Optical diagnostics in Reactive

and Two-Phase Flows

Jean-Bernard Blaisot, Armelle Cessou, Bertrand Lecordier, Fang Ren
CNRS 6614 - CORIA
Course outline

•I Introduction to optical diagnostics in fluid mechanics (JB Blaisot)

• II Basic physics for optical diagnostic (JB Blaisot)
• III Optical systems and light sources (JB Blaisot)
• IV Species and temperature measurements in reactive flows (A. Cessou)
•V Metrology of particles (F. Ren)
• VI Imaging techniques (JB Blaisot)
• Applications (B. Lecordier)
I - Introduction to optical diagnostics in fluid mechanics

1. Some non optical techniques…

2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
• Non-reactive one-phase flows
• Non-reactive two-phase flows
• Reactive one-phase flows
• Reactive two-phase flows
3. Objectives of optical diagnostics in fluid mechanics
4. Scientific constraints and challenges
I – 1. Some non optical techniques
Velocity measurement

• Pitot tubes
I – 1. Some non optical techniques
Velocity measurement

• Pitot tubes
• Wind tunnel
 I – 1. Some non optical techniques
Velocity measurement Aeronautic application

• Pitot tubes
• Aerodynamic measurements
Formula One application
I – 1. Some non optical techniques
Velocity measurement

• Hot wire
• Principle
Consider a thin wire mounted to supports and exposed to a
velocity U.
Current I Sensor dimensions:
length ~1 mm When a current is passed through wire, heat is generated
diameter ~5 micrometer
(I2Rw). In equilibrium, this must be balanced by heat loss
(primarily convective) to the surroundings.

Wire supports
If velocity changes, convective heat transfer coefficient will
Velocity U
(St.St. needles) change, wire temperature will change and eventually reach
Sensor (thin wire) a new equilibrium.

(source : www.dantec.com)
I – 1. Some non optical techniques
Velocity measurement

• Hot wire
• Miniature probes
Platinum-plated tungsten
5 µm diameter, 1.2 mm length

• Temperature or intensity regulation

I – 1. Some non optical techniques
Velocity measurement

• Benefits and limitations of hot wires

• Accuracy

• Local measurement
• Temporal resolution

• Calibration needed
• High frequency response
• Turbulence
• Spectral analysis • Manufacturing challenge

• Correlations • Fragile

• Mature
I – 1. Some non optical techniques
Velocity measurement
(a) & (e) : Two-component hot wires
(b) : Simple hot wire
• Examples of hot wires (c) : Three component hot wire
(d) : Hot and cold wire (Temperature)
(f) : Spherical hot film

143 hot wires 12 hot wires probe: vorticity measurement

I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive one-phase flows

• Industrial application
• Air flows in automotive interior
• PIV
• Large velocity field (600 x 600 mm2)

(Aronson et al., 2000)

I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive one-phase flows

• Industrial application
• Automotive aerodynamics
• Wind tunnel (Audi)
• PIV
• Large velocity field
in the wake of a car
• Scale 1

(Wendt & Fürll, 2001)

I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive one-phase flows

• Theory
• Coaxial jets
• Coherent structures
• Aeroacoustics

(Wendt & Fürll, 2001)

Stroboscopic visualization
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive two-phase flows

• Industrial application
• Optimisation of fuel injection
• High speed camera
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive two-phase flows
Experiment
• Development of techniques
• Complex flow analysis
• Numerical simulation vs experiment

Computation of image from flow simulation results

15
(Ménard & al. 2007)
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive two-phase flows

• Physical model development

• Backlight vs Schlieren visualization
• High speed camera
• Phase change

Supercritical injection

Liquid-liquid injection
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive two-phase flows

• Industrial application
• Snowmaking machine
• Liquid atomization
• Interface tracking
• Spray formation
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive two-phase flows

• Modelling of atomization
• Ligament fragmentation
• Interface tracking
• Scale distribution

-1
e2(d) (µm )
0.014
t=0
0.012
t = 40 µs
t = 80 µs
0.010
t = 120 µs
t = 160 µs
0.008
t = 200 µs
0.006 t = 240 µs
t = 280 µs
0.004 t = 320 µs

0.002

0.000
0 50 100 150 200 250

Scale d (µm)
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Non-reactive two-phase flows

• Industrial application
• Nozzle flow
• Cavitation
• Atomization efficiency
• Injector lifetime
Front view Side view

Upper view
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Reactive one-phase flows

• Industrial application
• Industrial boiler (1MW)
• PIV -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

150

• Large velocity field (400 x 300 mm²)

100

50

r (mm)
0

-50

-100

(Honoré, 2001) 50 m/s

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-150

z (mm)
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Reactive one-phase flows

• Theory
• Modelling developments
• Flame propagation in non-homogeneous medium
• PIV vs LIF
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Reactive one-phase flows

• Theory
• Development and validation of models
• Detailed analysis of a particular phenomenon
• Flow structure
• Turbulent transport & mixing
• Lift-off & flame stabilization
• PIV vs LIF

Simultaneous measurements CH4, C2H4 ou C3H8

I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Reactive two-phase flows

• In many applications

• High density

• Easy storage

• Domains
• Automotive
• Gazoline, Diesel
• Aeronautic
• Kerozene
• Aerosapce / Rocket engine
• LOx
• Power plant industry
• Heavy fuel
• …
I – 2. Practical examples of optical diagnostics
Reactive two-phase flows
I – 3. Objectives of optical diagnostics in fluid mechanics
General scope

