DESIGN OF BUILDING SERVICES

FOR MULTI STOREY BUILDING

LECTURER IN CHARGE:
Prof. M.T.R. Jayasinghe
NAME : M.A. Muhammad

INDEX NO : 190396B
MODULE : CE 4312

DATE OF SUB: 2023.12.02

 1) SELECTING A SUITABLE LAYOUT FOR THE BUILDING

Number of stories in the building = 20

Assume there is no restriction on the land extent and car parks will not be located in this building.

Floor Area
• 75% usable floor area
• 25% service area
Take total floor area = 1200 m2
Therefore;
• Usable floor area = 1200 x 0.75 = 900 m2
• Service core area = 1200 x 0.25 = 300 m2

Dimensions of the building

Length of the building = 40m
Width of the building = 30m

Floor to floor height = 3.6 m

Total height of the building = 20 x 3.6 = 72m

Building Type – Investment downtown (Colombo District)

Selecting a suitable land according to building regulations by UDA

Minimum Rear space = Height of the building / 4
= 72/4 = 18m; Provided 25m; Hence ok

Minimum access road width =12m

Provided access road width =12 m; Hence ok

Minimum road frontage = 40m

Provided road frontage = 50m; Hence ok

Side space = Min {Height/4 ,5.5m}

= Min {18m, 5.5m}
Therefore =; minimum side space = 5.5m
Provided side space = 10m; Hence OK
SITE LAYOUT
 2) SKETCHES OF THE BUILDING

FRONT ELEVATION
3D VIEW OF THE BUILDING
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL FLOOR (2nd-20th floors)
 3) DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CIRCULATION

Horizontal Circulation

• Horizontal circulation is achieved using passages.

• Minimum width of the passage = 1.2m (But 1.5m is more comfortable)
• When moving with baggage, minimum width = 1.8m

Hence provide minimum 1.8m width passages inside the building.

Vertical Circulation

1. Staircases

Width of the staircase = 1.5m >1.2 m; Hence Ok

Rise =150 mm (According to guidelines)
T +2R = 630mm
T +2 x 150 =630mm
T = 330mm
Tread = 330mm
Angle = 25 degrees
3600
No of steps between two floors = = 24 steps
150

Therefore; locate a landing after each 12 steps.

2. Lift System
Total usable floor area of the building = 900 m2
Building type = Investment downtown
Area allocation per person = 10m2
900
Hence population per floor = = 90 persons / floor
10

Total population in the building = 90 x 20 = 1800 people

Population handled in 5 mins = 12%
Average interval = 30-35 seconds
Therefore; 5 min population = 1800 x 12% = 216 people

• Within the average interval seconds, this population requires a very high car size. Therefore, zoning
system is recommended.
• The lift system can be designed with having two zones. The first zone has been selected from ground
floor to 10th floor. The second zone has to be from 10th to 20th floor.
 For first 10 floors;
For 10 upper floors, the total population = 10 x 90 = 900
The population handled in 5 mins as 12% = 900 x 12% = 108 people
Interval can be 36 seconds with capacity of lifts as 16.
Assume lift speed = 4m/s
The corresponding round trip time with 4m/s lifts = 100 seconds
Floor to floor height = 3.6 m
Hence; No. of lifts = 100/36 = 2.78 lifts

• A total of 3 lifts can be provided.

The inside size of the lift (From figure 5.3) = 2100 mm x 1300 mm
The shaft size required = 2550 x 2100 mm
Minimum width of the lobby = 1.5 D
= 1.5 x 1300 = 1950 mm (2.1 m)

For Next 10 floors;

No. of upper floors = 10
For 10 upper floors, total population = 10 x 90 = 900
The population handled in 5 mins as 12% = 900 x 12% = 108 people
Interval can be 36 seconds with capacity of lifts as 16.
Assume lift speed = 4m/s
The corresponding round trip time with 4m/s lifts = 100 seconds
Floor to floor height = 3.6 m
Hence; No. of lifts = 100/36 = 2.78 lifts

• A total number of 3 lifts can be provided for next 10 floors.

The inside size of the lift (From figure 5.3) = 2100 mm x 1300 mm
The shaft size required = 2550 x 2100 mm
Minimum width of the lobby = 1.5 D
= 1.5 x 1300 = 1950 mm (2.1 m)
Lift and Staircase Arrangement

2100
2550
Staircase Plan and Cross Section Views
ARRANGEMENT OF WASHROOMS
DESIGN OF SANITARY APPLIANCES

Population per floor = 900/10 = 90 people

Assume 60% of staff is males and 40% of staff is females.

Number of male staff per floor = 90 x 0.6 = 54 people /floor

Number of female staff per floor = 90 x 0.4 = 36 people / floor

Selection of number of appliances:

Selection is done according to BS 6465 – 1: 2006 code of practice.

