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 Federal Constitutional Law

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 viii Table of Contents

5. The Commonwealth Executive.................................................................................................. 153

[5.10] Persons within the Executive............................................................................................154
[5.20] Scope of Executive Power..................................................................................................156
[5.90] Crown Immunity................................................................................................................187
[5.95] Privatisation and Executive Power..................................................................................190
[5.100] Conclusion...........................................................................................................................190

6. Separation of Judicial Power..................................................................................................... 193

[6.10] Judicial Power......................................................................................................................194
[6.50] Judicial Power of the Commonwealth.............................................................................210
[6.55] Separation of Judicial Powers – Commonwealth........................................................... 211
[6.75] Exceptions to the Two Principles......................................................................................219
[6.105] Separation of Judicial Powers – State...............................................................................229
[6.135] Chapter III as a Source of Individual Rights...................................................................259
[6.175] Separation of Judicial Power in the Territories...............................................................285
[6.180] Conclusion...........................................................................................................................286

7. Inconsistency................................................................................................................................ 287
[7.10] What Is a “Law” for the Purposes of Section 109?.........................................................288
[7.15] Meaning of “Invalidity”.....................................................................................................288
[7.20] Tests for Inconsistency........................................................................................................289
[7.25] Impossibility of Simultaneous Obedience.......................................................................289
[7.30] Conferral of Rights..............................................................................................................290
[7.35] Indirect Inconsistency/Covering the Field.....................................................................294
[7.65] Inconsistent Criminal Laws...............................................................................................307
[7.70] Reassessing the Tests for Inconsistency...........................................................................312
[7.75] Conclusion...........................................................................................................................313

8. Intergovernmental Immunities................................................................................................. 315

[8.10] Preliminary Issue: Crown Immunity...............................................................................316
[8.15] The Early Law: The Doctrine of Implied Immunities....................................................316
[8.20] The Engineers Case: Abandonment of Implied Immunities........................................317
[8.25] Commonwealth Legislative Power over the States.......................................................318
[8.60] State Legislative Power over the Commonwealth.........................................................337
[8.90] Conclusion...........................................................................................................................348

9. Excise Duties................................................................................................................................. 349

[9.10] Definition of a “Tax”...........................................................................................................350
[9.15] The Broad and Narrow Definitions of “Excise”.............................................................355

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 Table of Contents ix

[9.45] The Modern Cases..............................................................................................................366

[9.75] Conclusions: The Future for Section 90?..........................................................................374

10. Spending Government Revenue –​The Grants and Appropriations Powers................. 377
[10.10] Section 96 Grants.................................................................................................................378
[10.45] Appropriation and Expenditure.......................................................................................391

11. Freedom of Interstate Trade, Commerce and Intercourse.................................................. 403

[11.10] A Brief History of Section 92.............................................................................................404
[11.30] A Fresh Start for Section 92................................................................................................407
[11.75] Freedom of Interstate Intercourse.....................................................................................430
[11.80] Section 92 and the Territories............................................................................................433

12. Express Rights............................................................................................................................. 435

[12.10] Acquisition of Property on Just Terms – Section 51(xxxi).............................................436
[12.65] The Right to Trail by Jury – Section 80.............................................................................462
[12.70] Freedom of Religion – Section 116....................................................................................468
[12.95] Discrimination on the Basis of Interstate Residence – Section 117..............................474
[12.105] No Express Right to Vote...................................................................................................480
[12.110] Conclusion...........................................................................................................................483

13. Implied Political Rights and Freedoms................................................................................. 485

[13.10] The Communist Party Case...............................................................................................486
[13.15] Freedom of Political Communication..............................................................................490
[13.55] Freedoms of Movement, Association and Participation...............................................525
[13.60] Voting Equality and Voting Rights...................................................................................527
[13.75] Conclusion...........................................................................................................................538

14. General Themes in Federal Constitutional Law.................................................................. 541

[14.10] Indigenous People and the Constitution.........................................................................541
[14.40] Constitutional Prohibitions on Discrimination..............................................................562
[14.60] Proportionality....................................................................................................................575
[14.95] Conclusion...........................................................................................................................583

