DYNAPAC GUIDE OF

VIBRATION

1
 BASIC KNOWLEDGE
Vibrators in Industry Formulae for circular vibrations
Dynapac external vibrators have wide and varied uses in eccentric torque
most industries from mining to food. Vibrators solve many
material handling problems and save money for industry Mo = Po x ro
through increased production and decreased labor costs. Po = eccentric weight (kg)
This brochure shows some of the most common applications π Ro = rotation radius = distance
Fc= ×( n)² between centre of gravity and rotation axis
Mo 2
for vibrators and suggests proper mounting locations for 100 60
best results. (cm)
Mo = eccentric torque (kg x cm)
Circular vibration - Linear vibration
According to vibrator type, vibration is generated by:
- the rotation of an eccentric shaft (circular vibration), Centrifugal force
- the reciprocating linear displacement of a weight (linear
vibration). n = frequency (r.p.m)
Fc = centrifugal force
Note:
The combination of two circular vibrations of same speed
intensity and opposite direction produces a linear vibration. Working moment
Mt = 2 x Mo
Power sources Mt = working moment (kg x cm)
There are electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and mechanical
vibrators. Vibrator amplitude
u = Mo×10
Vibrator types Q
Electric vibrators: the shaft of an asynchronous motor bears Q = vibrating weight
eccentric weights at each end. Electric vibrators produce a = vibrator weight + load weight (kg)
circular vibration. u = vibrator amplitude (mm)
- Pneumatic vibrators producing circular vibration: total vibration amplitude
compressed air flow rotates an eccentric weight in a s =2xu
circular chamber. Main categories: turbo-vibrators, ball- s = total amplitude (mm)
vibrators, roller vibrators, turbine-type vibrators.
acceleration
- Pneumatic vibrators producing linear vibration: the
compressed air flow produces linear and reciprocating a= Fc
displacement of a piston in a cylinder. Q
a = acceleration (m/s²)
- Hydraulic and mechanical vibration: a hydraulic motor or
a mechanical transmission rotates an eccentric shaft. Changing operating data
These vibrators generate a circular vibration. They are
much less popular than electric and pneumatic vibrators. R.p.m and frequency of an electric vibrator are determined
by the electric motor and inlet current specifications.
Power source selection
Selection depends upon site power supply, safety, health Inlet current Electric motor Speed
regulation, working conditions a.s.o. Frequency (Hz) Nr.of pole pairs (r.p.m)
50 3 1,000
60 3 1,200
50 2 1,500
60 2 1,800
50 1 3,000
60 1 3,600
150 1 9,000
180 1 10,800
200 2 6,000
240 2 7,200

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2
Centrifugal force can generally be adjusted by changing the eccentric
weight settings.
Performances of pneumatic vibrators stated on data-sheets can continuously
be changed according to air pressure and flow.

Basic calculations

The experience gives average and practical value for the acceleration
to be applied to the load and calculation formulae for evaluation of the
requested centrifugal force for the most important applications.
The formulae hereafter mentioned lead to a rough evaluation of
the requested vibrating equipment according to the installation
and material data.
They are valid for rigid structures only.

Total amplitude

fc
s =182,315×
n²Q

Centrifugal force

Q  n 
Fc= s×0,559x × ²
9,81  1,000 

s = total amplitude (mm)

Fc = centrifugal force (N)
Q = vibrating weight (kg)
N = frequency (r.p.m)

For the classical applications, practical rules and calculation formulae

have been established.
They are summarized in the following pages.

Important

The recommendations and practical values hereafter mentioned

have been established following real applications. All these indications
lead to average solutions suitable for most of the current projects.
They are not liable to engage Dynapac's responsibility.

Experience shows that a number of building details may influence the

reactions of the structure under vibrations to a large extent.
This is the reason why a thorough examination or a preliminary
test of the structure is often recommended.

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3
 HOPPER DISCHARGING

In handling bulk granular materials through hoppers and silos Centrifugal force 1/20 to 1/10 of weight of material in the
the material often jams, bridges, rat-holes or sticks causing cone section of the hopper.
interruptions in proper out-flow. These blockages generally cause
stoppages throughout the entire plant. Recommended vibrators : normal speed (3 000 r.p.m.)
Substantial costs are incurred because of loss of production and electric vibrators, pneumatic roller vibrators or piston
increased labor required to clear the blockage. By means of vibrators, vibrators.
such problems can be solved easily and often quietly.

