ASSIGNMENT-1

UNIT- SOLUTION

1.State Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for solutions of non-volatile solutes?

2.What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’?

3.What are isotonic solutions

4.State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications.

5.Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution.

6.What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol and acetone?

7.Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are ‘azeotropes’?

8.Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law. What are these deviations
and why are they caused? Explain with one example for each type.

9.Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’.

10.What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative properties for the
determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions?

11.A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl 3COOH) is heated to its boiling point. The solution
has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512
K kg mol-1) Ans- 0.3

12.Define the following terms :

(i) Mole fraction (ii) Osmotic pressure (iii) Ideal solution (iv) Molality

13.Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water.

14.Derive expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-volatile.

15.Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?

Answer:
This is because the dissolution of gas in liquid is an exothermic process. The solubility should decrease with
increase in temperature.

16.18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass – 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce pan. At what
temperature will this solution boil? (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1, boiling point of pure water = 373.15 K)
Ans- 373.202K

17.An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K. Explain the lowering in freezing points of
water with the help of a suitable diagram.

18.Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol-1) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to lower its
freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1). Ans- 1.8 g

19.What is the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law?

Answer:
Similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law is that the partial pressure or vapour pressure of the volatile
component (gas) is directly proportional to the mole fraction of that component in the solution.

20.How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it?

21.What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the sign of ∆ mixH for
positive deviation?
22.Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711 m aqueous solution of Na2S04. If this solution
actually freezes at – 0.320°C, what would be the value of Van’t Hoff factor? (Kf for water is 1.86°C mol-1) Ans=
-2.4

23.A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in water is labelled as 10% (by mass). What would be the
molality and molarity of the solution? (Density of solution = 1.2 g mL-1)

24.What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law? Given an example.

25.(i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of deviation from
Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would you observe after mixing
liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)?

26.How is the osmotic pressure related to the concentration of a solute in a solution?

(i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas

(B) at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s
constant) and why?
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling
azeotropes?

27.A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of winter green (methyl salicylate) in 99.0 g of benzene has a
boiling point of 80.31°C. Determine the molar mass of this compound. (B.P. of pure benzene = 80.10°C and
Kb for benzene = 2.53°C kg mol-1) Ans- 152gmol-1

28.Define the following terms:

(i) Abnormal molar mass (ii) van’t Hoff factor (iii) Ebullioscopic Constant

29.100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of solution. If this solution has an
osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is the molar mass of the protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm.) Ans- 13980.4 gmol-1

30.Explain why on addition of 1 mol of glucose to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases

31.15 g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting solution freezes at -
0.34° C. What is the molar mass of the substance?
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1). Ans= 182.53 g

32.The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10 -2 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the
solution contains 5.0 × 10-2 g of ethane, then what will be the partial pressure of the gas? Ans =0.762 bar

33. At higher altitudes people suffer from anoxia, resulting in inability to think.

34.IF N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K. How many millimoles of N 2 gas would dissolve in one litre of
water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of. 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293
Kelvin is 76.48. K bar. Ans = 0.716 milimoles

35.IF the density of water of a lake is 1.25 gram/ml and one Kg of lake water contains 92 gram of Na+ ions.
Calculate the molarity of Na+ ions in this lake water.( Atomic mass of Na = 23 gram/mole.)

Ans = 4.58 M

36. Write characteristics of ideal and non ideal solutions.

37. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a solution of acetone and chloroform Justify on the basis
of strength of intermolecular interactions that develop in the solution.

38. Why a mixture of carbon disulphide and acetone shows positive deviation from Raoults law. What type of
azeotrope is formed by this mixture?
39. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 mm and 700 mm of Hg respectively at 350 Kelvin.
Find out the composition of the liquid mixture. If total vapor pressure is 600 mm of Hg. also find the
composition in the vapour phase. Ans P A = 180 mm of Hg , PB = 420 mm of Hg, Mole fraction of A in vapour
phase = 0.3 , Mole fraction of B in vapour phase = 0.7

40. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 60 gram of glucose (molar mass = 180 gram per mole)
in 250 gram of water, Kf of water = 1.86 Kelvin kg per mole)Ans= 270.68K

41.Elevation in boiling point of one molar KCl solution is nearly double than that of 1 molar sugar solution.
Give reason.

42. When 2.56 gram of sulphur was dissolved in 100 gram of CS 2. The freezing point gets lowered by 0.383
Kelvin. Calculate the formula of sulphur(Sx). Kf for CS2 is 3.83 Kelvin Kg /mol Atomic mass of sulphur = 32
gram/mol.

(ii) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood cells in a
solution containing

(a) 1.2% sodium chloride solution (b) 0.4% Sodium chloride solution.

43.Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 gram of MgCl2 having molar mass, 95 gram/ mol was
dissolved in 50 gram of water. Assuming MgCl2 undergo complete ionization. Kf for water = 1.86 Kelvin Kg
/mol? Ans=270.918K

44. A 5% solution by mass of cane sugar having molecular weight 342 gram/ mol is isotonic with 0.877%
solution of substance X. Find the molecular weight of X. Ans= 59.9 gram/mol

45. A 0.01 aqueous solution of aluminium chloride freezes at. - 0.0680C Calculate the percentage of
dissociation. Kf for water =1.86 Kelvin kg mole-1. Ans= 83.33%