• Non intrusive methods • Point measurement

• Properties measured • Field measurement
• Density • Time-resolved
• Temperature
• Velocity • Spatially resolved
• Concentration • 2D/3D
• Particle shape and size
• …
I – 3. Objectives of optical diagnostics in fluid mechanics
General scope

• Direct measurement • Indirect measurement

• Liquid-gas interface location (2D) • Velocity
• Direct imaging by transmission (line-of-
sight methods) • Density
• Diffuse Backlight Imaging • Temperature
• Shadowsgraphy
• Schlieren • Concentration
• Shape • Need for seeding particles or
• Size molecules
• Velocity (High speed imaging)
• No seeding • Light vs particle/molecule
interaction
• Signal modelling
• Signal analysis
I – 4. Scientific constraints and challenges
Turbulent flows
I – 4. Scientific constraints and challenges
Turbulent flows
I – 4. Scientific constraints and challenges
Two-phase flows

• Atomization is a complex process

• Length scales (1 – 1000 µm)
• Time scales (1 – 1000 µs)
• Turbulent flow (nozzle)
• Cavitation
• Phase change
• Non homogeneous
𝑈𝑈𝑙𝑙
• Non isotrope
• 3D 𝑈𝑈𝑔𝑔
𝜓𝜓

Image LMFA - Lyon

II – Basic physics for optical diagnostics
1. Interaction of light with particles
2. Transport of particles in a flow
3. Interaction of a photon with a molecule
4. Spectroscopy of molecules
II – 1. Interaction of light with particles
Scattered light methods

• Substitute the measure of the fluid velocity by that of the

particle transported by the flow

Detailed in section V
Metrology of particles
Incoming photon (F. Ren)
Vfluid

VSeeding

Sensor
Photo multiplier
Camera…

Scattered light properties used to determine particle (or particle cluster) velocity
II – 1. Interaction of light with particles
Scattered light methods

Elastic scattering Inelastic scattering

Same wavelength
Scattering (re-emission) at a different
Incoming photon wavelenght
Incoming photon

dp/λ < 1 dp/λ > 1

RAMAN
Fluorescence
Rayleigh scattering Mie Scattering Stockes, Anti-stockes
(Molecules) (solid / liquid particles)
II – 1. Interaction of light with particles
Mie scattering
Size parameter α
In practice λ≈0,5 µm
α = πdp/λ (0,1 < α < 10) dp ≈ µm
Same wavelength
Incoming photon

Scattered light diagrams

dp = 1 mm dp = 10 mm
II – 1. Interaction of light with particles
Seeding particles
• Must follow flow fluctuations

• No chemical reaction with flow

• No flow modification
• Density continuity
• Chemical continuity

• Light scattering properties adjusted to sensor

• Size
• Refractive index

• Reduced toxicity

Titanium oxide formation from titanium tetrachloride

TiCl4 (vapor) + H2O  TiO2 (solid) + HCl
II – 1. Interaction of light with particles
Nature Nom Diamètre moyen (µm)
Examples of seeding
Solide Polystyrène 0.5 - 10
particles
Oxyde d’Alumine 2,5 - 7

Particule de verre 30 –100

Oxyde de Zirconium 2,5 – 8

Fumée Encens <1

Fumée de spectacle <1

Cigarette <1

Liquide Huile d’olive 0.5 – 5.0

Huile de Silicone 0.5 – 5.0

Eau 0.5 – 5.0

Type Temp. Limite

TiO2 (Oxyde ≈ 2000 °C
de titane)
Particule en combustion Al2O3 (Oxyd. ≈ 2000 °C
D’alumine)
ZrO2 (Oxyd. ≈ 2700 °C
De zirconium)
SiO2 (Silicium) ≈ 2000 °C
Huile 300 – 700 °C
II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Seeding systems

•Basic principles for seeding system exist but

•Each seeding system must be adapted to the experiment
• Flow rate
• Particle type
• Operating pressure
• Number of particles
(link to the flow rate)
II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Seeding systems

•Diffuser

Impactor

Air

Liquid
II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Seeding systems
Adjustment of the seeding
•Flowmeter
Air

•Sonic nozzle
•Mass Flow Controller
•Seeding body Air +
particles

Seeding stop valve

II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Time response of a particle to flow velocity fluctuations

Velocity
•Ideal case •particle
•gas

time

•Real case τp
Velocity

time
II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Transport equation of a particle in a flow

• Movement of a spherical particle in an unsteady flow

II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Transport equation of a particle in a flow

• For small particles with much higher density than fluid (ρf<<ρp) :

• The response of the particle to the local variation of the fluid velocity acts as a filter for the turbulence
spectrum

• τp must be compared to kolmogorov time scale

• In air
II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Particle size vs frequency

Particle Fluid Diameter (µm)

f = 1 kHz f = 10 kHz
Silicone oil atmospheric air 2.6 0.8
TiO2 atmospheric air 1.3 0.4
MgO methane-air flame 2.6 0.8
(1800 K)
TiO2 oxygen plasma 3.2 0.8
(2800 K)
II – 2. Transport of particles in a flow
Thermophoresis effect
Size of the particle ≈ temperature gradient

T°

•Thermophoresis force

∇T
Ftp ∝ d p
T
II – 3. Interaction of a photon with a molecule

II – 4. Spectroscopy of molecules
Section IV
Species and temperature
measurement
(A. Cessou)