Recommended vibrators
Dynapac normal speed (3,000 r.p.m.) electric vibrators and Dynapac
ball or roller pneumatic vibrators give best results.

Centrifugal force
The required centrifugal force for promoting flow in bins and hoppers
usually ranges from one twentieth to one tenth of the weight of material
in the cone section. For example, a vibrator producing 2,500 N of
centrifugal force is suitable for a hopper cone section containing
2,500 to 5,000 kg of material.

Note: Dynapac pneumatic piston vibrators may also be used.

Required linear force: one twentieth to one tenth of weight of material Fitting a Dynapac pneumatic or hydraulic
in the cone section. vibrator on a truck improves discharging of
materials (the vibrator is powered by the
pneumatic or hydraulic circuit of the truck).
Location
One or several vibrators are required according to the size of the
hopper. Fix the first one to the side with the smallest angle of
inclination to the horizontal line; level: Ii of total height of conical
part. Fit the vibrator horizontally on a 500-1,500 mm stiffener
(4" channel iron). Clearance between the channel iron ends and
hopper edges or hopper stiffeners must be 200 mm or more.
The vibrator must be fastened with a safety wire.
When several vibrators are fixed on the same hopper, the mini
mum vertical distance between two of them is 100 mm.
On hoppers with rigid wall, the vibrator(s) must be fitted on
vibrating surface(s), as shown on mounting sketch.

Important
Operate the vibrator only when emptying the hopper, otherwise
the material will be packed intensively, causing considerable
problem with discharging.

Note: Air Blasters

This device is fixed to the hopper wall and discharges high speed A Dynapac pneumatic vibrator
compressed air right into the material, turning it into a
fluid state, and thus moving it. .
improves the emptying of a wagon
The complete installation is made of air inlet hoses, tanks which are
fixed to the outer side of the hopper wall and discharge pipes going
through the wall.
Air blasters give the same results as vibrators.

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4
 Fig.2 : hopper and silo > 250 cu feet (>7 m3).
Fig.1 : hopper 10-250 cu feet (0,25-7 m3). Position
Position of the vibrators
of the vibrator

Fig. 3 : hopper and silo of concrete or heavy sheet Fig. 4 : hopper of wood construction. Position of
construction. Position of the vibrating device. the vibrator.

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5
 FORM VIBRATION
Vibration is widely used in the production of precast concrete elements, in order to obtain high strength, void free filling
and good surfaces. The form can be placed on a vibrating source (vibrating table or trestle) or it can be equipped with
vibrators. Forms for pipes, beams, single and double Ts, wall and floor sections are generally equipped with vibrators.

Recommended vibrators
For tables, trestles, beam forms and most other horizontal type forms Dynapac 3,000/6,000 r.p.m. electric vibrators and
pneumatic vibrators are recommended. On vertical forms, high frequency pneumatic or electric vibrators are more
suitable. Vertical pipe forms can be equipped with Dynapac 6,000 r.p.m. or high frequency electric or pneumatic
vibrators.
The calculation formula for a rough evaluation of the required centrifugal force is:
Fc = K (M + 0.2 B),
Fc = centrifugal force in N,
M = form weight in kg,
B = concrete weight in kg,
K ∼ 5 for vertical forms (beams, walls),
K ∼ 5 to 10 for horizontal forms,
K ∼ 15 for vertical pipes.
Required number of vibrators

1) Permanently fixed vibrators: each vibrating point is equipped with one vibrator.
2) Quick release type vibrators: the number of vibrators is lower than the total number of brackets (tunnel and long beam
forms).
3) Precast concrete factory: each form is equipped with the required number of brackets.
The required quantity of vibrators is:
- the number of vibrators for the largest form,
or
- the number of vibrators for one casting.

Location
Horizontal forms: fix the vibrators on the stiffeners in a zigzag formation.
Minimum distance between 2 vibrators: 1.5 m.
If the form has several sections, each of them must get at least one vibrator.
If the form width is more than 2.5m, fix the vibrator on two
rows - clearance between row of vibrators and form edge must be ¼ of total width.
If the form width is less than 2.5 m, fix the vibrators in the
middle.
On horizontal forms, the vibrators can be fixed on the long sides in order to facilitate mounting.
On large forms for single or double Ts (height > 2m) fix the vibrators on two rows:
2/3 at the low level,
1/3 at the high level.

Vertical forms: fix the vibrators on the stiffeners in a zigzag formation.

