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8
To Kathy, David, Emma, and Michelle
9
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface
PRELUDE And Just What Is Geology?
CHAPTER 1 The Earth in Context
CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
CHAPTER 3 Patterns in Nature: Minerals
INTERLUDE A Introducing Rocks
CHAPTER 4 Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
CHAPTER 5 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
INTERLUDE B A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
CHAPTER 6 Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks
CHAPTER 7 Metamorphism: A Process of Change
INTERLUDE C The Rock Cycle
CHAPTER 8 A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
INTERLUDE D The Earth’s Interior Revisited: Insights from Geophysics
CHAPTER 9 Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Geologic Structures and

Mountain Building
INTERLUDE E Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
CHAPTER 10 Deep Time: How Old Is Old?
CHAPTER 11 A Biography of the Earth
CHAPTER 12 Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources
10
INTERLUDE F An Introduction to Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle
CHAPTER 13 Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
CHAPTER 14 Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water
CHAPTER 15 Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
CHAPTER 16 A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
CHAPTER 17 Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts
CHAPTER 18 Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
CHAPTER 19 Global Change in the Earth System
Additional Charts
Metric Conversion Chart
The Periodic Table of Elements
Glossary
Credits
Index
11
SPECIAL FEATURES
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES
Hot-Spot Volcano Track, Fig. 2.32d
Basalt Sill in Antarctica, Fig. 4.9c
Grand Canyon, Cover and Basement, Fig. 6.1b
Stratigraphic Formation, Fig. 6.12a
Crossbeds, Fig. 6.14d
Deposits of an Ancient River Channel, Fig. 6.17e
Displacement on the San Andreas Fault, Fig. 8.3a
Displacement and Fault Zone, Fig. 9.9a
Slip on a Thrust Fault, Fig. 9.9b
The San Andreas Fault, Fig. 9.9c
Train of Folds, Fig. 9.12d
Plunging Anticline, Fig. 9.12e
Flexural-Slip Fold, Fig. 9.13a
Passive Fold, Fig. 9.13b
Slaty Cleavage, Fig. 9.15b
Horizontal Sandstone Beds, Fig. 10.1b
Unconformity in Scotland, Fig. 10.4b
New York Outcrop, OFT10.1
12
Topographic Profile, Fig. BxF.1d
Desert Pavement, Arizona, Fig. 17.16b
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE
The Earth System, Prelude
Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon System, Chapter 1
The Theory of Plate Tectonics, Chapter 2
Mineral Formation, Chapter 3
Formation of Igneous Rocks, Chapter 4
Weathering, Sediment, and Soil Production, Interlude B
Volcanoes, Chapter 5
The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 6
Environments of Metamorphism, Chapter 7
Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock Cycle, Interlude C
Faulting in the Crust, Chapter 8
The Collision of India with Asia, Chapter 9
The Record in Rocks: Reconstructing Geologic History, Chapter 10
The Earth Has a History, Chapter 11
Power from the Earth, Chapter 12
The Hydrologic Cycle, Interlude F
Mass Movement, Chapter 13
The Changing Landscape along a Stream, Chapter 14
13
Oceans and Coasts, Chapter 15
Karst Landscapes, Chapter 16
The Desert Realm, Chapter 17
Glaciers and Glacial Landforms, Chapter 18
Consequences of Sea-Level Change, Chapter 19
14
CONTENTS
Preface • xix
See for Yourself: Using Google Earth • xxi
PRELUDE
And Just What Is Geology? • 2
P.1 In Search of Ideas • 3
P.2 Why Study Geology? • 4
P.3 Themes of This Book • 5
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Earth System • 8–9
BOX P.1 CONSIDER THIS: The Scientific Method • 10–11
END-OF-CHAPTER MATERIAL • 13
15
CHAPTER 1
The Earth in Context • 14
1.1 Introduction • 15
1.2 An Image of Our Universe • 15
BOX 1.1 CONSIDER THIS: The Basics of Matter, Force, and Energy •
16–17
1.3 Forming the Universe • 19
BOX 1.2 SCIENCE TOOLBOX: Heat, Temperature, and Heat Transfer •

22
1.4 Forming the Solar System • 23
1.5 The Earth’s Moon and Magnetic Field • 27
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon

System • 28–29
1.6 The Earth System • 30
16
1.7 Looking Inward—Discovering the Earth’s Interior • 36
1.8 Basic Characteristics of the Earth’s Layers • 37
BOX 1.3 CONSIDER THIS: Meteors and Meteorites • 39
END-OF-CHAPTER MATERIAL • 42–43
CHAPTER 2
The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics • 44
2.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift • 46
2.3 The Discovery of Seafloor Spreading • 49
2.4 Paleomagnetism—Proving Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading

• 53
2.5 What Do We Mean by Plate Tectonics? • 60
2.6 Divergent Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading • 63
2.7 Convergent Boundaries and Subduction • 67
2.8 Transform Boundaries • 69
2.9 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic • 70
17
2.10How Do Plate Boundaries Form, and How Do They Die? • 74
2.11Moving Plates • 76
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Theory of Plate Tectonics • 78–79
CHAPTER 3
Patterns in Nature: Minerals • 84
BOX 3.1 SCIENCE TOOLBOX: Some Basic Concepts from Chemistry •

86
3.2 What Is a Mineral? • 86
3.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structures • 88
3.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another? • 91
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Mineral Formation • 92–93
3.5 Organizing Your Knowledge: Mineral Classification • 97
18
BOX 3.2 CONSIDER THIS: Asbestos and Health—When Crystal Habit
Matters • 99
3.6 Something Precious—Gems! • 100
BOX 3.3 CONSIDER THIS: Where Do Diamonds Come From? • 101
INTERLUDE A
Introducing Rocks • 106
A.1 Introduction • 107
A.2 What Is Rock? • 107
A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification • 108
A.4 Studying Rock • 110
CHAPTER 4
19
Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks • 114
4.2 Why Does Magma Form, and What Is It Made of? • 115
4.3 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock • 120
BOX 4.1 CONSIDER THIS: Bowen’s Reaction Series • 124
4.4 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock? • 126
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Formation of Igneous Rocks • 130
4.5 Plate-Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity • 132
CHAPTER 5
20
The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions • 138
5.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions • 139
5.3 Structure and Eruptive Style • 146
BOX 5.1 CONSIDER THIS: Explosive Eruptions to Remember • 152–153
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Volcanoes • 154–155
5.4 Geologic Settings of Volcanism • 156
5.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards! • 160
5.6 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath • 164
5.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization • 166
5.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets • 168
INTERLUDE B
21
A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils • 172
B.1 Introduction • 173
B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment • 173
B.3 Soil • 179
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Weathering, Sediment, and Soil Production

• 180–181
CHAPTER 6
22
Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks • 188
6.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks • 190
6.3 Sedimentary Structures • 198
6.4 Recognizing Depositional Environments • 204
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks •

206–207
6.5 Sedimentary Basins • 210
CHAPTER 7
23
Metamorphism: A Process of Change • 216
7.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism • 217
7.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks • 221
BOX 7.1 CONSIDER THIS: Metamorphic Facies • 226
7.4 Where Does Metamorphism Occur? • 228
BOX 7.2 CONSIDER THIS: Pottery Making—An Analog for Thermal

Metamorphism • 230
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Environments of Metamorphism • 232–233
INTERLUDE C
24
The Rock Cycle • 238
C.1 Introduction • 239
C.2 Rock Cycle Paths • 239
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock

