Literature survey:

[1] J. R. Pillai and B. Bak-Jensen, “Integration of vehicle-to-grid in the western danish

power system,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 12–19, Jan. 2011.

Wind power accounts for a sizable portion of the Danish electricity grid. More balancing power
is required for a steady and dependable functioning of the power system due to the unpredictable
nature of wind power. Large central power plants, a handful of dispersed combined heat and
power units, and connections from outside currently supply the majority of Denmark's balancing
electricity.Future major power plants' limited ability to control and regulate their output
necessitates the development of novel balancing techniques like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems.
In this study, a V2G system's aggregated electric vehicle (EV)-based battery storage is modelled
for use in long-term simulations of the dynamic power system. In the Western Danish power
system, it is also examined for power system regulation services on typical days with high and
low wind output.

[2] Z. Wang and S. Wang, “Grid power peak shaving and valley filling using vehicle-to-
grid systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1822–1829, Jul. 2013.

This paper shows an apt strategy for grid power peak shaving and valley filling using V2G. The
V2G systems' architecture is defined, as well as the logical connections between each of its
component systems. It is suggested that an objective function of V2G peak-shaving control exist,
and the key restrictions are stated. Analysis is done on the effects of the average goal curve value
and the total number of connected EVs. As indicators for quantifying the degree of matching
between the two curves, the rms and standard deviation of the difference between the goal and
planned curves are suggested. The simulation outcomes show that peaking shaving using V2G is
both practical and effective, and that the suggested control technique is workable.

[3] L.-S. Yang and T.-J. Liang, “Analysis and implementation of a novel bidirectional dc-
dc converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 422–434, Jan. 2012.

This paper reviews about the novel bidirectional DC-DC converter. It compares between the
proposed convertor and the conventional bidirectional boost/buck convertor. In step-up mode,
the primary and secondary windings of the coupled inductor are operated in parallel-charge and
series-discharge to achieve high step-up voltage gain. Similarly, in step down mode it’s vice
versa. Thus, the proposed converter has higher step-up and step-down voltage gains than the
conventional bidirectional DC-DC boost/buck converter. In addition to that, the average value of
the switch-current in the proposed converter is less than the conventional bidirectional
boost/buck converter. From their observational results, it is seen that the experimental
waveforms agree with the operating principle and steady-state analysis. Finally, they are
conveying that the measured efficiency of proposed converter is having higher than the
conventional bidirectional convertor.
[4] Zhang, Y., Gao, Y., Zhou, L. and Sumner, M., 2018. A switched-capacitor bidirectional
DC–DC converter with wide voltage gain range for electric vehicles with hybrid energy
sources. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 33(11), pp.9459-9469.

This paper proposed a switched-capacitor bidirectional dc–dc converter with a high step-up/step-
down voltage gain. The converter is advantageous because it has a common ground, a wide
voltage-gain range, a small number of components, and a simple circuit. Additionally, the
efficiency of the converter is increased thanks to the synchronous rectifiers, which enable zero
voltage switching turn-on and turn-off without the need for additional hardware. The suggested
BDC, which connects the high-voltage dc bus and low-voltage supercapacitor, has the ability to
quickly output or absorb the power differential brought on by a load step change. It may
effectively safeguard the battery from giving a step change in current while meeting the needs of
a complicated dynamic response.

[5] Lopa, S.A., Hossain, S., Hasan, M.K. and Chakraborty, T.K., 2016. Design and
simulation of DC-DC converters. International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), 3(01), pp.63-70.

This research paper focuses especially on the design and simulation of dc-dc converters. We
examined the buck, boost, and buck boost converters' equations and suggested design elements
and simulations for them. A simulation graph has been included to allow for the changing of
input parameters such as inductance, capacitance, and switching frequency while tracking
changes in output voltage. At each level, goals were established for acquiring the knowledge and
abilities needed to satisfy the requirements of the study and create the circuits that would be used
in the software simulation. The chance to learn new skills and get significant information in
circuit design and problem solving is provided by this research. This research has substantially
improved knowledge and comprehension via the educational path, which may aid one in their
subsequent advancement.