Minimum distance between two vibrators: 1.5 m.
If the form height is more than 2.5 m, fix the vibrators on
2 rows, if it is more than 4 m, on 3 rows...

Centrifugal force: Fc = K (M + 0.2 B)

Vertical forms: K - 5
Vertical pipe forms: K - 15
Horizontal forms: K ∼ 5 to 10.
Recommended vibrators: electric 3,000/6,000 r.p.m. for
horizontal form - electric 6,000/9,000 r.p.m. or high frequency
pneumatic vibrators for vertical forms.

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 Fig. 5 : vertical position for pipes. Position of the vibrators Fig.6 : vertical form : position of the vibrators

Fig.7 : horizontal form. Position of the vibrators. Fig.8 : form for columns and beams. Position of the
vibrators

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7
 VIBRATING TABLES AND TRESTLES
FOR FORM VIBRATION

Vibrating tables and trestles are widely used in the production

of precast concrete elements. The form is placed on the vibrating
table or trestle and filled with concrete. I. profile with transversal stiffenings
The vibrations compact the concrete in a short time.

Recommended vibrators
Dynapac normal speed electric vibrators are most of the time
used for this kind of applications. However, Dynapac high and
low speed electric vibrators as well as pneumatic vibrators are
suitable.
Centrifugal force
The formula hereafter gives a rough evaluation of the required
centrifugal force.
- loose form
Fc = K (Mt + 0.2 M + 0.2 B)
- fixed form
Fc = K (Mt + M + 0.2 B)
Fc = centrifugal force in N
Mt = weight of the vibrating part of the table
or trestle (including vibrators) in kg
M = weight of form in kg
B = weight of concrete in the form in kg
K = factor depending on concrete mix and form
rigidity (average values: from 20 to 40).

Location Fig. 9: vibrating trestle with circular vibration. Position of the

In the case of circular vibration, the vibrator is fixed under the vibrator.
table plate or the trestle right under its centre of gravity.
For linear vibrations, 2 identical electric vibrators must be fixed
parallel to the vertical plan of symmetry and at the same distance
from the centre of gravity of the table or trestle.
They must rotate towards each other (applications: light
and small products casting).

Table sheet

Centrifugal force:
- Loose form Fc = K (Mt + 0.2 M + 0.2 B)
- Fixed form Fc = K (Mt + M + 0.2 B)
K ∼20 to 40

Recommended vibrators: normal speed electric vibrators, frame

pneumatic vibrators, low or high speed electric vibrators.

Fig.l0: vibrating table with circular vibration.

Position of the vibrator.

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8
 VIBRATING TABLES:
OTHER APPLICATIONS

In addition to concrete precast industry applications, vibrating Centrifugal force:

tables are widely used in a large number of activities for compacting
bulk materials in containers and drums. Vibration leads to reduced - Loose load Fc = K (Mt + 0,25 C)
handling, freight and spillage costs. It helps increasing production - Fixed load Fc = K (Mt + C)
through high speed automated filling, weighing and packaging K - 20 to 100 according to application.
operations. Recommended vibrators:
Low (1,000/1,500 r.p.m.), normal speed (3,000 r.p.m.),
In the casting industry, vibrating tables are used for moulding and electric vibrators or pneumatic piston vibrators.
coring sand compaction.
During vibration, bulk materials are turned to a fluid state practically
without internal friction. The particles are moved, and air escapes as
they rearrange themselves closer to each other. This usually occurs
within a few seconds and leads to compaction ratios from 10 to 50%.

The grid-top vibrating table is widely used in modern, automated,

high capacity filling lines; this table has vertical supports that raise Table sheet
between roller conveyor rolls, thus lifting and isolating the container
during vibration cycle.
Tables can also be used for discharging containers and drums as well Rubber support
as for shake and fatigue testing of electronic and machine assemblies
and many products and instruments.
Within a few seconds, a vibrating table simulates the behaviour of
goods on a cross country trip by rail, truck or air, thus enabling to
check the accuracy of circuitry or reliability of assembly.
Jolting of sheets of paper, veneer sheets, nesting and orienting
of various manufactured items are some other applications of vibrating tables. Fig.11: vibrating table with circular vibration.
Position of the vibrator.
Recommended vibrators

According to their size and applications, vibrating tables can be equipped

with one or two Dynapac pneumatic, low or normal speed electric vibrators
or one pneumatic piston vibrator.

