UNIVERSITY OF

SARGODHA

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
GROUP 09
SUBJECT GENERAL SCIENCE
FAREED AGHA 18
ALTAF HUSAIN 12
ABDUL QAHAR 09
TOPIC : CHAPTER NO 09 BASIC
ELECTRONICS
INTRODUCTION Electronics is the
branch of science and engineering
dealing with the theoty and use of a
class of devices in which electrons are
transported through a vacuum, gas or
semiconductor. Signals: It contains
information about a variety of things and
activities.

DEFINATION: ELECTRONICS IS THE

KNOWLEDGE OF BEHAVIOR AND
CONTROL OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Semi conductor
Semiconductors are materials which
have a conductivity between
conductors (generally metals) and
non-conductors or insulators (such as
ceramics). Semiconductors can be
compounds, such as gallium
arsenide, or pure elements, such as
germanium or silicon.

Examples

Elemental semiconductors
include antimony, arsenic, boron,
carbon, germanium, selenium, silicon,
sulfur and tellurium. Silicon is the best
known of these, forming the basis of
most ICs. Common semiconductor
compounds include gallium arsenide,
indium antimonide and the oxides of
most metals.
P type and N type:
As a main difference, in n-type
semiconductors, the electrons have a
negative charge, hence the name n-
type. While in p-type, the effect of a
positive charge is generated in the
absence of an electron, hence the
name p-type.

N type of semi conductor

 P type of semi conductor

Diode semiconductor :
A semiconductor diode is a p-n junction
diode. It is a two-terminal device that
conducts current only in one direction.
The figure below represents the symbol
for the p-n junction diode, which
symbolises the direction of the current.
By applying an external voltage V we can
vary the potential barrier.
  is used in the negative dynamic
resistance region.
 LED is used for emitting an infrared
light spectrum.
 A variable capacitance diode is used
when a voltage is applied in reverse
biased condition.

Uses of semiconductor
diode
Light rectifier

A rectifier is a special type of diode that

converts alternating current (AC) into
direct current (DC). This is an important
process, as alternating current is able to
reverse direction periodically, while
direct current consistently flows in a
single direction, making it simple to
control

Light emitting diode LEDs are

comprised of compound semiconductor
materials, which are made up of elements
from group III and group V of the
periodic table (these are known as III-V
materials). Examples of III-V materials
commonly used to make LEDs are
gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium
phosphide

Photo diode

A photodiode is a semiconductor device

with a P-N junction that converts photons
(or light) into electrical current. The P
layer has an abundance of holes
(positive), and the N layer has an
abundance of electrons (negative).

ELETROMAGNETIC WAVES

Electromagnetic waves or EM waves

are waves that are created as a result of
vibrations between an electric field and a
magnetic field. In other words, EM
waves are composed of oscillating
magnetic and electric fields.
TYPES
There are seven types of electromagnetic
waves: radio waves, microwaves,
infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet
light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
BUT AT THIS CHAPTER WE WILL
STUDY ONLY RADIO WAVES
WHICH INCLUDED ON GENERAL
SCIENCE BOOK.

RADIO WAVES
Radio waves are a type of
electromagnetic radiation. A radio wave
has a much longer wavelength than
visible light. Humans use radio waves
extensively for communications. This
radio tower has both rectangular and
circular antennas to transmit and receive
radio frequency energy.
The longest radio waves observable by
radio astronomers have a wavelength of
about 30 m (10 MHz) (see radio
window). The shortest radio
wavelengths, from about 1 mm to 30 cm,
are known as microwaves.
EXAMPLES
Radio waves are used in many
applications. These applications
include television, AM and FM radio,
military communications and air traffic
control, cell phones and wireless internet.

RADIO WAVES
 TELEVISION Television, or TV, is a

system for sending moving pictures and

sound from one place to another. It is one

of the most important and popular forms

of communication. TV programs provide

news, information, and entertainment to

people all over the world.

 DIGITAL TV

CABLE Cable television is a way of

letting people watch television without
having to get signals from an antenna.
The television signals are brought to the
television through a coaxial cable or
optical fiber, people usually have to pay
to subscribe to get cable television. For
those looking for relatively basic
channels with access to local news and
popular primetime shows, cable may be
enough for you.
The download speed of cable network
ranges from 10 to 500 megabits per
second (Mbps). Its upload speed range is
5 to 50 Mbps.

