r • . . ......... 96.

:
SunflQ.Yer : 40-44%
1. 5%
2 Safflower : 40-5
3· Unwwca
__.... ke ·36%(most
· favourite cattle feed) •
rJ
4.. Sesame cake :37-38%.. 6-6.2%N
5. Ground nut :45-48%= 7-8%N
6. Cotton :43%=6.9%N
7. Tobacco :30-35% crude

ICotton I (15-25%oil) :
According to Hutchinson (194 7), cotton is grouped into-
(A) Old Woi-Jd Cotton/Desi cotton (n=13) :
1. Gossypium arborium : coarse and short fibre, Lengt/
fibre: 1.25 to 2.10 cm;ln India its area is 29% of cotton ~
Short staple cottons (fibre length less than 19 mm) km
as 'Bengals'in trade and used for making quilts and matte.,;
and for mixing with wool and staple cotton.
2. Gossypium herbaceum : Fibre length
cm. Seeds with small fuzz and lint. :1.25 to 2
CB) New World Cotton/American Cotton (na:26) :
3.
Gossypium hirsutum : Generally caJl~d American col
ton, fiber length : 1.80-3.IOcrn. It covers 50% area of
cotton area in India. Flowers creamy white when open bt
soon turn pink.
4
• Gossvpium barbade11se : called Sea sland cotton, or Eg\ ,
tian cotton or Sudan cotton, fibre length · 3.6 to
(rnaximum). s.o cm
One bale I 7 0kg f.n cotton.
1
bate .. I 80 kg (01 Jute
0
ed 1t< n S ·ed t l ii 1t
( 11 11 d
1 aflP.r 1(•111ovin9 lu 1t
 • SympodlaVCymose : When main axis st
of the branches exceeds the main axis e.g.cotton QrOMllllna:mlw
• Monopodial/racemose :When main axis conttnull ~~ and
gives off lateral branches which do not exceed It tn 9ta e.g cotton
stem branching.

Cymose
Racemose

Fig. 8.1
• Application of plant modifiers such as planofix (a-NAA) and
Cycocel (CCC) at 10 ppm near flowering (80-90 days after sowing)
helps in more bud retention capacity of plants,brings about an
early reproductive growth phase by including sympodial
bran.ching in plants and also including drought resistance.
Topping : Removal of terminal growing point once from each plant
at a height of 1-1.2 m(80-90DAS) to protect further terminal growth
and to encourage sympodial branching and boll development
by diverting the e~ergy flow.
• 'Square'is the appearance of flower bud in cotton.
• Cotton fibre is simply an elongation/outgrowth of an epidennal
1

cell of seed coat . The long outgrowth forms the staple or

lint' while shorter outgrowth form 'fuzz'. One seed has 60000-
80000 fibres.
• Hybrid - 4 : is the first commercial hybrid cotton of the world;
developed by Dr. C.T. Patel in 1970 by utilising cheap labour avail·
able in rural India for production of hybrid seeds by emasculation
and Pollination .
• Lo
ng staple varieties :
d
iYhrid-4, JKHY-1, MECI 1-IJ all are lntraspeclfic hybo ,
G.hfrsutum X G. hirsutun1).

Crop productw,1 I 97

IFil 3511
 • Extra Jong staple varieties : 40% production of total
fibre in India.
1. Hybrid-6, Savita, Surya are intra - specific h
(G.hirsutum X G.hirsutum)
2. Varalaxmi, DCH-32, TCHB-213, DHB-105, HB-224,al
inter-specific hybrids (G. hirsutum X G. barbadent,t
3. Non-hybrid varieties like Sujata, Suvin of Gossypl
brabadense (Egyptian) and MCU-4, MCU-5, MCU-8
MCU-9 of Gossypium hirsutum (American cotton) are•
popular).
• Honeybees are principal pollinators.
• Foliar application of DAP +NAA during flowering and boll-forma-
tion stages controls physiological shedding of flowers and boJJs ani
increase the yield of cotton. mo

• Bad opening of boJls is known as 'tirak 'due to growing cotton iD Ju

soil with saline subsoils decrease in N-content and increase in
'
tannin content during flowering and boll-formation phase and
. water starvation as pointed out by Late Prof. Dastur.
• Soil depth of 100-120 cm is ideal for cotton cultivation.
• Fibre Quality : It is judged by in