Centrifugal force Table sheet

The calculation formula for a rough evaluation of the required

centrifugal force is:

- loose load Fc = K (Mt + 0,25 C)

- fixed load Fc = K (Mt + C)
Fc= centrifugal force in N.

Mt= weight of the vibrating part of the table (including vibrators) in kg

C= weight of the load in kg.

K= factor depending on application: Fig.12: vibrating table with vertical linear vibration.
moulding and coring sand compaction K ∼30, Alternative position of the vibrators.
bulk materials compaction K from 20 to 30,
fatigue tests of components K ∼100
Location
See chapter “vibrating table and trestles for form vibration”.

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9
 SCREENING
Screening is another field of application for vibrators. Vibrating screens are mainly used in:
sorting material by size into different fractions (gravel and crushed aggregates for instance);
check screening (removing of core lumps and alien materials from moulding sand);
dewatering (twig and bark dewatering in the pulp and paper industry; dewatering of vegetables).

Recommended vibrators
Dynapac standard (3,000 r.p.m.) and low speed (l,000/ 1,500 r.p.m.) vibrators usually give best results. Required frequency
is in inverse proportion with screen cloth opening (the larger the opening, the lower the r.p.m.).

Note
Vibration amplitude.
The screen cloth opening size fixes the amplitude of vibration:
the larger the opening, the greater the amplitude of the screen.
With a cloth opening of 1 mm for instance, the amplitude should be 0.5 mm; it should be 2.5 mm for an opening of 30
mm and 6.5 mm for an opening of 100 mm.

Centrifugal force
The centrifugal force and amplitude of the vibrators depend on cloth opening size and type of vibration. The rule of
thumb for an inclined screen with a circular vibration is: the required centrifugal force must be 3 to 4 times the total
weight of the screen (including the vibrators). For all screening installations, the manufacturer's recommendations are
very useful.

Location
A vibrating screen consists of a frame, one or more screen clothes, a vibration unit and a spring mounting or suspension.
The vibration unit is made of 1 or 2 vibrators. If the screen is equipped with one motor vibrator, (circular vibration), the
screen must be declined 10° or more in order to promote a good flow of material on the screen cloth
If the screen is equipped with 2 identical vibrators (linear vibration), it may be horizontal. The vibrators must be
positioned 45° in relation to the screen so that the line of action of the vibration passes through the centre of gravity of
the screen (including the vibration unit).

According to the application, the 2 vibrators can be mounted either above, under or on each side* of the screen. The 2
vibrators must rotate towards each other. Light screens can be equipped with one Dynapac pneumatic piston vibrator
instead of 2 vibrators. The piston vibrator must be fixed above ~r under the screen, 45° in relation to the screen and so
that the line of action passes through the centre of gravity of the
screen (including the vibrator).

NOTE: Before fixing the vibrator(s) on a vibrating structure such as a screen, check that the suspension system is correctly
installed and take the dynamic reactions of the structure into consideration.

Centrifugal force: 3 to 4 times the total weight of the screen

(including the vibrators).
Recommended vibrators: standard (3,000 r.p.m.) and low
speed (1,000/1,500 r.p.m.) e1ectric vibrators.

* in this case, distance between the vibrators makes synchronisation more difficult.

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 Fig.14 : vibrating screen with linear vibration. Alternative position of the vibrators.

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11
 FEEDING
Flow of bulk materials from hoppers and silos is another handling
problem in industry.
Vibrating feeders promote a regular flow of material to
conveyors, crushers, mills and other processing equipments.
The shape of the hopper discharge opening has a significant
influence on flow performance. The opening design must allow
the pressure of material to be absorbed by the hopper.
If not, a column of material will remain on the feeder, and more
powerful vibrators will be necessary.

Recommended vibrators
Dynapac low speed and normal speed vibrators give the best results
- the higher the feeder capacity, the lower the vibrator frequency.
Electromagnetic vibrators (3,000 r.p.m.) are recommended when an
accurate regulation of the flow is required.

Centrifugal force
The required centrifugal force depends upon the feeder size.
The average value is 4 to 7 times the total weight of the installation.

Location
The main parts of a feeder are a trough, spring suspension elements
and one or two vibrators. If the feeder is equipped with one motor
vibrator, it must be declined 15 ° at least. The vibrator is fixed under
the trough so that the line of action of the vibration passes through
the centre of gravity of the feeder.
When equipped with 2 identical motor vibrators
(or 1 pneumatic piston vibrator), feeders are designed to work
horizontally.
When installed in series, they allow long distance material transport.
Furthermore a treatment can be applied during transportation
(heating, cooling, dust cleaning...).
The two Dynapac motor vibrators (or the pneumatic piston vibrator)
must be fixed 25° to the horizontal, and the line of action of the vibration Vibrating feeders equipped with Dynapac
must pass through the centre of gravity of the feeder. pneumatic piston vibrators.

