CHAPTER 30

QUANTUM PHYSICS
PARTICLE MODELS
small constituents of matter, as an atom, nucleus or molecules.

Mass, volume
Move according to newton’s law
Force, Momentum, collision
Temperature, pressure
WAVE MODELS Inergy is transferred from one place to another.
Periodic variation of some quantity

reflection
refraction
diffraction
interference

Waves do not have mass or charge

LIGHT, is it particle or wave?

Thomas young (1801)

– light showed diffraction and interference effect

LIGHT is a wave

Young’s double slit experiment

LIGHT, is it particle or wave?

❑ fotoelectric effect - Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1887)

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation,

such as light, hits a material.

LIGHT as a wave

LIGHT as a particle
 Wave theory Photoelectric effect

According to the wave theory, the the photoelectric effect proves that
maximum kinetic energy of the maximum kinetic energy is not depend on
photoelectron should be affected by the the change in intensity.
change in intensity.

𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑊𝑂𝑅𝐾𝐷𝑂𝑁𝐸
𝐼= 𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 =
𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐸

∆𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 =
𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐸

𝐼 ∝ 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

Threshold frequency
the minimum frequency of light which causes electrons to be emitted from metal
surface.

Workfunction
minimum energy required to eject an electron from the surface is called the photo
electric work potential.
 Wave theory Photoelectric effect

Wave theory says that light of any But electron emission occurred only for
frequency should be capable of frequencies larger than a threshold
ejecting electrons. frequency (f0).

𝐼 ∝ 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝒇 < 𝒇𝟎, 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒇 > 𝒇𝟎, 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

 Wave theory Photoelectric effect

Since energy is dependent on However, electron emission was

intensity according to wave theory, spontaneous no matter how small the
intensity of light.
the low-intensity light should emit
electrons after some time so that the
electrons can acquire sufficient energy
to get emitted.
 Wave theory Photoelectric effect

Wave theory is fails to explain the The photoelectric effect gives relation of
threshold frequency. threshold frequency.

𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Photon energy of visible light Workfunction of metal
Albert Einstein (1905)– light could behave as a stream of particle

Light = photon = packet of energy

Quantum mechanics = light as a wave and as a particle

Energy photon (planck formula).
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐼 ∝ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠

E = nhf 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

E = single photon energy 𝐼 ∝ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠

h = planck constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J/Hz 𝐼 ∝ 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

f = photon frequency (Hz) power ∝ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛
n= number of foton A single photon absorbed by a single electron

number of foton ∝ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛

A 1.0 mW laser produce red light of
wavelength 6.48 x 10-7m. Calculate
how many photons the laser
produces per second
electronVolt (eV)as a unit photon energy

1eV = 1.6 x 10-19J

W = qV
1eV = the energy transferred when electron
travels through a p.d 1 Volt
Photoelectric effect
Light and electron
Light shines on a metal surface and electrons are released

✓ Light = photon = discrete packets of energy = particle

✓ Energy of photon E = hf
h = plack constant (6,63 x 10-34 Js)
f = frequency of light
Threshold frequency (f0) and work function (ϕ)

Minimum frequency/energy required to

release electron from the surface of metal
E = ϕ + KEmax
1
hf = ϕ + mvmax2
2
Minimum energy/frequency, KE =0
hf0 = ϕ
𝝓
f0 =
𝒉
Frequency – energy graph

E = hf

E = ϕ + KEmax
Frequency – intensity

High frequency photon – lower frequency photon –electron

faster electron escapes released more slowly
Frequency – intensity

low intensity – less High intensity – more

electron escapes electron escapes

❖ A single photon absorbed by a single electron

Energy levels (electron shells)
are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found

Energy levels atom

Energy levels Hydrogen

Energy level and photon
Energy level and photon
Photon energies
photon energy = ΔE
hf = E1 −E2

hf = [(−0.54)−(−2.18)]× 10−18 J

hf = 1.64×10−18 J

We can calculate the frequency f and wavelength λ of the emitted

electromagnetic radiation.

The frequency is: f = E/h = 1.64×10−18 / 6.63×10−34

f = 2.47×1015Hz

The wavelength is: 1.21×10−7m = 121nm

This is a wavelength in the ultraviolet region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Emision line spectra and absorsion line spectra
Spectra of a white light, and of light from
b mercury,
c helium and
d cadmium vapour.
Band theory and electrical conduction

copper Clorine silicon

wave–particle duality of light.
In simple terms:

■■ Light interacts with matter (e.g. electrons) as a particle – the photon. The evidence for
this is provided by the photoelectric effect.

■■ Light travels through space as a wave. The evidence for this comes from the diffraction
and interference of light using slits.
Electron wave
De Broglie imagined that electrons would travel through space as a wave. He
proposed that the wave-like property of a particle like the electron can be represented
by its wavelength λ, which is related to its momentum p by the equation

De Broglie equation applies to all matter, anything that has mass. It can also be applied to objects like
golf balls and people
Electron wave
Electron diffraction
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