CEE209 – Geotechnical & Foundation Engineering

Lecture – 16 (Deep Foundations)

 Content 2

1. Purposes of Deep Foundations 4+5

2. Types of Deep Foundations 5
3. Load Transfer Mechanisms 5
4. Selection of a Pile Type 5
5. Types of Piles (w.r.t Displacement) 7
6. Types of Piles (w.r.t Materials) 4+5+7

1) Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practices by D.P. Coduto

2) Principles of Geotechnical Engineering by B.M. DAS
3) Soil and Foundations by Liu & Evett
4) Foundation Analysis and Design by J.E. Bowles
5) Foundation Design – Principles and Practices by D.P. Coduto
6) Principles of Foundation Engineering by B.M. DAS
7) Pile Design and Construction Practices by M. Tomlinson and J. Woodward
 1) Purposes of Deep Foundations 3

❑ Structural loads are high and upper soils are weak

❑ The upper soils are subject to scour or undermining
❑ The foundation must penetrate through water
❑ A large uplift capacity is required
❑ A large lateral capacity is required
❑ Future excavation expected adjacent to foundations
❑ To compact the loose,cohesionless deposits
❑ To withstand vibration and machine loads
Deep Foundations
 2) Types of Deep Foundations 4

❑ Piles: are constructed by prefabricated members and

driving or otherwise forcing them into the ground.
❑Drilled Shafts: drilling a hole into the ground, inserting
reinforcement and fill it with concrete
❑ Caissons: are prefebricated boxes or cylinders that sunk
into the ground and fill with concrete
❑Mandrel-driven thin shells filled with concrete:
consist of thin corrugated steel shells, driven into ground
using mandrel and then filled with concrete
❑ Auger-Cast Piles: Auger cast piles are installed by
rotating a continuously flighted hollow shaft auger into soil.
2) Types of Deep Foundations

Piles Drilled Shafts

 2) Types of Deep Foundations

Caissons Mandrel-driven
2) Types of Deep Foundations

Auger-Cast Piles
 3) Load Transfer Mechanisms 5

❑Axial Loads: may be either compressive (downward) or

tensile (uplift). When it is compressive, deep foundation
resist the load using both side friction resistance and toe
bearing resistance. However, when the load is tensile , the
resistance is offered by side friction and the weight of the
foundation.
❑Lateral Loads: produce both shear and moment in a deep
foundation. These shears and moments produce lateral
deflections in the foundation, which in turn mobilize lateral
resistances in the adjacent soil. The magnitudes of these
lateral deflections and resistances, and the corresponding
load-bearing capacity of the foundation depends on the
stiffness of both soil and the foundation.
3) Load Transfer Mechanisms
 4) Selection of a Pile Type 6

❑ The Applied Load (Type of Structure)

❑ The Required Diameter (Soil Conditions)
❑ The Required Length
❑ The Local Availability of each Pile Type
❑The Durability of the Pile Material in a Specific
Environment
❑The Anticipated Driving Conditions (Noise,
vibrations etc)
 5) Types of Piles (w.r.t Displacement) 7

Large Displacement Piles (Driven Types)

1. Timber (round or square section, jointed or continuous)
2. Precast concrete (solid or tubular section in continuous or
jointed units)
3. Pre-stressed concrete (solid or tubular section)
4. Steel tube (driven with closed end)
5. Steel box (driven with closed end)
6. Fluted and tapered steel tube
7. Jacked-down steel tube with closed end
8. Jacked-down solid concrete cylinder.
 5) Types of Piles (w.r.t Displacement) 8

Large Displacement Piles (Driven and Cast-in-place

Types)
1. Steel tube driven and withdrawn after placing concrete
2. Steel tube driven with closed end, left in place and filled
with reinforced concrete
3. Precast concrete shell filled with concrete
4. Thin-walled steel shell driven by withdrawable mandrel
and then filled with concrete
5. Rotary displacement auger and screw piles
6. Expander body.
 5) Types of Piles (w.r.t Displacement) 9

Small Displacement Piles

1. Precast concrete (tubular section driven with open end)
2. Pre-stressed concrete (tubular section driven with open
end)
3. Steel H-section
4. Steel tube section (driven with open end and soil removed
as required)
5. Steel box section (driven with open end and soil removed
as required).
 5) Types of Piles (w.r.t Displacement) 10

Replacement piles
1. Concrete placed in hole drilled by rotary auger, baling,
grabbing, airlift or reverse circulation methods (bored and
cast-in-place)
2. Tubes placed in hole drilled as above and filled with
concrete as necessary
3. Precast concrete units placed in drilled hole
4. Cement mortar or concrete injected into drilled hole
5. Steel sections placed in drilled hole
6. Steel tube drilled down.
 6) Types of Piles (w.r.t Material) 11

Timber piles
1. Maximum Length 35 m
2. Optimum Length 9-20 m
3. Maximum Load 450 kN
4. Optimum Load 80-240 kN
5. Disadvantages Splicing, Driving in hard strata,
Decay, Replacing
6. Advantages Low initial cost, submerged piles are
resistant to decay, Easy to handle
7. Remarks Best suited for friction pile in Sands
Timber Piles
 6) Types of Piles (w.r.t Material) 12

Steel piles
1. Maximum Length Practically unlimited
2. Optimum Length 12-50 m
3. Maximum Load fa x Ax
4. Optimum Load 350-1050 kN
5. Disadvantages Corrosion, Driving in hard strata,
High initial cost
6. Advantages Easy splicing, High capacity, Small
displacement, Able to penetrate
through small obstructions
7. Remarks Best suited for end bearing on rock,
Reduce capacity on corrosive conditions
Steel Piles
 6) Types of Piles (w.r.t Material) 13

Concrete piles (Cast in-place)

1. Maximum Length 36 m
2. Optimum Length 8-12 m
3. Maximum Load 1300 kN
4. Optimum Load 350-900 kN
5. Disadvantages Concreting is tricky, Workmanship
6. Advantages Low initial cost
7. Remarks Best suited for friction piles
Concrete Piles
 Thank you

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