[6] C.-C. Lin, L.-S. Yang, and G. Wu, “Study of a non-isolated bidirectional dc-dc
converter,” IET Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 30–37, Jan. 2013.

The losses are decreased using the synchronous rectifier approach. In the step-down and step-up
modes, respectively, the voltage gain of the proposed converter is half and double that of the
traditional bidirectional DC-DC buck/boost converter. In comparison to the traditional
bidirectional converter, the suggested converter may function across a wider voltage conversion
range. Half of the high voltage side's voltage strains are placed on the converter's switches. Also
covered are the operating principle and steady-state analysis. It also explains the process of the
switches present in the proposed circuit with step down and step up converter. The proposed
converter can be operated in wide voltage-conversion range than the conventional converter and finally
the efficiencies are found

[7] D. Flores Cortez, G. Waltrich, J. Fraigneaud, H. Miranda, and I. Barbi, “Dc-dc

converter for dual-voltage automotive systems based on bidirectional hybrid switched-
capacitor architectures,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 3296–3304, May.
2015.

In-depth research on a bidirectional hybrid switched-capacitor dc-dc converter for a dual voltage
automobile system has been described in this publication. The majority of converters are either
based on series and parallel topologies with several semiconductor and magnetic components or
have low efficiency. As a result, a bidirectional high-efficiency converter with fewer components
is suggested in this study. The voltage across the semiconductors of the proposed converter is
equal to half of the highest voltage source value. Due to the complexity of the system when the
non-idealities of the circuit are taken into account, the steady-state and dynamic analyses were
performed utilizing state-space averaging techniques. Experimental results were also found for
the buck and the boost operation mode to validate the studies carried out.

[8] H. Ardi, R. Reza Ahrabi, and S. Najafi Ravadanegh, “Non-isolated bidirectional dc-dc
converter analysis and implementation,” IET Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3033–
3044, Dec. 2014.

This study presents a non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter. In step-up modes, the
proposed converter's voltage gain is greater than that of a traditional bidirectional DC-DC
buck/boost converter. Additionally, in step-down mode, the voltage gain is smaller than that of a
traditional buck/boost. The step-up and step-down modes of the proposed converter's CCM and
DCM operations are examined under steady-state conditions. Finally, the proposed circuit is
validated to explore the efficiency.

[9] . Zhang, W. Zhang, F. Gao, S. Gao, and D. J. Rogers, “A switchedcapacitor interleaved

bidirectional converter with wide voltage-gain range for super capacitors in EVs,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1536–1547, Feb. 2020.

A three-phase interleaved structure and switched-capacitor cells are combined in a proposed

switched-capacitor interleaved bidirectional (SCIB) dc-dc converter. The converter has an
absolute common ground between the input and output as well as a large voltage gain range in
step-up and step-down modes. In-depth analysis is done on the power switch voltage and current
strains as well as the operating theory. The converter has strong topology scalability and it is
simple to produce expanded topologies with an m-phase interleaved structure. Consequently, it is
a strong candidate for the power interface between super capacitor banks, which have a terminal
voltage that naturally varies greatly, and the constant high voltage dc bus in hybrid electric
vehicle (EV) systems.
[10] Mizani, Amirreza, et al. "Single‐active switch high‐voltage gain DC–DC converter
using a non‐coupled inductor." IET Power Electronics 14.3 (2021): 492-502.

This paper reviews about a single-active switch high-voltage gain non-coupled inductor DC–DC
converter. The newly developed converter offers great efficiency, a straightforward control
scheme, and strong step-up gain without the need of linked inductors or transformers. The
converter also reduces cost, conduction losses, and complexity by achieving low voltage stress
on the switch and diodes without clamping circuits. Since the converter's input current is
continuous and has no ripple, it is appropriate for applications using renewable energy sources
that call for a quick dynamic reaction from the converter. The converter also offers low-rising
constant input current. Fast dynamic reaction, which is required in many applications involving
renewable energy, is thus an advantage of the suggested converter. The last step is to present
experimental findings that support the theoretical approach.