(a) Staple length : measured by ball's sledge sorter, Bear sorter

and fibro graph,first feature.
(b) Fibre fineness : It is 2nd feature.
Spinning value if cotton mostly depends on
(1) staple length and (2) fire fi?eness.
Micronaire : Instrument to measure fineness.
Micronaire = Av. Weight of fibre in micrograms.
Very fine: When Av. Wt. of fibre is beJow 3.0 microgram.
Fine : When Av. Wt. is 3.0-3. 9 microgram.
3. Fibre strength : Fibre is very strong when breaking Point is mor,
than 95 kg/sq. cm.
4 .. Guudna 'CJ(,: It is 24 ~ 43% in different cotton.
Ginning%• Wt. of lint X 10()
Wt. of Sud cotton taken for giru'lU19
u.t Inda• -~Wtm:J·of,-J~OO~--C..X~:,,11151._%__._ X 100
---------- ----- 100 OlruWW-=------~
....... ....~
 S. ~,foturity of fibre is judged by Arealometer.
Nepiness :Sometimes fibrr thickness is not uniform and knots present
6
· on the fibre are also not distributed uniformly.It causes low grade.
No. of knots :good quality cotton-fibre has all the knots properly
7.
distributed at equal distance and fibre is more strong.
S. No. of counts: A count is the no. of hanks (each 770 .6rn or 840
yard long thread) in 450 glint (one pound). Finer the thread, greater
is count. Indian cottons have 22 counts whereas best quality have
80-400.
Jute
Two types of cultivated varieties-
!. Corchorus capsularis : hardy plant, tolerate water logging,
ore popular (70% area of total jute area), white fibre hence called' White
cott ute' (trade name), leaf. is bitter in taste due to corchorin known as 'Tita
re3! at' Planting time late Feb. to March in low and mid lands.
2. Corchorus olitorius : grown on well drained high lands
nly, fibre is fine, softer, stronger, more lustrous,yellow to red, called, tossa
trade name), tasteless leaf hence called 'Mitha Pat' , higher yield, planted
n April/May in mid and uplands.
• In India Jute growing areas are divided into 8 agroclimatic zones.
• Mesta grows on soils where Jute can not.
• Jute Agricultural Research Institute Barrackpur. Now JARI was
changed into CRIJAF (Central Research Institute for jute and Allied
fibres) and again CRIJAF renamed as NIRJAFf (National Institute
for Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Kolkata).
• l~eal stage for harvesting :Small pod stage or initiation of Pod forma-
tion viz 135-140 DAS.
• steeping (Soaking) :After 2-4 days of harvesting the plants are shaken
for complete leaf shedding and they are tied in bundles of about 20-
~ crn{lS-20) in diameter.For uniform retting,thc bund_les should be
pt in Vertical position for 3-4 davs (to ret bottom potiion) and th en
~brnerged into water in a horiz~ntal position.For proper steeping
I bundles should be laid side by side in water and tied together to
~ IOrt of platfonn usually In 2-3 logs called Jack.
Crop production / 99
 • Retting is a microbiological (microbial) process by which the bast fibre
(fibre in bark)gets loosened for easy separation from the woody stalk
For an ideal retting,the Jack should be kept submerged at least 20 err
be\ow the surface of water because incomplete submergence results rri
under-retting and produces ' crappy, fibre of extremely low value, while
over-retting ' dazed, weak fibre.
Tying of few plants of Dhaincha or Sunnhemp in each bundle of jute
causes and early retting.ln stagnant water add little amount of {NH ) S0 or
42 4
bonemeal specially during cold month.
Gently Howing,fairly deep,clear and ·soft water are congential for an
ideal retting. Retting needs around 34°C water temperature and complet~
within 10-15 d9ys during July while 18-20 days during August-SeptembEI
and 21-30 days after Sept.( i.e. Oct.-Nov.)
• The fibre is obtained from Phloem by retting. Retting consists ol
disintegration of tissues by micro organism. Disintegration starll
from cambium and extends to Phloem and cortex.
• Extraction of Fibre : The fibre is extracted by h d . froOl
an s either
individual plants or from a bundle of l 0-12 plants b k ,io.~
method. · Y 6 eat-brea .Jr

Fibers extracted from individual reed {stem) with fing . ~\

ers ts sleek c1e~
and free from entanglements while the fiber extract d b ' ..k
jerk method e y bet- bre,

• Olitorius being efficient user of N; gives more fibre Yield thai1 cap.sui,I'
in general.
Capaularis :2000kg /hci dnd 400 SOOkg. ~
Olitoriu1 : 2700kg./ha and ioo 3 00kg saed/ha

= I