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Planning Theory (Introduction To Town and Regional Planning)
Planning Theory (Introduction To Town and Regional Planning)
Planning Theory (Introduction To Town and Regional Planning)
Lewis keeble, 1969, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
The art and science of ordering the use of land and the character and siting of buildings and
communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience
and beauty.
Keeble’s definition has given rise to four characteristic of successful town planning which are of
prime importance:
1. The promotion of accessibility: Accessibility of homes to work, shop, school and entertainment, of
industry to sources of labour, power and raw materials and so on. It would hardly be going too far to
call Planning a study in accessibility
2. The employment of resources as economically as possible so as to achieve the greatest possible
measure of improvement with necessarily limited means
3. The separation of incompatible land uses from each other and the association of compatible or
mutually helpful uses
4. The carrying out of all development in as visually pleasant a manner as is practicable.
The art
Planning through rational decision- making whereby there is no right or wrong
The science
The use of scientific methods to carry out projections to achieve the goals and objectives of a plan.
Planning seeks to guide and control change. The profession needs an awareness of the process of
change in the human environment, the reasons for them. The interactions between groups and skills
in the techniques of fores and guidiy change. – Mc Loughlin
Planning is concerned with providing the right site , at the right time in the right place for the right
people.- John ratcliffe
Planning is a reconciliation of social and economic aims, of private and public objectives. It is the
allocation of resources, particularly land in such a manner as to obtain maximum efficiency, whilst
paying need to the nature of the built environment and welfare of the community.
AIMS/PURPOSE OF PLANNING
According to Ratcliffe J.
Town planning aims at securing a sensible acceptable blend of conservation and exploitation of land,
as the background for human activity. This involves the process of :
a) establishing the desires of the community,
b) formulating them in a manner that facilities comprehension and discussion,
c) preparing a policy for their adoption,
d) regulating public and private investment guiding the provision of public services
e) initiating action where necessary and continually examining the effect of the adopted policy,
f) Making adjustment if required.
Aspect Physical
Social
economics
SOCIAL
Concerned with the conditions of people
Makes people lives easier and happier
Not detrimental to health
Facilitates social interactions
Visual attractiveness
Eliminate poverty and deprivation
ECONOMICS
Generate employment
Raise the standard of living
Increase income
Efficient arrangement and distribution of communication routes
PHYSICAL
Material expression of policy on the land (where,how many?)
3 MAIN FACTORS :
Economics factor
This factor refers to economic theory whereby the use of each land parcel is determined by “ the
urban land market” based on the factors of land as a commodity is influenced by the market forces
of supply and demands
Urband land is considered to have value because of its potential to produce income in the future .
land in the city center is much higher in the value than those in rural areas
rural
urban
Harga/nilai tanah
The market value of land varies according to the functional type of area in which it is located in the
overall pattern of land uses and with respect to the other sites within one particular type of use area
Social factor
Social factor in terms of “ ecological process / urban ecology” . the physical change processes in the
city concerned with
1. The physical , spatial and material aspects of urban life
2. The social structure in the city with its concern for humans values , behaviour and
interaction as reflected in the existing social institutions.
In this context refers to “ the health , safety, and general welfare” (the public interest) which
concerned with public actions that seeks to assure livability and sound development in the city as
land is put to urban used.
“Liveability” refers to those qualities in the physical environment of the urban area which tend to
induce in citizens a feeling of mental , physical , and social well-being according to the extent to
which their fundamental day-to-day living needs and wants are satisfied.
WHY PLAN?
I. Maximize economic benefits
II. Convenience and beauty
III. Efficient allocation of resources
IV. Minimum disturbance to the built and natural environment
V. Maximize welfare of the community
b) USED OF RESOURCES
possible benefit with least/given amount of resources
c) SEPERATION OF INCOMPATIBLE LAND USE AND ASSOCIATE MUTUALLY USES
d) AESTHETICS
All development as visually pleasant a manner as possible
PLANNING INVOLVES
Characteristic of planning
a. Goal orientation
b. Change orientation
c. Expression of choice
d. Rationality
e. Collective basis