군으로 나누어 분석하였다. 우울증은 단축형 노인 우울 척 한 차이가 있었다(p=0.023). 총 87명(17.2%)에서 우울증(SF-
도(Short Form of Geriatric Depression Scale, SF-GDS) 한국 GDS≥8)이 있는 것으로 확인되었고, 짧은 수면 시간(<6시
10
어 버전에 의해 평가되었다. SF-GDS는 Yesavage 등 에 의 간) 군에서 우울증의 빈도가 높게 나타났다(p=0.001). 그 외에
해 고안되었고, 노령층에서 우울증을 선별하기 위해 개발된 교육수준 및 연간 소득수준을 제외한 변수들에서는 수면 시
30문항의 자가보고형 척도를 15개 문항으로 축약한 도구이 간에 따른 통계학적 차이는 보이지 않았다.
11
다. 각 문항은 ‘예/아니오’로 간단히 대답할 수 있고, 검사하
는 데 시간이 짧게 소요되어 쉽게 우울증 여부를 평가할 수 있 우울증과 수면 시간의 연관성
다. 한국어 버전의 타당도와 신뢰도가 입증되었으며, 8점 이 단변량 분석 결과 짧은 수면 시간 군에서 우울증 위험도가
상인 경우 우울증으로 정의된다.12 증가되었다(OR=2.234, 95% CI=1.390-3.592) (Supplementary
Table 1 in the online-only Data Supplement). 또한 성별, 나
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Table 2. Multivariable analyses for association between depressive symptoms and sleep duration
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Short sleep duration (<6 h/day) 1.839 (1.091–3.098) 1.835 (1.089–3.090) 1.831 (1.088–3.084) 1.839 (1.096–3.085) 1.849 (1.111–3.078) 1.876 (1.129–3.118)
Sex, female 1.678 (0.777–3.621) 1.592 (0.859–2.95) 1.619 (0.888–2.954) 1.556 (0.871–2.779) 1.539 (0.868–2.729) 1.626 (0.927–2.852)
Age
60–64 yr Reference Reference Reference
65–69 yr 0.539 (0.235–1.237) 0.538 (0.235–1.233) 0.545 (0.239–1.241)
70–74 yr 1.088 (0.517–2.287) 1.082 (0.515–2.271) 1.095 (0.525–2.282)
75–79 yr 0.983 (0.452–2.137) 0.982 (0.452–2.135) 0.996 (0.462–2.146)
80 yr or more 1.059 (0.382–2.937) 1.054 (0.381–2.920) 1.070 (0.389–2.944)
Education levels
Elementary school or less Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Middle school 0.746 (0.365–1.525) 0.756 (0.373–1.531) 0.752 (0.372–1.522) 0.720 (0.366–1.417) 0.677 (0.346–1.325) 0.681 (0.350–1.328)
High school 0.430 (0.189–0.979) 0.433 (0.191–0.984) 0.432 (0.190–0.979) 0.401 (0.181–0.886) 0.366 (0.167–0.803) 0.375 (0.172–0.820)
College or more 0.337 (0.071–1.606) 0.336 (0.071–1.598) 0.331 (0.070–1.569) 0.337 (0.073–1.558) 0.273 (0.060–1.237) 0.273 (0.060–1.235)
Yearly income levels, Korean Won, million
<15 Reference Reference Reference Reference
15–29 0.799 (0.377–1.694) 0.795 (0.375–1.685) 0.788 (0.373–1.665) 0.777 (0.374–1.616)
30–59 0.446 (0.167–1.187) 0.443 (0.167–1.179) 0.441 (0.166–1.171) 0.433 (0.166–1.133)
≥60 0.695 (0.379–1.276) 0.694 (0.378–1.274) 0.694 (0.378–1.274) 0.721 (0.397–1.310)
Farming types
Crop cultivation Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Fruit production 2.292 (0.974–5.395) 2.291 (0.974–5.390) 2.288 (0.972–5.382) 2.170 (0.930–5.062) 1.981 (0.857–4.578) 1.918 (0.832–4.420)
Vegetable production 2.352 (1.034–5.350) 2.347 (1.032–5.337) 2.340 (1.030–5.319) 2.323 (1.030–5.240) 2.277 (1.015–5.11) 2.166 (0.972–4.830)
Livestock production 0.774 (0.149–4.029) 0.767 (0.148–3.988) 0.765 (0.147–3.980) 0.741 (0.144–3.815) 0.707 (0.139–3.605) 0.689 (0.136–3.498)
Others 10.990 (2.151–56.154) 10.93 (2.139–55.858) 10.844 (2.122–55.417) 11.488 (2.331–56.625) 9.387 (1.969–44.751) 9.294 (1.963–44.015)
Smoking 1.089 (0.520–2.281)
Unhealthy alcohol use 0.916 (0.453–1.852) 0.918 (0.454–1.856)
Dyslipidemia 1.698 (0.892–3.231) 1.690 (0.889–3.213) 1.701 (0.897–3.228) 1.706 (0.906–3.214) 1.746 (0.933–3.267) 1.785 (0.955–3.336)
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Musculoskeletal diseases 1.346 (0.801–2.260) 1.348 (0.803–2.263) 1.352 (0.806–2.269) 1.343 (0.809–2.230) 1.335 (0.810–2.202)
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Jung-Hwan Oh. Formal analysis: Jung-Hwan Oh. Investigation: Jung- 15. Yohn CN, Gergues MM, Samuels BA. The role of 5-HT receptors in
Hwan Oh. Methodology: all authors. Project administration: all authors. depression. Mol Brain 2017;10:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-017-
Resources: Sung Wook Song. Software: Jung-Hwan Oh. Supervision: Jung- 0306-y.
Hwan Oh. Validation: Jung-Hwan Oh. Visualization: Jung-Hwan Oh. 16. Alfaro-Rodríguez A, González-Piña R, González-Maciel A, Arch-Ti-
Writing—original draft: Sung Wook Song, Jung-Hwan Oh. Writing—re- rado E. Serotonin and 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid contents in dorsal
view & editing: Jung-Hwan Oh. raphe and suprachiasmatic nuclei in normal, malnourished and reha-
bilitated rats under 24 h of sleep deprivation. Brain Res 2006;1110:95-
Funding Statement 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.069.
None 17. Peñalva RG, Lancel M, Flachskamm C, Reul JM, Holsboer F, Linthorst
AC. Effect of sleep and sleep deprivation on serotonergic neurotrans-
Acknowledgments mission in the hippocampus: a combined in vivo microdialysis/EEG
study in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2003;17:1896-1906. https://doi.org/
The authors greatly appreciate the members of the Center for Farmers’ 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02612.x.
Safety and Health, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea. 18. Novati A, Roman V, Cetin T, et al. Chronically restricted sleep leads to
depression-like changes in neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity and
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