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 David Emory Shi is a professor of history and the
president emeritus of Furman University. He also
taught for seventeen years at Davidson College,
where he chaired the history department, served as
the Frontis Johnson Professor of History, and won the
Distinguished Teaching Award. He is the author of
several books on American cultural history, including
the award-winning The Simple Life: Plain Living and
High Thinking in American Culture, Facing Facts:
Realism in American Thought and Culture, 1850–1920,
and The Bell Tower and Beyond: Reflections on Learning
and Living.

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usahistoryfull11_ch00_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 8 08/10/18 10:47 am
 Contents

List of Maps • xvii

Preface • xxi
Acknowledgments • xxxi

Part One A Not-So-“New” World  1

1 The Collision of Cultures  4
Early Cultures in America 7 • European Visions of America 20 • Religious
Conflict in Europe 26 • The Spanish Empire 33 • The Columbian
Exchange 39 • The Spanish in North America 41 • Challenges to the Spanish
Empire 48 • English Exploration of America 51

2 England’s Colonies  54
The English Background 56 • Religious Conflict and War 56 • American
Colonies 58 • The English Civil War in America 83 • The Restoration in the
Colonies 84 • The Middle Colonies and Georgia 89 • Native Peoples and
English Settlers 98 • Slavery in the Colonies 106 • Thriving Colonies 110

3 Colonial Ways of Life  114

The Shape of Early America 116 • Society and Economy in the Southern
Colonies 123 • Society and Economy in New England 124 • Society and
Economy in the Middle Colonies 131 • Race-Based Slavery 134 • First
Stirrings of a Common Colonial Culture 139 • Colonial Cities 140 •
The Enlightenment in America 144 • The Great Awakening 147
ix

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 x  Contents

4 From Colonies to States  156

Competing Neighbors 158 • An Emerging Colonial System 165 • Warfare in
the Colonies 166 • Regulating the Colonies 177 • The Crisis Grows 184 •
The Spreading Conflict 196 • Independence 199

Part Two Building a Nation 211

5 The American Revolution, 1776–1783  214

Mobilizing for War 216 • American Society at War 226 • Setbacks for
the British (1777) 228 • 1778: Both Sides Regroup 230 • A War of
Endurance 240 • War as an Engine of Change 247 • The Social
Revolution 249 • Slaves and the Revolution 252 • The Emergence of an
American Nationalism 258

6 Strengthening the New Nation  262

Power to the People 263 • The Confederation Government 265 • The
“Gathering Crisis” 272 • Creating the Constitution 274 • The Fight for
Ratification 284 • The Federalist Era 289 • Hamilton’s Vision of a Prosperous
America 295 • Foreign and Domestic Crises 303 • Western Settlement 310 •
Transfer of Power 313 • The Adams Administration 314

7 The Early Republic, 1800–1815  324

Jeffersonian Republicanism 326 • War in Europe 343 • The War of
1812 347 • The Aftermath of the War 359

Part Three An Expanding Nation 367

8 The Emergence of a Market Economy,

1815–1850  370
The Market Revolution 372 • Industrial Development 384 • Popular
Culture 396 • Immigration 398 • Organized Labor and New Professions 406

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 Contents    xi

9 Nationalism and Sectionalism,

1815–1828  414
A New Nationalism 416 • Debates over the American System 420 • “An Era of
Good Feelings” 421 • Nationalist Diplomacy 426 • The Rise of Andrew
Jackson 430

10 The Jacksonian Era, 1828–1840  442

Jacksonian Democracy 444 • Nullification 458 • War over the
B.U.S. 468 • Jackson’s Legacy 478

11 
T he South, Slavery, and King Cotton,
1800–1860  482
The Distinctiveness of the Old South 484 • The Cotton Kingdom 487 • Whites
in the Old South 494 • Black Society in the South 499 • Forging a Slave
Community 510

12 
Religion, Romanticism, and Reform,
1800–1860  522
A More Democratic Religion 524 • Romanticism in America 536 •
The Reform Impulse 546 • The Anti-Slavery Movement 558

Part Four A House Divided and Rebuilt 573

13 Western Expansion, 1830–1848  576

Moving West 578 • The Mexican-American War 606

14 The Gathering Storm, 1848–1860  618

Slavery in the Territories 619 • The Emergence of the Republican
Party 637 • The Response in the South 654