Number of WCs Number of wash basins Number of urinals

Male 3 3 2

Female 5 5 -

Total per floors 8 8 2

Cold Water Supply System

20th floor

19th floor

18th floor

17th floor

16th floor

15th floor

14th floor

13rd floor

12nd floor

11th floor

10th floor

9th floor

8th floor

7th floor

6th floor

5th floor

4th floor

3rd floor

2nd floor

1st floor
 4) DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Total population in the building = 90 x 20 = 1800 people

Assumptions;
o Minimum requirement of water per person =45 l/ employee (with canteen facilities)
o 24-hour uninterrupted water flow

Total water demand of the building = 1800 x 45 l /day

= 81 m3 /day

Assume total allowances are 40% (for fire safety system and other allowances.)
140
Therefore, capacity of water sump = 81 x 100 = 113.4 m3

Assume the dimensions of sump = L x W x H

= 9 x 7 x 2.5 = 157.5 m3; Hence Ok

Design of cold-water supply system

Assume;
• As this is a high-rise building, brake pressure tanks are provided at intermediate floors of the
building.
• This will serve maximum of 5 floors
• Duplicate pump system is provided.

Capacity of a water tank for five floors:

Population in one floor = 90 people

Population in 5 floors = 90 x 5 = 450 people

Water demand for five floors = 450 x 45 l/day

= 20.25 m3

Water tank should be filled daily. (24 hours)

For each five levels, water tank dimensions = 3 x 3x 2.5 m = 22.5 m3

 Appliance Loading unit Amount per floor Total loading units per
floor

Wash basins 1 8 8

Water closets 1 8 8

urinals 3 2 6

Total loading units 22

Assume brake pressure tank at the topmost level (20th floor) is 3m above the floor level.
Pipe No. 1

• Assume 35 mm outer diameter PVC pipes are used.

No. of appliances = 18 x 5 = 90
Total loading units = 22 x 5 = 110
Expected discharge flow rate = 1.4 liter/s (Figure 5.1)

Actual length of the pipe = 3.6 + 3 + 0.5 = 7.1m

Effective length = 7.1 + EL + 2T
= 7.1 + 1x (1.4) + 2 x (2.0) (From Table 5.3)
= 12.5 m
Assume internal diameter of the pipe = 32mm
Head loss rate = 0.12m / m run
Therefore;
Head loss = 0.12 x 12.5 = 1.5m
Head available = 6.6 m
Remaining head = 6.6 – 1.5m
= 5.1m > 2m;
hence ok (Head available >head loss)
Therefore, the selected pipe is adequate. (35mm)

Pipe No. 2
• Assume 28mm outer diameter PVC pipes are used.

No. of appliances = 3
Total loading units = 3
Expected discharge flow rate = 0.35 liter/s (figure 5.1) (minimum flow rate)

Assume internal diameter of the pipe = 25 mm

Head loss rate = 0.027m / m run

Actual length of the pipe = 4.5m +4.0m = 8.5m

Effective length = 8.5m + 2EL + 2T + 1SV (25mm)
= 8.5 + 2 x (1.0) + 2 x (1.5) (From Table 5.3) + 0.24 m (from fig 5.4)
= 13.74 m
Therefore;
Head loss = 0.027 x 13.24 = 0.357m
Head available = 5.1 m
Remaining head = 5.1– 0.36
= 4.74m > 2m; hence ok
Head available >head loss
Therefore, the selected pipe is adequate. (28mm)

Pipe No. 3
• Assume 28mm outer diameter PVC pipes are used.

No. of appliances = 10
Total loading units = 14
Expected discharge flow rate = 0.4 liter/s (figure 5.1)

Assume internal diameter of the pipe = 25 mm

Head loss rate = 0.035m / m run

Actual length of the pipe = 6.5m

Effective length = 6.5m + 1EL + 9T + 1SV (25mm)
= 6.5 + 1.0 + 9 x (1.5) (From Table 5.3) + 0.24 m (from fig 5.4)
= 21.24m
Therefore;
Head loss = 0.035 x 21.24 = 0.743m
Head available = 5.1m
Remaining head = 5.1– 0.75
= 4.35m > 2m; hence ok
Head available >head loss
Therefore, the selected pipe is adequate. (28mm)

Pipe No. 4
• Assume 28mm outer diameter PVC pipes are used.