Cycle • 240–241
C.3 A Case Study of the Rock Cycle • 242
C.4 Cycles of the Earth System • 244
CHAPTER 8
25
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a young man son off to school in his stead, feeling vaguely thankful
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before having to see him again.
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respective homes we gave the Cabinet Dinner with all its accustomed
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parties of various sorts until near the end of the year when I
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Helen had gone out in Washington and had attended my
entertainments during the winter of 1909 whenever she had been at
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my place at a dinner we gave for Prince and Princess Fushimi of
Japan, but she had never “come out,” so I gave two parties early in
the winter of 1910 in honor of her début.
We began with an afternoon At Home, for which, as my daughter
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The New Year’s Reception was followed in quick succession by the
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then came the greatest event of our four years in the White House,
our Silver Wedding.
Twenty-five years married and all but a single year of it spent in
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happened to witness it. I thanked the happy fate that had given me a
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were almost buried in silver was incidental; we couldn’t help it; it
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My husband and I received the almost endless line of guests under
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party because without enthusiasm it could not have been given at all.
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me this shop might as well be closed for any other business. I do the
very best I know how—the very best I can; and I mean to keep on
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silver home.”
At a dinner given by the Lotos Club in New York, just ten days
after Mr. Wilson’s election in 1912, Mr. Taft said:
“The legend of the lotos eaters was that if they partook of the fruit
of the lotos tree they forgot what had happened in their country and
were left in a state of philosophic calm in which they had no desire to
return to it.
“I do not know what was in the mind of your distinguished
invitation committee when I was asked to attend this banquet. They
came to me before election. At first I hesitated to accept lest when
the dinner came I should be shorn of interest as a guest and be
changed from an active and virile participant in the day’s doings of
the Nation to merely a dissolving view. I knew that generally on an
occasion of this sort the motive of the diners was to have a guest
whose society should bring them more closely into contact with the
great present and the future and not be merely a reminder of what
has been. But, after further consideration, I saw in the name of your
club the possibility that you were not merely cold, selfish seekers
after pleasures of your own, and that perhaps you were organised to
furnish consolation to those who mourn, oblivion to those who
would forget, an opportunity for a swan song to those about to
disappear....
“The Presidency is a great office to hold. It is a great honour and it
is surrounded with much that makes it full of pleasure and
enjoyment for the occupant, in spite of its heavy responsibilities and
the shining mark that it presents for misrepresentation and false
attack.... Of course the great and really the only lasting satisfaction
that one can have in the administration of the great office of
President is the thought that one has done something permanently
useful to his fellow countrymen. The mere enjoyment of the tinsel of
office is ephemeral, and unless one can fix one’s memory on real
progress made through the exercise of presidential power there is
little real pleasure in the contemplation of the holding of that or any
other office, however great its power or dignity or high its position in
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which I leave the office, I cherish only the deepest gratitude to the
American people for having given me the honour of having held the
office, and I sincerely hope in looking back over what has been done
that there is enough of progress made to warrant me in the belief
that real good has been accomplished, even though I regret that it
has not been greater. My chief regret is my failure to secure from the
Senate the ratification of the general arbitration treaties with France
and Great Britain. I am sure they would have been great steps toward
general world peace. What has actually been done I hope has helped
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substantial step. I do not despair of ultimate success. We must hope
and work on.”
THE END
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
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Instant Download Ebook PDF Essentials of Geology Sixth Edition 6th Edition PDF Scribd

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(eBook PDF) Essentials of Geology

(Sixth Edition) 6th Edition

W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS

PRELUDE And Just What Is Geology?

CHAPTER 1 The Earth in Context

CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics

CHAPTER 3 Patterns in Nature: Minerals

INTERLUDE A Introducing Rocks

CHAPTER 4 Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks

CHAPTER 5 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions

INTERLUDE B A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils

CHAPTER 6 Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks

CHAPTER 7 Metamorphism: A Process of Change

INTERLUDE C The Rock Cycle

CHAPTER 8 A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes

INTERLUDE D The Earth’s Interior Revisited: Insights from Geophysics

CHAPTER 9 Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Geologic Structures and

INTERLUDE E Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution

CHAPTER 10 Deep Time: How Old Is Old?

CHAPTER 11 A Biography of the Earth

CHAPTER 12 Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources

CHAPTER 13 Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements

CHAPTER 14 Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water

CHAPTER 15 Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts

CHAPTER 16 A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater

CHAPTER 17 Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts

CHAPTER 18 Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages

CHAPTER 19 Global Change in the Earth System

Metric Conversion Chart

The Periodic Table of Elements

Basalt Sill in Antarctica, Fig. 4.9c

Grand Canyon, Cover and Basement, Fig. 6.1b

Stratigraphic Formation, Fig. 6.12a

Crossbeds, Fig. 6.14d

Deposits of an Ancient River Channel, Fig. 6.17e

Displacement on the San Andreas Fault, Fig. 8.3a

Displacement and Fault Zone, Fig. 9.9a

Slip on a Thrust Fault, Fig. 9.9b

The San Andreas Fault, Fig. 9.9c

Train of Folds, Fig. 9.12d

Plunging Anticline, Fig. 9.12e

Flexural-Slip Fold, Fig. 9.13a

Passive Fold, Fig. 9.13b

Slaty Cleavage, Fig. 9.15b

Horizontal Sandstone Beds, Fig. 10.1b

Unconformity in Scotland, Fig. 10.4b

New York Outcrop, OFT10.1

Desert Pavement, Arizona, Fig. 17.16b

Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon System, Chapter 1

The Theory of Plate Tectonics, Chapter 2

Mineral Formation, Chapter 3

Formation of Igneous Rocks, Chapter 4

Weathering, Sediment, and Soil Production, Interlude B

The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 6

Environments of Metamorphism, Chapter 7

Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock Cycle, Interlude C

Faulting in the Crust, Chapter 8

The Collision of India with Asia, Chapter 9

The Record in Rocks: Reconstructing Geologic History, Chapter 10

The Earth Has a History, Chapter 11

Power from the Earth, Chapter 12

The Hydrologic Cycle, Interlude F