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 xii  Contents

15 The War of the Union, 1861–1865  662

Choosing Sides 664 • Fighting in the West 676 • Fighting in the East 680 •
Emancipation 683 • The War behind the Lines 694 • The Faltering
Confederacy 700 • A Transformational War 723

16 
T he Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877  728
The War’s Aftermath in the South 730 • Debates over Political
Reconstruction 732 • Black Society under Reconstruction 747 • The Grant
Administration 757 • Reconstruction’s Significance 773

Part Five Growing Pains 777

17 
Business and Labor in the Industrial Era,
1860–1900  780
Industrial and Agricultural Growth 782 • The Rise of Big Business 794 •
The Alliance of Business and Politics 802 • An Industrial Society 805

18 
T he New South and the New West,
1865–1900  832
The Myth of the New South 834 • The Failings of the New South 837 • Race
Relations during the 1890s 840 • The Settling of the New West 850 • Life in
the New West 857 • The Fate of Western Indians 864 • The End of the
Frontier 875

19 Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt,

1865–1900  880
Urban America 881 • The New Immigration 885 • Cultural Life 890 •
Gilded Age Politics 897 • Hayes to Harrison 901 • Hayes and Civil Service
Reform 901 • Farmers and the “Money Problem” 913

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 Contents    xiii

Part Six Modern America 931

20 Seizing an American Empire,

1865–1913  934
Toward the New Imperialism 936 • Expansion in the Pacific 938 •
The Spanish-American War (The War of 1898) 940 • Consequences of
Victory 949 • Roosevelt’s “Big-Stick” Diplomacy 958

21 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920  972

The Progressive Impulse 974 • The Sources of Progressivism 975 •
Progressives’ Aims and Achievements 983 • Progressivism under Roosevelt
and Taft 991 • Woodrow Wilson: A Progressive Southerner 1005

22 America and the Great War, 1914–1920  1020

An Uneasy Neutrality 1022 • Mobilizing a Nation 1037 • The American Role
in the War 1046 • The Politics of Peace 1055 • Stumbling from War to
Peace 1064

23 A Clash of Cultures, 1920–1929  1074

The Nation in 1920 1077 • The “Jazz Age” 1089 • The Modernist Revolt 1103

24 The Reactionary Twenties  1114

Reactionary Conservatism and Immigration Restriction 1116 • A Republican
Resurgence 1129 • 1929—A turning point 1149 • The Onset of the Great
Depression 1149 • The Human Toll of the Depression 1153 • From Hooverism
to the New Deal 1158

25 The New Deal, 1933–1939  1166

Roosevelt’s New Deal 1168 • The New Deal under Fire 1184 • The Second New
Deal 1196

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 xiv  Contents

26 The Second World War, 1933–1945  1208

The Rise of Fascism in Europe 1210 • From Isolationism to
Intervention 1213 • Arsenal of Democracy 1230 • The Allied Drive toward
Berlin 1242 • The Pacific War 1258 • A New Age Is Born 1265

Part Seven The American Age 1271

27 The Cold War and the Fair Deal, 1945–1952  1274

Truman and the Cold War 1276 • The Containment Policy 1279 • Expanding
the New Deal 1287 • The Cold War Heats Up 1301 • Another Red Scare 1309

28 America in the Fifties  1318

Moderate Republicanism 1320 • A People of Plenty 1325 • Cracks in the
Picture Window 1336 • The Civil Rights Movement 1342 • Foreign Policy in
the Fifties 1351

29 
A New Frontier and a Great Society,
1960–1968  1368
The New Frontier 1370 • Civil Rights Triumphant 1384 • The Great
Society 1400 • The Tragedy of Vietnam 1411 • The Turmoil of the Sixties 1417

30 Rebellion and Reaction, 1960s and 1970s  1424

“Forever Young”: The Youth Revolt 1426 • Social Activism Spreads 1437 •
Nixon and the Revival of Conservatism 1451 • “Peace with Honor”: Ending
the Vietnam War 1459 • The Nixon Doctrine and a Thawing cold war 1467 •
Watergate 1470

31 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990  1482

The Carter Presidency 1484 • The Rise of Ronald Reagan 1492 • The Reagan
Revolution 1496 • An Anti-Soviet Foreign Policy 1502 • The Changing
Economic and Social Landscape 1509 • The Presidency of George H. W.
Bush 1514