Appendix – Commonwealth of Australia Constitution........................................................... 585

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 623

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 Table of Cases

A v Australia Communication No 560/1993, UN Doc CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993 ..............6.150

A v Hayden (1984) 156 CLR 532 .....................................................................................................8.80
AAP case ........................................................................ see Victoria v Commonwealth and Hayden
A-​G for Victoria (Ex rel Dale) v Commonwealth (Pharmaceutical Benefits case)
(1945) 71 CLR 237 .................................................................................................5.70, 10.50, 10.55
A-​G for the Northern Territory v Emmerson [2014] HCA 13 ........................................ 6.112, 6.175
AMP Society v Goulden (1986) 160 CLR 330 ......................................................................7.45, 7.60
AMS v AIF (1999) 199 CLR 160 ..................................................................................................... 11.80
APLA v Legal Services Commissioner (2005) 224 CLR 332 ......................................................13.30
Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia v Lawrence (No 2) (2008) 178 IR 168 ............3.40
Actors and Announcers Equity Association v Fontana Films Pty Ltd (1982)
150 CLR 169 ..................................................................2.20, 2.40, 2.45, 3.50, 3.55, 3.60, 3.65, 3.75
Adelaide Company of Jehovah’s Witnesses v Commonwealth
(1943) 67 CLR 116 ..........................................................................12.70, 12.75, 12.85, 14.60, 14.75
Aid/​Watch v Commissioner of Taxation (2010) 241 CLR 539 ......................................13.45, 13.50
Air Caledonie International v Commonwealth (1988) 165 CLR 462 ...............................9.10, 9.65
Airlines case (No 2)...................................................................... see Airlines of NSW v NSW (No 2)
Airlines of NSW v NSW (No 1) (1964) 113 CLR 1 ........................................................................7.10
Airlines of NSW v NSW (No 2) (Airlines case (No 2)) (1965) 113 CLR 54 .............2.30, 7.40, 7.55
Airservices Australia v Canadian Airlines International (1999) 202 CLR 133 .............9.10, 12.40
Al-​Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562 ...........................................1.180, 1.220, 1.230, 2.50, 6.150
Albarran v Members of the Companies Auditors and Liquidators Disciplinary
Board (2007) 231 CLR 350 .................................................................................................6.45, 6.85
Allders International Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic)
(1996) 186 CLR 630 ....................................................................................................................14.45
Alqudsi v Commonwealth (2015) 91 NSWLR 92 .......................................................4.10, 4.60, 4.65
Alqudsi v The Queen (2016) 256 CLR 203 ...................................................................................12.65
Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd
(Engineers case) (1920) 28 CLR 129 ...............................................1.195, 1.205, 1.225, 2.15, 2.60,
3.10, 4.35, 7.25, 8.05, 8.20, 9.25
Anderson’s Pty Ltd v Victoria (1964) 111 CLR 353 .......................................................................9.35
Ansett Transport Industries v Wardley (1980) 142 CLR 237 ...................................7.30, 7.40, 7.45,
7.60, 7.70, 7.75
Attorney-​General v Carlton Bank [1899] 2 QB 158 ....................................................................1.200
Attorney-​General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd [1920] AC 508 ..............................................5.45
Attorney-​General (Cth) v The Queen; Ex parte Australian Boilermakers Society
(1957) 95 CLR 529 ........................................................................................................................6.65
Attorney-​General (Cth) v Schmidt (1961) 105 CLR 361 .............................................................12.40
Attorney-​General (Cth) v T & G Mutual Life Society Ltd (1978) 144 CLR 161 ........................5.45
Attorney-​General (Cth) (Ex rel McKinlay) v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 1 ..................13.65
Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1 ....................................................................6.10
Attorney-​General (NT) v Emmerson (2014) 253 CLR 393 ............................................. 6.112, 6.175,
12.40, 12.55
Attorney-​General (NT) v Minister for Aboriginal Affairs (1989) 90 ALR 59 ............................7.10

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 xii Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View