No. of appliances = 5
Total loading units = 5
Expected discharge flow rate = 0.35 liter/s (figure 5.1) (minimum flow rate)

Assume internal diameter of the pipe = 25 mm

Head loss rate = 0.027m / m run
 Actual length of the pipe = 4.5m + 5.5 m = 10 m
Effective length = 10 m + 2EL + 4T + 1SV (25mm)
= 10 + 2 x 1.0 + 4 x (1.5) (From Table 5.3) + 0.24 m (from fig 5.4)
= 18.24m
Therefore;
Head loss = 0.027 x 18.24 = 0.492m
Head available = 5.1m
Remaining head = 5.1– 0.5
= 4.6m > 2m; hence ok
Head available >head loss
Therefore, the selected pipe is adequate. (28mm)

 Since the head will keep increasing for other floors, this pipe arrangement will be okay for other floors
as well. The calculation can be done for the remaining floors as mentioned above.

5) ABOVE GROUND WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Assume above ground waste disposal system consists of the two-pipe system,
• Soil pipe – carries wastewater from WCs.
• Waste pipe – carries wastewater from other appliances. (WBs, Sinks, Bathtubs, Showers)

Discharge values (Ref: Table 9.3)

For each floor

Appliance type Nos available Frequency of use Discharge unit Total
(mins) value
Water Closet 8 10 14 112
Wash Basin 8 10 3 24
Urinal 2 20 0.3 0.6
136.6

Total discharge units for the building = 136.6 x 20 = 2732

According to Table 9.2, nominal internal diameter of pipes to be used.

For soil pipe

Total discharge value from WCs and Urinals = 112.6 x 20 = 2252

Nominal internal diameter of pipes to be used = 125mm

Minimum soil pipe diameter = 100mm

Therefore, provide 125 mm soil pipe.

Diameter of pipe connected to WCs – consider as 50mm

For waste pipe
Total discharge value from other appliances = 24 x 20 = 480

Nominal internal diameter of vertical pipes to be used =100mm

Use 32mm diameter pipes for connect WBs.

Horizontal pipes:
From table 8.4(b);
Total discharge units for pipe 3 = 14 x 8 + 0.3 x 2 = 112.6
Pipe 03 diameter =76 mm
Total discharge units for pipe 4 = 3 x 5 = 15
Pipe 04 diameter =63 mm
Total discharge units for pipe 2 = 3 x 3 = 9
Pipe 02 diameter =50 mm

Fall for all pipe – 1 in 48 (Table 84(b))

Ventilation pipe
Provide 75mm diameter ventilation pipes to prevent the loss of trap seal.

Refuse waste disposal system:

Refuse chute is provided to carry garbage bags to the ground floor.
For refuse chute – provide 450mm diameter vertical shaft.

6) BELOW GROUND WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM.

• Below ground water disposal system with sufficient access.

• Use separate system, where the black water and grey water discharges are conveyed separately.
• Grey water is directly discharged to the soakage pit.
• Black water is first collected in the septic tank before discharged to the soakage pit.
• Assume non-absorbent, durable, internally smooth, and adequate strength PVC type 400 pipes.

Velocity needs to be greater than 0.8 m/s (self-cleaning velocity)

Consider it to be as 1.0m/s
According to SLS 7745-2, Table 1 (assume non luxury residents)
 • Total number of employees – 90 per floor
• Assume 90% employees are daytime, 10% are overnight per day.
• Assume 15% of employee number as customers/visitors per day.

User Per floor For whole Total All waste Total Blackwater Total Greywater
number building (l/ day) (l/ day) (l/ day)
Daytime 81 1620 81000 48600 32400
employees
Overnight 9 180 36000 9000 27000
employees
Customers/ 14 280 2800 1400 1400
Visitors
119800 59000 60800

Therefore,
(Assume peak flow rate is 4 times the average hourly flow)
• Blackwater flow = (59000 x 4)/(1000 x 24 x 3600) = 2.731 x 10-3 m3/s
• Grey water flow = (60800 x 4)/(1000 x 24 x 3600) = 2.815 x 10-3 m3/s

Calculation of pipe diameters

Assume flows occur at pipe half full conditions.

Q = AV
Since pipes are half full 2A = πd2/4

For black water discharge pipes, A = 2.731 x 10-3 m2

d = 0.0834m = 83.4mm
 For grey water discharge pipes, A = 2.815 x 10-3 m2
d = 0.0847m = 84.7mm

• Continue the soil pipe (125mm diameter) for the below ground water for black water discharge
pipes.
• Continue the vertical waste pipes (100mm diameter) for the below ground water for grey water
discharge pipes.