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 Contents    xv

32 
Twenty-First-Century America,
1993–Present  1528
America’s Changing Population 1530 • The Clinton Presidency (1993–2001) 1531 •
A Chaotic Start to a New Century 1542 • Second-Term Blues 1553 •
A Historic New Presidency 1557 • The “Angry” 2016 Election 1578 •
A Populist President 1587 • The 100-Day Mark 1594

Glossary  A1

Appendix  A69

Further Readings  A133

Credits  A171

Index  A179

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usahistoryfull11_ch00_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 16 08/10/18 10:47 am
 Maps

The First Migration 6

Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations in Middle and South America 11
Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations in North America 14
Columbus’s Voyages 24
Spanish Explorations of the Mainland 36
English, French, and Dutch Explorations 49
Land Grants to the Virginia Company 60
Early Maryland and Virginia 71
Early New England Settlements 76
Early Settlements in the South 85
The Middle Colonies 90
European Settlements and Indian Societies in Early North America 100–101
The African Slave Trade, 1500–1800 107
Atlantic Trade Routes 127
Major Immigrant Groups in Colonial America 132
The French in North America 160
Major Campaigns of the French and Indian War 168
North America, 1713 174
North America, 1763 175
Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775 193
Major Campaigns in New York and New Jersey, 1776–1777 225
Major Campaigns in New York and Pennsylvania, 1777 233
Western Campaigns, 1776–1779 235
Major Campaigns in the South, 1778–1781 241
Yorktown, 1781 242
North America, 1783 245
Western Land Cessions, 1781–1802 269
The Old Northwest, 1785 270

xvii

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 xviii  Maps

The Vote on the Constitution, 1787–1790 288

Treaty of Greenville, 1795 307
Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795 310
The Election of 1800 319
Explorations of the Louisiana Purchase, 1804–1807 337
Major Northern Campaigns of the War of 1812 352
Major Southern Campaigns of the War of 1812 355
Transportation West, about 1840 374–375
The Growth of Railroads, 1850 380
The Growth of Railroads, 1860 381
The Growth of Industry in the 1840s 392
Population Density, 1820 393
Population Density, 1860 394
The Growth of Cities, 1820 399
The Growth of Cities, 1860 400
The National Road, 1811–1838 418
The Missouri Compromise, 1820 424
Boundary Treaties, 1818–1819 427
The Election of 1828 439
Indian Removal, 1820–1840 451
The Election of 1840 476
Cotton Production, 1821 490
Population Growth and Cotton Production, 1821–1859 491
The Slave Population, 1820 504
The Slave Population, 1860 505
Mormon Trek, 1830–1851 535
Wagon Trails West 579
The Election of 1844 602
The Oregon Dispute, 1818–1846 606
Major Campaigns of the Mexican-American War 611
The Gadsden Purchase, 1853 615
The Compromise of 1850 631
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 638
The Election of 1856 642
The Election of 1860 653
Secession, 1860–1861 665
Campaigns in the West, February–April 1862 678
The Peninsular Campaign, 1862 681

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 Maps  xix

Campaigns in Virginia and Maryland, 1862 692

The Vicksburg Campaign, 1863 702
Campaigns in the East, 1863 706
Grant in Virginia, 1864–1865 713
Sherman’s Campaigns, 1864–1865 719
Reconstruction, 1865–1877 755
The Election of 1876 770
Transcontinental Railroad Lines, 1880s 793
Sharecropping and Tenancy, 1880–1900 839
The New West 852–853
Indian Wars 874
The Emergence of Large Cities, 1880 883
The Emergence of Large Cities, 1920 887
The Election of 1896 926
The Spanish-American War in the Pacific (The War of 1898) 944
The Spanish-American War in the Caribbean (The War of 1898) 948
U.S. Interests in the Pacific 954
U.S. Interests in the Caribbean 963
Women’s Suffrage, 1869–1914 982
The Election of 1912 1007
The Great War in Europe, 1914 1024
The Great War, the Western Front, 1918 1054
Europe after the Treaty of Versailles, 1918 1061
The Tennessee Valley Authority 1180
Aggression in Europe, 1935–1939 1219
World War II Military Alliances, 1942 1226
Japanese Expansion before the Attack on Pearl Harbor 1228
World War II in Europe and Africa, 1942–1945 1250
World War II in the Pacific, 1942–1945 1261
The Occupation of Germany and Austria 1285
The Election of 1948 1299
The Korean War, 1950 and 1950–1953 1306
The Election of 1952 1322
Postwar Alliances: The Far East 1357
Postwar Alliances: Europe, North Africa, the Middle East 1361
The Election of 1960 1373
Vietnam, 1966 1413
The Election of 1968 1421

