LU3: Molecular Virology-

General Classification,
Morphology and Replication
 Kingdoms of Life
Eukaryotic
Plants Fungi Animal Multicellular

Protista Eukaryotic
Protozoa Alga Unicellular

Monera/Prokaryotae
Prokaryotic
Eubacteria Archaea Unicellular

No Cellular
Virus Viroid Prion Structure
 History of Viruses
• 3000 BC – Egyptian with symptom of polio
• 1798 - Edward Jenner vaccination (small pox)
• 1892 - Iwanoska – TMV
• 1898 - Beijerinck living infectious fluid
• 1935 - Stanley crystallized virus: protein
• 1952 - Hershey & Chase: DNA infectious
• 1960’s - Cell culture to propagate viruses
Polio infection
Edward Jenner
Viral characteristics
▪ DNA or RNA genome (but not both)
▪ Genome: 1 or 2 strands (DNA or RNA)
▪ No energy generating system
▪ Obligate intracellular parasite
▪ Small size – range 30 -300nm
▪ Many shapes (eg., cylindrical, icosahedral)
▪ Does not undergo binary fission
▪ Variety of hosts
 Hosts of Viruses
• Specificity
▪ Only one species
▪ Limited hosts
▪ Hosts within the same species
▪ Different species
▪ Infecting different organisms
• Varieties of Hosts
▪ Animals
▪ Plants
▪ Fungi
▪ Bacteria
 Size and Shape of Virus

• Sizes: 20 nm – 330 nm
• Poliovirus 30 nm;
• poxvirus 330x220x100 nm
• Size:
• Nucleocapsid; virion
• Shapes of Virus
• Spherical (icosahedron) - poliovirus
• Elongated – TMV (330 x 17 nm)
• Complex - bacteriophage T4
• Size + shapes = morphology
 Human cell
1000 nm

Nucleus
2,800 nm

E. coli
1000 nm x
2000-3000 nm

Smallpox 230 nm

Adenovirus,
70 nm
Perbandingan saiz virus

Escherichia coli

Human liver cell

Size and Shapes

Spherical/icosahedron
examples poliovirus
adenovirus

Elongated/rod, example TMV

 Components of Virions

• Nucleic Acid
• Genome – DNA or RNA
• Genome molecules – 1 or 2 stranded
• Capsid – protein coat
• Protein subunit protein = capsomere
• Different size and types
• Nucleic acid & capsid = Nucleocapsid
• Lipoprotein envelope (some viruses)
• Glycoprotein spikes (host)
• Virion=infectious virus particles
Poliovirus
Naked Helical
Naked Helical
 Are coded by Viral Genes (and made only
while a virus is infecting a cell); They…
Virus Proteins…
1. Protect the viral nucleic acid
2. Attach to receptors on the outside of cells
3. Penetrate cell membranes
4. Replicate viral nucleic acid (proteins with
this function are not associated with all
virus types)
5. Begin the program for virus replication
(ditto)
6. Modify the infected cell (beyond towards
making new virus particles; ditto)
Enveloped “Spherical” (HIV)
 Poxvirus

Rabies virus Herpesvirus

Virus Classification Viruses are classified:
1. According to their Genome Type
2. Their Virion Morphology (as determined by
electron microscopy, presence of envelope)
3. Their strategies of replication
4. Their Serology (serotype), which is their
reaction with specific antiserum
5. (Increasingly) in terms of the sequence of
their genomes
International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV)
Viral Taxonomy
• Family
• genus
• virus
• type
• strain
• serotypes
Classification of virus based on viral
component
Virus

Genome
RNA/DNA

Single/double
stranded

Envelope
Present/absent

Protein
Size Viral shape
characteristic
 Classification of virus based on
viral component
Virus

RNA DNA
Single Double Single Double
stranded stranded stranded stranded

No Envelop No Envelop No Envelop No

Enveloped
envelope ed envelope ed envelope ed envelope
Bunyaviru Polio Retrovir Adenovi Parvovir Cystovir
?? Reovirus
s virus us rus us idae

Poliovirus – Picornaviridae; Viroid = virus without coat protein

Influenza Virus - Prion = protein molecule which can
Orthomyxoviridae replicate
 RNA Virus Families

•Picornaviridae •Reoviridae
•Togaviridae •Coronaviridae
•Orthomyxoviridae •Rhabdoviridae
•Paramyxoviridae •Arenaviridae
•Retroviridae •Flaviviridae
DNA VIRUSES
•Herpesviridae
•Adenoviridae
•Papovaviriade
•Poxviridae
•Parvoviridae
•Hepadnaviridae
 Virus Replication Cycle

• Stage 1 - Attachment
• Stage 2 - Entry/uncoating
• Stage 3 - Synthesis
o Proteins
o Genome replication
• Stage 4 - Assembly
• Stage 5 - Maturation and Release
 Different Types of Genome
Replications
• Class I - dsDNA (herpesvirus)
• Class II - ssDNA (parvovirus, fX174)
• Class III - dsRNA (Reovirus)
• Class IV - ss(+)RNA (poliovirus)
• Class V - ss(-)RNA (Influenza virus)
• Class VI - ss(+ retro)RNA (HIV)
 DNA-2b RNA-2b
DNA-1b

+
+ -

mRNA New particles + -

+ - - - -
Class I

Class II Class III

New particles
New particles mRNA
RNA-1b +ve Reverse RNA-1b
RNA-1b -ve

mRNA
Class VI
Class IV -
Class V
+
dscDNA
RF

- + + -

RNA-cDNA
RI mRNA hybrid

New particles
New particles New particles
Assembly
• Put together viral components
• Formation of nucleoprotein
• Specific structures
• No energy required – self assembly
• Sites differ:
– DNA virus– nucleus (except Poxvirus)
– RNA Virus - Cytoplasm
Lambda Lytic vs.Lysogenic Cycles
Lambda Lytic vs.Lysogenic Cycles
• Phage  is a Temperate phage
• Which means that it capable of displaying
Lysogeny
• One consequence of lysogeny is lysogenic
conversion (a.k.a., phage conversion) which
is a change in bacterial phenotype upon
lysogenization
• A number of bacterial virulence factors,
including toxins, are coded by temperate
Prophages including the Shigatoxin produced
by lambdoid phage of E. coli O157:H7
HIV = Retrovirus
 Cytopathic effects (CPE) are harm viruses
Cytopathic Effects
can do to cells, short of totally destroying
cells