ANRENNA
 CABLE

 Cable is one of the most common

types of internet connections --
available to nearly 90% of US
households -- and you'll often find it
 bundled with TV packages. That
makes sense, because cable internet
uses the same coaxial connections as
cable TV.
SETELLITE TV

Satellite broadcasting is a method of

getting television programming into your
home that relies on transmitting data
from a communications satellite in outer
space. These transmissions are routed
through a satellite network and then
distributed to consumers' homes.
Streaming services require internet,
but you can always watch satellite TV at
home without it. That being said, DISH's
streaming TV and on-demand content
does require internet access and some
features are only available with an
internet connection, such as the Google
voice assistant on the DISH remotes.
Satellite TV service offers the same
content as cable TV, but instead of
running on an underground wired
network, it sends its signal directly to
your personal satellite dish via satellites
in Earth's orbit. That makes it available
virtually anywhere.

SETTELLITE TV
A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz
bandwidth, which may support
transmission at up to 35-40
Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m
receiving antenna) The video, audio,
control data and user data are all formed
COMPUTER
Computer full form is "Common
Operating Machine Purposely Used for
Technological and Educational
Research." This term was created in the
mid-20th century when computers were
first invented. At first, they were used for
scientific and military research, but over
time, they became widely used for many
purposes.
a programmable electronic device
designed to accept data, perform
prescribed mathematical and logical
operations at high speed, and display the
results of these operations.
HARDWARE Hardware refers to the
external and internal devices and
equipment that enable you to perform
major functions such as input, output,
storage, communication, processing, and
more. There are two types of computer
hardware: external and internal.

HARDWARE TYPES
EXAMPLE
These are the essential electronic devices
used to develop the computer. Examples
of computer hardware- motherboard,
memory devices, printer, keyboard,
mouse, monitor and the Central
Processing Unit.
INPUT DIVICE
In computing, an input device is a piece
of equipment used to provide data and
control signals to an information
processing system, such as a computer or
information appliance.
Examples of input devices
include keyboards, mouse, scanners,
cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
OUTPUT DEVICE An output device is
any piece of computer hardware that
converts information/DATA into a
human-perceptible form or, historically,
into a physical machine-readable form
for use with other non-computerized
equipment. An output device is a piece of
peripheral computer hardware equipment
that receives data from the system and
converts it into human-readable form.
The most popular output devices are
EXAMPLE Monitor, Printer, Projector,
Speaker, Plotter, Headphone.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT The
CPU is the brain of a computer,
containing all the circuitry needed to
process input, store data, and output
results. The CPU is constantly following
instructions of computer programs that
tell it which data to process and how to
process it. Without a CPU, we could not
run programs on a computer.
Italian physicist Federico
Faggin invented the first commercial
CPU 1971.

RAM AND ROM “The program of the

microcontroller is stored in the memory.
There are two types of memory: RAM
(Random Access Memory) which can
read and write data, and ROM (Read
Only Memory) which mainly stores
programs as read-only data. There are
various types of RAM and ROM
depending on the usage. RAM is volatile
memory that temporarily stores the files
you are working on. ROM is non-volatile
memory that permanently stores
instructions for your computer.

INFORMATION STORAGE
DIVICE: A storage device is a piece of
hardware that is primarily used for
storing data. Every desktop computer,
laptop, tablet, and smartphone will have
some kind of storage device within it.
There are also standalone, external
storage drives that can you can use across
devices.

AUDIO The Compact Cassette, also

commonly called a cassette tape, audio
cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an
analog magnetic tape recording format
for audio recording and playback. An
audio cassette is a type of cassette which
can store music and sounds. To play a
tape, a cassette player or cassette
recorder is used. This is also known as a
cassette deck, by analogy with reel-to-
reel decks. Cassettes store the sound on a
magnetic tape that is wound around the
two reels in the cassette.
A videocassette recorder or video
recorder is an electromechanical device
that records analog audio and analog
video from broadcast television or other
AV sources and can play back the
recording after rewinding.
Videotapes have also been used
for storing scientific or medical data,
such as the data produced by an
electrocardiogram.