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 xx  Maps

The Election of 1980 1497

The Election of 1988 1518
The Election of 2000 1543
The Election of 2004 1553
The Election of 2008 1559
The Election of 2016 1586

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 Preface

T
his Eleventh Edition of America: A Narrative History improves upon
a textbook celebrated for its compelling narrative history of the
American experience. Over the past thirty years, I have sought to
write an engaging book centered on political and economic devel-
opments animated by colorful characters, informed by balanced analysis and
social texture, and guided by the unfolding of key events. Those classic prin-
ciples, combined with a handy size and low price, have helped make America:
A Narrative History one of the most popular and well-respected textbooks in
the field.
This Eleventh Edition of America features important changes designed to
make the text more teachable and classroom friendly. The overarching theme
of the new edition is the importance of immigration to the American
experience. Since 1776, the United States has taken in more people from
more nations than any other country in the world. By welcoming newcomers,
America has enriched its economy, diversified its people and culture, and
testified to the appeal of a democracy committed to equal opportunity and
equal treatment. Writer Vivian Gornick, the daughter of Russian Jewish
immigrants, cherished the ethnic mosaic of her childhood New York City
neighborhood: “The ‘otherness’ of the Italians or the Irish or the Jews among
us lent spice and interest, a sense of definition, an exciting edge to things that
was openly feared but secretly welcomed.” At times, however, the nation’s
Open Door policy has also generated tension, criticism, prejudice, and even
violence. Those concerned about immigration, past and present, have
complained about open borders and called into question the nation’s ability
to serve as the world’s “melting pot.” The shifting attitudes and policies
regarding immigration have testified to the continuing debate over the merits
of newcomers. Immigration remains one of the nation’s most cherished yet
contested values, and as such it deserves fresh emphasis in textbooks and
classrooms.
While an introductory textbook must necessarily focus on major political,
constitutional, diplomatic, economic, and social changes, it is also essential that
xxi

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 xxii  Preface

it convey how ordinary people managed everyday concerns—housing, jobs,

food, recreation, religion, and entertainment—and surmounted exceptional
challenges—depressions, wars, and racial injustice.
I have continued to enrich the political narrative by incorporating more
social and cultural history into this new edition. The text has been updated to
include the following key new discussions:

• Chapter 1 “The Collision of Cultures” highlights President John F.

Kennedy’s emphasis on the United States as “a nation of immigrants,” and
revised assessments of Christopher Columbus’s roles as colonial governor,
ship captain, and slave trader.
• Chapter 2 “England’s Colonies” includes expanded coverage of the
various factors that led Europeans to relocate to the American colonies,
new discussion of the varied fates of British convicts and others who were
sent involuntarily to America, the experience of indentured servants, and
expanded focus on Chief Powhatan and his response to English colonists
who were determined to “invade my people.”
• Chapter 3 “Colonial Ways of Life” features fresh insights into nativism
and xenophobic sentiment toward German immigrants in the American
colonies, including anti-immigrant comments from Benjamin Franklin in
Pennsylvania; and discussion of the plight of immigrant women who
worked in Virginia’s textile factories.
• Chapter 4 “From Colonies to States” includes new assessment of the
small, but distinctive French immigration to North America before 1750;
new focus on the massive surge in immigration and slave imports after
the French and Indian War; and, new treatments of the first
Revolutionary battles.
• Chapter 5 “The American Revolution” features new discussion of the
system of enslaved labor during the War of Independence, the
discriminatory legal status of African Americans, and British
characterizations of American colonies as the “land of the free and the
land of the slave.” There is also a profile of Thomas Jeremiah, a South
Carolina “boatman” whom colonial authorities executed after he alerted
enslaved blacks that British soldiers were coming to “help the poor
Negroes.” The chapter also includes a new photo depicting free black
soldiers fighting in the Revolution.
• Chapter 6 “Strengthening the New Nation” expands discussion of the
delegates to the Constitutional Convention and their involvement with
slavery; features debates over immigration in the new nation, offers new
perspective on Alexander Hamilton’s development as an immigrant to the