Attorney-General (SA) v City of Adelaide (2013) 249 CLR 1; [2013] HCA 3 ..............13.35, 13.40
Attorney-​General (Vic) (Ex rel Black) v Commonwealth (DOGS
(or Defence of Government Schools) case) (1981) 146 CLR 559 ........10.25, 10.35, 10.45, 12.80
Attorney-​General (WA) v Australian National Airlines Commission
(1976) 138 CLR 492 ............................................................................................................2.15, 2.30
Attorney-​General (WA) v Marquet (2003) 217 CLR 545 ............................................................1.165
Attorney-​General of the Commonwealth v The Queen (1957) 95 CLR 529 .............................6.25
Attorney General (Cth) v Alinta (2008) 233 CLR 542 .........................................................6.15, 6.30
Attorney General for Northern Territory v Chaffey (2007) 231 CLR 651 ................................12.35
Austin v Commonwealth (2003) 215 CLR 185 .........................................................8.10, 8.55, 14.45
Australian Agricultural Co v Federated Engine-​Drivers and Firemen’s
Association of Australasia (1913) 17 CLR 261 .......................................................................1.220
Australian Apple and Pear Marketing Board v Tonking (1942) 66 CLR 77 ............................12.45
Australian Boot Trade Employees Federation v Whybrow (1910) 10 CLR 266 .......................7.25
Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) v Industrial Court of SA
(1977) 138 CLR 399 ......................................................................................................................7.60
Australian Building Construction Employees and Builders Labourers
Federation v Commonwealth (1986) 161 CLR 88 .................................................................6.145
Australian Capital Television v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106 ............ 1.180, 11.75, 13.15,
13.20, 13.35, 13.55, 13.60
Australian Communications and Media Authority v Today FM (2015)
255 CLR 352 .........................................................................................................................6.10, 6.35
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (Communist Party case)
(1951) 83 CLR 1 ...........................................................................1.20, 1.180, 2.50, 5.35, 5.70, 5.75,
6.10, 6.30, 12.85, 13.05, 13.10, 14.60
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter (2007) 232 CLR 1 ...................5.90
Australian Education Union v General Manager of Fair Work Australia (2012)
246 CLR 117 ...............................................................................................................................6.145
Australian Education Union v Lawler (2008) 169 FCR 327 ......................................................6.145
Australian Education Union, Re; Ex parte Victoria
(1995) 184 CLR 188 ......................................................................8.05, 8.40, 8.45, 8.50, 8.70, 14.45
Australian Postal Commission v Dao (1985) 63 ALR 1 ...............................................................8.65
Australian Tape Manufacturers v Commonwealth (1993) 176 CLR 480 .......................9.10, 12.25
Australian Workers’ Union of Employees, Queensland v Etheridge
Shire Council (2008) 171 FCR 102 .............................................................................................3.40

Baker v The Queen (2004) 223 CLR 513 .......................................... 1.180, 6.110, 6.140, 6.155, 6.160
Bank Nationalisation case ................................. see Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth
Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth
(Bank Nationalisation case) (1948) 76 CLR 1 ............................ 1.180, 11.15, 11.25, 12.15, 12.25
Barley Marketing Board v Norman (1990) 171 CLR 182 ........................................................... 11.50
Barton v Commonwealth (1974) 131 CLR 477 ..............................................................................5.45
Bartter’s Enterprises v Todd (1978) 139 CLR 499 ....................................................................... 11.25
Bath v Alston Holdings (1988) 165 CLR 411 .................................................9.55, 11.40, 11.45, 11.70
Baxter v Commissioners of Taxation (1907) 4 CLR 1087 .............................................................8.15
Beal v Marrickville Margarine Pty Ltd (1966) 114 CLR 283 ........................................................2.30
Behrooz v Secretary of DIMIA (2004) 219 CLR 486 ....................................................................6.150
Bell Group NV (in liq) v Western Australia (2016) 260 CLR 500 ...........................1.235, 7.15, 7.30
Bennett v Commonwealth (2007) 231 CLR 91 ............................................................................13.70

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 Table of Cases xiii

Betfair v Racing NSW (2010) 189 FCR 356 .................................................................................. 11.65