COMPACT DISK
A compact disc is a portable storage
medium that can record, store and play
back audio, video and other data in
digital form. compact disc (CD), a
molded plastic disc containing digital
data that is scanned by a laser beam for
the reproduction of recorded sound and
other information.
players There are three main

FLOPPY DISK

A floppy disk or floppy diskette is a type

of disk storage composed of a thin and
flexible disk of a magnetic storage
medium in a square or nearly square
plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that
removes dust particles from the spinning
disk.
HARD DISK
A hard disk drive, hard disk, hard drive,
or fixed disk, is an electro-mechanical
data storage device that stores and
retrieves digital data using magnetic
storage with one or more rigid rapidly
rotating platters coated with magnetic
material.

SOFTWARE
Software is a set of computer programs
and associated documentation and data.
This is in contrast to hardware, from
which the system is built and which
actually performs the work.
PROGRAMME
A computer program is a sequence or set
of instructions in a programming
language for a computer to execute. It is
one component of software, which also
includes documentation and other
intangible components. A computer
program in its human-readable form is
called source code.
WORD PROCESSING

Word Processing refers to the act of

using a computer to create, edit, save and
print documents. In order to perform
word processing, specialized software
(known as a Word Processor) is needed.
One example of a Word Processor is
Microsoft Word, but other word
processing applications are also widely
used.
EXAMPLE OF Microsoft Works Word
Processor, Open Office Writer, Word
Perfect and Google Drive Document
GRAPHIC Computer graphics refers to a
technology that generates images on a
computer screen. It's used in digital
photography, film and television, video
games, and on electronic devices and is
responsible for displaying images
effectively to users. In general terms, the
word “graphic” refers to any visual
representation of data and includes a
variety of forms including drawings,
photographs, line art, graphs, diagrams,
numbers, symbols, geometric designs,
maps, and engineering drawings.
DATAM ANAGEMENT
Data management is the practice of
collecting, organising, and accessing data
to support productivity, efficiency, and
decision-making.
ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
An analog to digital converter (ADC) is a
device that converts an analog signal into
a digital signal. The ADC may be part of
a larger device, such as an audio card, or
it may be a separate device. analog
technology, information is translated into
electric pulses of varying amplitude. In
digital technology, translation of
information is into binary format (zero or
one) where each bit is representative of
two distinct amplitudes.
3 examples of digital and analog?
Temperature sensors, FM radio signals,
Photocells, Light sensor, Resistive touch
screen are examples of Analog signals.
Computers, CDs, DVDs are some
examples of Digital signal. The digital
signal bandwidth is high.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology (IT) is a broad
professional category covering functions
including building communications
networks, safeguarding data and
information, and troubleshooting
computer problems. Information security,
computer technical support, business
software development and database and
network management are four core IT
concepts.
Examples of information technology
include computer hardware and software,
networks and telecommunications
systems, databases and information
management systems, and Internet and
web-based technologies.

MOBILE AND TELEPHONE

Mobile technology is technology that
goes where the user goes. It consists of
portable two-way communications
devices, computing devices and the
networking technology that connects
them. Currently, mobile technology is
typified by internet-enabled devices like
smartphones, tablets and watches. AND
A telephone is an instrument designed
for the simultaneous transmission and
reception of the human voice.
Telephones are inexpensive and simple
to operate, and they offer an immediate,
personal type of communication. Billions
of telephones are in use around the
world.

telex machine. a character printer

connected to a telegraph that operates
like a typewriter. synonyms: teleprinter,
teletype machine, teletypewriter, telex.
type of: character printer, character-at-a-
time printer, serial printer. A fax machine
is a device that allows you to send and
receive documents electronically over a
telephone line. It converts printed
documents into electronic signals that
can be transmitted and received by
another fax machine.

FAX MACHINE
 TELEX MACHINE

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM that

describes a communication exchange
between two stations, transmitter, and
receiver. Signals or information passes
from source to destination through a
channel. It represents a way in which the
signal uses it to move from a source
toward its destination. To transmit
signals in a communication system, it
should first be processed by beginning
from signal representation, to signal
shaping until encoding and modulation.
After the transmitted signal is prepared, it
is passed to the transmission line of the
channel. Due to signal crossing this
media, it is faced with many impairments
like noise, attenuation, and distortion.

The Internet is a vast network that

connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share
information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection.
that consists of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of
local to global scope, linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.
Gmail is a free email service provided by
Google. In many ways, Gmail is like any
other email service: You can send and
receive emails, block spam, create an
address book, and perform other basic
email tasks. But it also has some more
unique features that help make it one of
the most popular online email services.