Calculation of pipe inclinations

Chezy’s formula
V = C√(mi)
m = hydraulic mean radius
C – Chezy’s constant (assume as 55)
i = slope

m = Cross sectional area/wetted perimeter

= (πd2/8)/(πd/2) = d/4

 For grey water discharge pipes

1.0=55√(0.025i)
i = 0.0132
use 1:100 slope

 For black water discharge pipes

1.0=55√(0.03125i)
i = 0.0106
use 1:100 slope

Design of Septic Tank

Here if we use the same equation, we use to calculate the minimum volume of a septic tank for a
residential building, for the 20-story building we get a minimum volume as:
Minimum volume of septic tank for a residential building = 2000+180p
P = no. of people
Therefore, minimum volume of septic tank = 2000+180 x (90 x 20) = 326000l = 405.2m3

This is not practically feasible to be constructed at the same sight (below ground water system
with sufficient access)
Therefore, considering this is in the Colombo area, we can connect the sewer line to the main
sewer system in the Colombo area.

Below ground water disposal system with 100m length from the building.
Here the building sewer line will be connected to the main sewer line which is at 100m length from
the building. IT is not necessary to design septic tanks, soakage pits etc. in this case. The only
designs that will be needed will be of manholes and inspection chambers.
 7) AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• Window Size is 1.8m x 0.9m

• Since location is Colombo, we can consider the maximum outdoor temperature as 32°C
(90F)
• Consider allocation of number of people per floor as follows is .
• Assume BTU/hr per person = 800 BTU/hr
• Assume electricity consumption of lights and equipment is 5 W/m2

Total cooling load

Area BTU/hr/m2 BTU/h

1 Windows exposed to sun

1.5x2.4x3.282x28 1085 ft2 42 45570
(N&E)
2 Windows exposed to sun
1.5x2.4x3.282x13 504 ft2 85 42840
(W)
3 Windows (other)
1.5x2.4x3.282x18 698 ft2 20 13960
4 Walls exposed to sun
100 x 3.28 328 ft 40 13120
(Heavy construction)
5 All other exterior walls
30 x 3.28 99 ft 22 2178
6 Ceiling- consider ceiling
(40x30) x 3.282 12910 ft2 1 12910
with unconditioned space
7 Floor over unconditioned
(40x30) x 3.282 12910 ft2 2 25820
space
8 People (no. of people)
90 90 nos 1000 90000
9 Light and electricity
40x30 1200 m2 3.41 4092
equipment
Total cooling load 250490

Since this is an office building, to provide as many offices as possible with individual AC units,
consider smaller capacity split type AC units.

Capacity needed per floor (BTU/hr) = 250490

AC type and no to be provided= Have 12 Nos of 24,000 Split type machines
Total Capacity (BTU/hr) = 288000
Consider coefficient of performance as 3.5
Electricity consumption = 24.13kW
8) LIKELY ELECTRICITY DEMAND FOR THE BUILDING AND THE
TYPICAL ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED
Since this is a modern office building with considerable electronic equipment such as computers and
air conditioning, the electricity demand can be assumed as 65W/m2

Floor area = 1200m2

No. of floors = 20

Total electricity demand = 65 x 1200 x 20 = 1560 kW

Since the total electricity demand is quite high, the building will need a sub-station, this substation
is fed by high voltage cables. The substation will consist of a transformer and the switches

Distribution type – Rising main distribution systems

9) ALTERNATIVES FOR FIREFIGHTING

Fire controlling capacity will be achieved as passive control and active control

Passive control
Use of reinforced concrete as wall material to have good fire resistance
Design fire resistance – One hour

Active control
1. Placement of fire extinguishers – Provide fire extinguishers at appropriate locations for each floor

2. Providing hose reels

• Guidance - Provide hose reels for every 418m2 of floor area
• Therefore, provide 3 hose reels for each floor
• 6m from the furthest part of the building, within 3m from escape route

3. Sprinkler system
• Use wet system sprinklers on the building
• Fire hazard class – Extra light hazard

Spacing of sprinklers
S – design spacing of sprinklers on range pipes
D – distance between adjacent rows of sprinklers
S, D < 4.6 (for extra light hazard)
S x D ≤ 21m2 (for extra light hazard)
Therefore, consider S = 4m, D = 5m

Use a flow rate of 3.75 l/s and a running pressure of 220kPa

Arrangement of sprinklers

10) STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATION OF SERVICES

Equipment

Since this is office building there may not be many equipment that generate high vibrations. However,
there may be heavy equipment. These should be located at the ground floor.

Lift motor will be situated on the 11th floor and the roof level

Service runs

Here we provide a dedicated shaft to facilitate the service runs. Also, a false ceiling will be used as
an efficient way to hide the service runs. These are hung from a bracket and fixed to the underside
of the floor slab, supporting a series of interlocking metal sections that forma grid. When the grid
has been fitted, installations can be made for lighting, speakers and other equipment which needs to
be connected to the ceiling.

The service runs going through walls will be sealed to minimize the chance of fire spreading. Service
ducts will be provided to conceal services and to facilitate inspection, repair and alterations of the
services. It also reduces the noise and protects the services from danger.