Note: Material introduction on feeders.

The material flow intake must be as constant as possible in
order to obtain a good feeder efficiency.
Any material build-up from hopper on the intake side of the
feeder will reduce transport capacity.

In a number of applications, vibration does not move

materials or products; it keeps flow regular and prevents
Centrifugal force: Fc = K (Mc +0.25 C ). installation stoppage by clogging or blockage.
Small Dynapac pneumatic vibrators are often used for this
K - 40 to 70 according to application.
purpose: they work intermittently, and their control is either
Recommended vibrators: low (1,000/1,500 r.p.m.) or normal
manual or automatic by sequence.
speed (3,000 r.p.m.) vibrators, or pneumatic piston vibrators.
The drawings hereafter show some usual applications

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12
One Dynapac ball vibrator improves efficiency
of this tin transportation system.

Working intermittently, a Dynapac pneumatic

vibrator promotes a regular material flow in Fig.15: vibrating chute. Position of the vibrator.
this pipe.

One Dynapac ball vibrator avoids bottle Fig.16: conveyor with linear vibration. Alternative position of the vibrators.
blockage on this conveyor.

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13
 DUST COLLECTORS
Motor vibrator
4" cbannel Iran sbould be posirloned on
Dust collectors help lowering air pollution level and improving working tbe angle iron frame
conditions.
Vibration is required for 2 kinds of dust collectors: the fabric filter-bag type
and the electrostatic precipitator. In the first type, all the dust is collected
by the filter bags which must be cleaned at regular intervals.
For this purpose, the vibrator shakes the bags intermittently and the dust
falls from the bags into hoppers positioned below. Furthermore, vibrators
are often used to improve dust discharge and removal from collecting
hoppers. In electrostatic precipitators, the vibrators are used to shake both
wire and plate frame, thus moving the dust particles they hold.
The dust falls into hoppers. In this case too, vibrators are often used
to help dust removal from collecting hoppers during cleaning cycles

Recommended vibrators
Dynapac normal speed electric vibrators (3,000 r.p.m.) are recommended
for this application.
Fig.17: dust separator with filter bags.

Centrifugal force

The required centrifugal force is between 3 and 4 times

the vibrating weight (i.e. filter elements + frame).

Location

A dust collector is made of an air-proof box including a hopper

at its lower side and in which the collecting elements are suspended
All the filter elements are mounted on a common frame and stretched
by springs. The vibrator is fixed on a channel iron which is mounted
on the frame upper part.

Centrifugal force: 3 to 4 times the vibrating weight.

Recommended vibrators: normal speed (3,000 r.p.m.)
electric vibrators.

Fig.18: dust separator with filter sheets.

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14
 APPLICATION CHART

ELECTRIC VIBRATORS PNEUMATIC VIBRATORS

DYNAPAC
VIBRATORS Law Normal High Turbo Turbine BalI, roller Piston
speed speed speed type type type type
MOULD VIBRATION
Concrete
Sand
Materials compaction
DISCHARGlNG
Hoppers and silos
Dessanding

CLEANlNG

Filters

TRANSPORTATION
Feeders and
Conveyors
SCREENlNG

Screens

Vibrators have many applications which fall outside the categories previously mentioned. This booklet can be
used as a guide for quite a number of such cases.
For suspended or spring mounted structures, choose the most similar listed application: tables, trestles,
screens or feeders.
In the same way, recommended Dynapac vibrators for bins, forms, hoppers are suitable for fixed structures
such as pipes,
chutes...

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15
 DYNAPAC CONCRETE EQUIPMENT

DYNAPAC Concrete – HQ address: P.O Box 48 – 77220 Tournan-en-Brie, France, Tel:+33.1. 64.42.59.00, Fax: + 33.1. 64.42.00.04
Factory address : P.O Box 63, Route de Neville, 76460 Saint Valery-en-caux, France, Tel: +33.2.35.57.07.76, Fax: +33.2.35.97.48.82
We reserve the right to change specifications without notice. Photos and illustrations do not always show standard versions of machines.

www.dynapac-concrete.com
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