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 Preface  xxiii

United States. It includes new photos of the uniform Rule of

Naturalization in 1790, southern writer Eliza Yonge Wilkinson, and
women’s activist Judith Sargent Murray.
• Chapter 7 “The Early Republic” includes expanded treatment of the Lewis
and Clark expedition, of the strategic significance of the Louisiana
Purchase, and the legacy of the War of 1812. It also features new coverage
of Thomas Jefferson’s writings on race and frank discussion of his sexual
relationship with slave Sally Hemings; includes new photos of a Sacagawea
dollar and an anti-Jefferson cartoon.
• Chapter 8 “The Emergence of a Market Economy” includes new
discussions on anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiments during the first
half of the nineteenth century, the changing dynamics among immigrants
of different nationalities, and the challenges immigrant workers faced in
forming unions. New photos that depict symbols of organized labor and
of Irish immigration have been added.
• Chapter 9 “Nationalism and Sectionalism” features a revised profile of
John Quincy Adams and fresh coverage of Henry Clay.
• Chapter 10 “The Jacksonian Era” includes expanded coverage of Andrew
Jackson’s Indian Removal policy, the Deposit and Distribution Act, the
Specie Circular, and the Eaton Affair—including a new image of Peggy
Eaton.
• Chapter 11 “The South, Slavery, and King Cotton” highlights the
changing dynamics between slave labor and immigrant labor in the Old
South, new coverage of sexual violence upon female slaves in the New
Orleans slave trade and other regions, and a new photo depicting the
vitality of African American religion.
• Chapter 12 “Religion, Romanticism, and Reform” includes revised
discussions of religious awakenings, Mormonism, and transcendentalism,
with expanded focus on transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau and
Christian revivalist Peter Cartwright. The chapter also features social
developments in women’s rights and the transition from gradualism to
abolitionism among those opposed to slavery.
• Chapter 13 “Western Expansion” includes a new biographical sketch of
John A. Sutter, the Swiss settler who founded a colony of European
emigrants in California and created a wilderness empire centered on the
gold rush. It also contains expanded content on Irish and German
immigrants in the Saint Patrick’s Battalion in the Mexican army. The
chapter also reveals the development of John C. Calhoun’s race-based
ideology following the Texas Revolution and includes a new photograph
of the Donner party.

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 xxiv  Preface

• Chapter 14 “The Gathering Storm” features new discussion of the

California gold rush’s impact on the Native American population,
new biographical material on Presidents James Buchanan and
Abraham Lincoln, and expanded coverage of the Lincoln-Douglas
debates.
• Chapter 15 “The War of the Union” discusses the substantial immigrant
participation in the Civil War, features a new biographical sketch and
photo of Private Lyons Wakeman—a young woman who disguised herself
as a man in order to fight in the Union army. Also added is new
discussion of African American rebellions in the South.
• Chapter 16 “The Era of Reconstruction” explains changing immigration
policy in the context of the Naturalization Act of 1870; offers new
treatments of Indian policies, Congressional Reconstruction, and the
legacies of Reconstruction.
• Chapter 17 “Business and Labor in the Industrial Era” includes broader
discussion of immigrant women, the contributions of inventors like
Croatian immigrant Nikola Tesla, and examines the relationship between
immigration—especially Chinese immigration—and the railroad boom
beginning in the 1860s. Increased discussion of immigrants and the
settlement house movement, union organizers such as Eugene Debs, and
textile mill and factory strikers.
• Chapter 18 “The New South and the New West” expands explanation of
the spread of institutional racial segregation and of the emergence of the
southern tobacco industry after the Civil War.
• Chapter 19 “Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt” includes new photos of
Charles Guiteau, who assassinated President James Garfield, and of the
unemployed protesters who marched in Coxey’s Army protesting the
recession of the late nineteenth century.
• Chapter 20 “Seizing an American Empire” includes expanded content and
a new photo regarding Japanese immigration to the United States.
• Chapter 21 “The Progressive Era” features increased discussion of the
social gospel movement and the women’s suffrage movement, new
biographical material on Presidents Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson, and
expanded focus on the racial biases of the Wilson administration.
• Chapter 22 “America and the Great War” includes expanded coverage of
immigrants, including Italian American Tony Monanco, who fought in
World War I; new coverage of Woodrow Wilson’s prosecution of
immigrants who spread the poison of disloyalty during the war;
nativism’s ties to racism and eugenics; and increased discussion about
the Palmer raids.

usahistoryfull11_ch00_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 24 08/10/18 10:47 am

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