Betfair v Racing NSW (“Betfair 2”) (2012) 249 CLR 217; [2012] HCA 12 ................... 11.40, 11.45,
11.60, 11.65, 11.70
Betfair v Western Australia (“Betfair 1”) (2008) 234 CLR 418 ............................11.50, 11.55, 11.60,
11.65, 11.70, 11.75
Boilermakers case .................................see R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers Society of Australia
Bolton v Madsen (1963) 110 CLR 264 .............................................................................................9.35
Botany Municipal Council v Federal Airports Corp (1992) 175 CLR 453 .................................7.55
Bowman v Secular Society [1917] AC 406 ...................................................................................13.45
Bradken Consolidated Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (1979)
145 CLR 107 ..................................................................................................................................5.90
Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
(1995) 183 CLR 245 ..........................................................................................6.15, 6.20, 6.60, 6.75
British Imperial Oil Co v Federal Commissioner of Taxation
(1925) 35 CLR 422 ........................................................................................................................6.20
Broken Hill South Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (NSW) (1937) 56 CLR 337 ............1.75, 4.10
Bropho v Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 ..................................................................5.90, 5.100
Brown v The Queen (1986) 160 CLR 171 .....................................................................................12.65
Brown v Tasmania (2017) 261 CLR 328; 349 ALR 398 ......................................... 11.55, 13.30, 13.35,
13.40, 13.50, 14.85
Brown v West (1990) 169 CLR 195 ................................................................................................10.50
Brownlee v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 278 ................................................................................12.65
Building Construction Employees and Builders Labourers Federation of
NSW v Minister for Industrial Relations (1986) 7 NSWLR 372 ..............................6.105, 6.145
Burns v Corbett (2018) 92 ALJR 423 ......................................................................6.125, 6.130, 6.180
Burns v Ransley (1949) 79 CLR 101 .............................................................................5.60, 5.70, 5.75
Burton v Honan (1952) 86 CLR 169 .............................................................................2.40, 2.45, 3.60
Butler v Attorney-​General (Vic) (1961) 106 CLR 268 ...................................................................7.15

CPCF v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 255 CLR 514 ........................5.63
Cadia Holdings Pty Ltd v NSW (2010) 242 CLR 195 ...................................................................5.45
Canavan et al, Re (2017) 91 ALJR 1209 ..............................................................................1.195, 1.225
Capital Duplicators Pty Ltd v ACT (No 1) (1992) 177 CLR 248 .......................................5.25, 9.60
Capital Duplicators Pty Ltd v ACT (No 2) (1993) 178 CLR 561 ..............................9.60, 9.65, 9.70
Carter v Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board (Vic)
(1942) 66 CLR 557 ........................................................................................................................7.15
Castlemaine Tooheys v South Australia (1990) 169 CLR 436 ..................11.35, 11.55, 11.60, 11.65,
11.70, 11.75, 14.45
Chaplin v Commissioner of State Taxation (1911) 12 CLR 375 ...................................................8.75
Chapman v Tickner (1995) 55 FCR 316 ........................................................................................14.30
Chasemore v Richards [1859] EngR 894 .....................................................................................12.15
Cheatle v The Queen (1993) 177 CLR 541 ........................................................................1.200, 12.65
Cheng, Cheng and Chan v The Queen (2000) 203 CLR 248 ..........................................1.220, 12.65
Cherokee Nation v State of Georgia 30 US (5 Pet) 1 (1831) .......................................................14.15
Cheung v The Queen (2001) 209 CLR 1 .......................................................................................12.65
China Ocean Shipping v SA (1979) 145 CLR 172 ........................................................................1.165
Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and
Ethnic Affairs (1992) 176 CLR 1 ......................................................5.63, 6.10, 6.145, 6.150, 14.75
Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25 ..............................................................1.20

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 xiv Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View

Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Payroll Tax (Vic)

