Two-phase flows: fundamentals

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Marie-Charlotte Renoult, INSA Rouen Normandie

Academic year 2021-2022

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Chapter1

Concepts

System (definition and types)

Phase (definition and types)
Interface (definitions and variables)
Surface tension (definition and properties)
Dispersed flows (definition and types)
Flow regime maps (definition and types)
Average operations
Flow rate, flux, strength
Void fraction
Superficial velocity
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Chapter1

Surface tension
Properties
Surface phase variable, interface liquid (l)/ fluid (f)
Force per unit length : N/m, acting at the edges of the interface
Order of magnitude : water/air at 20 ◦ C : 72.8 mN/m
Curved interface → non zero normal projection → pressure jump
Laplace’s law : ∆P = Pl − Pf = −γ(κP + κ⊥P )
with κP and κ⊥P the two principal curvatures of the surface.
2γ
For a liquid drop of radius R : ∆P = R (κP = κ⊥P = −1/R < 0)
γ
For a liquid column of radius R : ∆P = R (κP = 0,
κ⊥P = −1/R < 0)
For a 2D axisymmetric
 interface of position rs (z) :
rs,zz 1
∆P = −γ 3/2 − 1/2
(1+rs,z 2 ) rs (1+rs,z 2 )
 
ys,xx
For a 2D interface position ys (x) : ∆P = −γ 3/2
(1+ys,x 2 )
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Chapter1

Average operations
R
Usual reformulation : Dnk fdD = Dnk hf ink

Domain of interest : conduit cross section of surface A (n = 2)

Assumptions : incompressible flows and steady-state conditions

Void fraction : α = A2 /A and 1 − α = A1 /A
Mass flow Rrates :
Qm1 = ρ1 A1 v1z dA = ρ1 A(1 − α)hv1z i21 = ρ1 A(1 − α)v1z
R
Qm2 = ρ2 A2 v2z dA = ρ2 Aαhv2z i22 = ρ2 Aαv2z
Total mass and volume flow rates : Qm = Qm1 + Qm2
Qv = Qv 1 + Qv 2
Total mass and volume fluxes : G = Qm /A , J = Qv /A
Strength by mass and volume : x = Qm2 /Qm , β = Qv 2 /Qv
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Chapter2

Concepts

Convective/diffusive transport
Associated fluxes for mass, momentum and energy
Local/integral form of the quantity conservation
Constitutive equation
Law of heat conduction
Material derivative
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Chapter2

Equations of change for mass and momentum

Given a single phase flow of volume V .

Assumptions : incompressible flows and Newtonian constitutive equation

∇·v = 0 ∀M ∈ V
Dv
ρ = −∇p + µ∆v + ρg ∀M ∈ V
Dt
D ∂
Material derivative : Dt = ∂t + (v · ∇)
Rate-of-strain tensor : D = {∇v + {∇v }T }/2
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Chapter3

Concepts

Extensive quantities
Unit normal vector
Interface velocity
Marangoni effect
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Chapter3

Equation of change for mass

Given a two phase flow of sub-domains V1 and V2 and interface Si

Assumptions : incompressible flows and no mass fluxes at the interface

∇ · v1 = 0 ∀ M ∈ V1
∇ · v2 = 0 ∀ M ∈ V2
v1 · ∇F = −∂F /∂t ∀ M ∈ Si
v2 · ∇F = −∂F /∂t ∀ M ∈ Si
Expression of F :
2D problem : y = y12 (x, t) → F (x, y , t) = y − y12 (x, t)
2D axisymmetric problem : r = r12 (z, t) → F (z, r , t) = r − r12 (z, t)
Expression of the surface equation :
∂y (r )12 ∂y (r )12 ∂y (r )12
v2y (r ) − v2x(z) =+ = v1y (r ) − v1x(z)
∂x(z) ∂t ∂x(z)
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Chapter3

Equation of change for momentum

Assumptions : incompressible and Newtonian flows and no mass
fluxes at the interface

D v1
ρ1 = −∇p1 + µ1 ∇2 v1 + ρ1 g ∀ M ∈ V1
Dt
D v2
ρ2 = −∇p2 + µ2 ∇2 v2 + ρ2 g ∀ M ∈ V2
Dt
(p1 − p2 + γ(κP + κ⊥P ))n1 = +2{µ1 D1 − µ2 D2 } · n1 − ∇Si γ ∀ M ∈ Si

∇F
Unit normal vector pointing from phase 1 to phase 2 : n1 =
k ∇F k
Usual additional assumptions :
Constant surface tension : ∇Si γ = 0
Negligible viscosities : µk = 0 → Laplace’s law
Negligible surface tension : pressure continuity at the interface.
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Chapter4

Concepts
Bounding lines
Conditions on walls
Average equations
Equations for the mixture
Equations on average quantities
Quasi 1D equations
Average axial stress at the walls
Average thermal flux at the walls
2-fluid model
Homogeneous equilibrium model
Pseudo-fluid
Friction coefficient/ factor
Sliding velocity
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Chapter4

Equation of change for HEM

Given a two-phase flow in a conduit of total volume V
Assumptions : incompressible and steady-state flows

G = G1 + G2 = ρm vz = cste ∀ M ∈ V
d(1/ρm ) 2Cfm G 2 dp
G2 + ρm g cos χ + = − ∀M ∈ V
dz Dρm dz
dhm 4
G = φw ∀ M ∈ V
dz D
Caution : here the quantities are averaged over the conduit cross section.
Properties of the pseudo-fluid :
Density : ρm = (1 − α)ρ1 + αρ2 ( νm = 1/ρm = ν1 (1 − x) + ν2 x )

Internal energy per unit mass : um = u1 (1 − x) + u2 x

Enthalpy per unit mass : hm = h1 (1 − x) + h2 x

Friction coefficient : Cfm = Ψ/4 Cste or f (Re, /D)