(1983) 154 CLR 120 ....................................................................................................................12.75
Clarke v Commissioner of Taxation [2009] HCA 33 ....................................................................8.55
Clarke King v Australian Wheat Board (1978) 140 CLR 120 ..................................................... 11.50
Clyde Engineering v Cowburn (1926) 37 CLR 466 .............................................................7.30, 7.35
Coco v Newnham (1990) 97 ALR 419 .............................................................................................8.80
Coe v Commonwealth (No 2) (1993) 118 ALR 193 .....................................................................14.15
Cole v Whitfield (1988) 165 CLR 360 ......................................... 1.200, 2.30, 9.05, 9.70, 11.05, 11.10,
11.30, 11.35, 11.40, 11.45, 11.50, 11.55,
11.60, 11.65, 11.70, 11.75
Coleman v Power (2004) 220 CLR 1 ...........................................................13.30, 13.35, 13.45, 13.75
Coleman v Shell (1943) 45 SR (NSW) 27 ......................................................................................6.160
Colina, Re; Ex parte Torney (1999) 200 CLR 386 .........................................................................12.65
Collingwood, City of v State of Victoria (No 2) [1994] 1 VR 652 ..................................6.105, 6.145
Colonel Aird, Re; Ex parte Alpert (2004) 220 CLR 308 ................................................................6.85
Colonial Sugar Refining Co v Irving [1906] AC 369 ..................................................................14.45
Colvin v Bradley Bros Pty Ltd (1943) 68 CLR 151 ........................................................................7.30
Combet v Commonwealth (2005) 224 CLR 494 ..........................................................................10.50
Cominos v Cominos (1972) 127 CLR 588 .............................................................................6.30, 6.95
Commercial Radio Coffs Harbour v Fuller (1986) 161 CLR 47 ........................................7.45, 7.60
Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory (Same Sex Marriage case)
(2013) 250 CLR 441 ..........................................................................................................1.200, 7.60
Commonwealth v Bank of New South Wales (1949) 79 CLR 497 ............................................ 11.25
Commonwealth v Bogle (1953) 89 CLR 229 ........................................................................5.90, 8.70
Commonwealth v Cigamatic Pty Ltd (in Liquidation)
(1962) 108 CLR 372 ...............................................................8.05, 8.65, 8.70, 8.75, 8.80, 8.85, 8.90
Commonwealth v Colonial Combing Spinning and Weaving Co Ltd
(1922) 31 CLR 421 ........................................................................................................................5.45
Commonwealth v Evans Deakin Industries (1986) 161 CLR 254 ...............................................8.75
Commonwealth v Kreglinger and Fernau Ltd and Bardsley (1926) 37 CLR 393 ..................14.55
Commonwealth v Mewett (1997) 191 CLR 471 ................................................................5.90, 12.30
Commonwealth v NSW (1923) 33 CLR 1 .....................................................................................12.10
Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam case) (1983) 158 CLR 1 ..............1.210, 2.15, 3.25,
3.40, 3.45, 3.50, 3.60, 3.70, 4.35, 4.45,
4.65, 4.70, 4.75, 5.75, 12.25, 14.30, 14.60
Commonwealth v WA (1999) 196 CLR 392 ...................................................................................7.65
Commonwealth v WMC Resources Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 1 ................................12.25, 12.35, 14.30
Communications, Electrical, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing and
Allied Services Union v Queensland Rail (2015) 256 CLR 171 .............................................3.25
Communist Party case .................................. see Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth
Concrete Pipes case .........................................................see Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd
Condon v Pompano Pty Ltd (2013) 252 CLR 38; [2013] HCA 7 ......................... 6.10, 6.112, 6.115,
6.120, 6.130, 6.165, 6.180
Conroy v Carter (1968) 118 CLR 90 ..................................................................................14.45, 14.50
Cooper v Stuart (1889) 14 App Cas 286 .............................................................................1.65, 14.15
Cormack v Cope (1974) 131 CLR 432 ...........................................................................................1.105
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 .....................5.45
Criminal Proceeds Confiscation Act 2002, Re [2004] 1 Qd R 40 .............................................. 6.112
Croft v Dunphy [1933] AC 156 ........................................................................................................4.10
Crump v NSW (2012) 247 CLR 1 ..................................................................................................6.155
Cubillo and Gunner v Commonwealth (2000) 103 FCR 1 .........................................................14.35
Culleton (No 2), Re (2017) 91 ALJR 311 .......................................................................................1.195

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 Table of Cases xv

Cunliffe v Commonwealth (1994) 182 CLR 272 ...................... 2.25, 4.55, 11.75, 13.30, 13.35, 13.75
Cunningham v Commonwealth (2016) 259 CLR 536 .................................................................12.35

DFCT v Truhold Benefit Pty Ltd (1985) 158 CLR 678 ..................................................................9.10
DFCT (NSW) v Moran (1939) 61 CLR 735 ......................................10.25, 10.30, 10.35, 10.40, 10.45
DOGS case .........................................see Attorney-​General (Vic) (Ex rel Black) v Commonwealth
Dao v Australian Postal Commission (1987) 162 CLR 317 ..........................................................7.60
Davies and Jones v Western Australia (1904) 2 CLR 29 .................................................12.95, 14.45
Davis v Commonwealth (1988) 166 CLR 79 ....................................................5.60, 5.70, 5.75, 10.50
Day (No 2), Re (2017) 91 ALJR 518 ..............................................................................................1.195
D’emden v Pedder (1904) 1 CLR 91 ................................................................................................8.15
Defence of Government Schools case ........................ see Attorney-​General (Vic) (Ex rel Black) v
Commonwealth
Dennis Hotels v Victoria (1960) 104 CLR 529 ...............................1.220, 9.35, 9.45, 9.50, 9.55, 9.60,
9.65, 9.70, 9.75
Dickenson’s Arcade Pty Ltd v Tasmania (1974) 130 CLR 177 ...............................1.220, 9.35, 9.40,
9.55, 9.60, 9.65
Dickson v The Queen (2010) 241 CLR 491 .....................................................................................7.65
Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292 ..................................................................................6.170
Dingjan, Re; Ex parte Wagner (1995) 183 CLR 323 ....................................................3.50, 3.60, 6.45
Director of Public Prosecutions, Re; Ex parte Lawler (1994) 179 CLR 270 .............................12.40
Dr Bonham’s Case (1610) 8 Co Rep 113b; 77 ER 638 ....................................................................1.15
Dugan v Mirror Newspapers (1978) 142 CLR 583 .......................................................................1.20
Duncan v Independent Commission Against Corruption (2015) 256 CLR 83 ............ 6.112, 6.120
Duncan v Jones [1936] 1 KB 249 ......................................................................................................1.20
Duncan v NSW (2015) 255 CLR 388 ...................................................................................6.10, 6.125
Durham Holdings Pty Ltd v NSW (2001) 205 CLR 399 ............................................................12.10
Dymond, Re (1959) 101 CLR 11 .......................................................................................................9.10

Eastman v The Queen (2000) 203 CLR 1 ......................................................................................1.200

Eastman, Ex parte (1999) 200 CLR 322 .........................................................................................6.175
Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy (2000) 205 CLR 337 .........................................6.170, 6.175
Elliott v Commonwealth (1935) 54 CLR 657 ...............................................................................14.45
Engineers case ................. see Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd
Essendon Corporation v Criterion Theatres Ltd (1947) 74 CLR 1 .............................................5.90

F, Re; Ex parte F (1986) 161 CLR 376 ...............................................................................................2.20

FCT v Official Liquidator of E O Farley Ltd (1943) 63 CLR 278 .................................................8.70
Fairfax v FCT (1965) 114 CLR 1 .........................................................................2.20, 2.50, 3.50, 10.35
Falzon v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection
(2018) 262 CLR 333 ......................................................................................................................6.10
Farah Constructions v Say-​Dee (2007) 230 CLR 89 ......................................................................6.10
Fardon v Attorney-​General (Qld) (2004) 223 CLR 575 ............................ 1.180, 6.110, 6.125, 6.180
Fardon v Australia (2010) CCPR/​C/​98/​DR/​1629/​2007 .......................................................... 6.110
Farey v Burvett (1916) 21 CLR 433 ..................................................................................................8.15

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 xvi Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View

Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Munro (1926) 38 CLR 153 ................................................6.15

Federal Roads case ............................................................................. see Victoria v Commonwealth
Federated Amalgamated Government Railway & Tramway Service
Association v New South Wales Railway Traffic Employees Association
(Railway Servants’ case) (1906) 4 CLR 488 ..............................................................................8.15
Felton v Mulligan (1971) 124 CLR 367 ...........................................................................................7.10
Fencott v Muller (1983) 152 CLR 570 .........................................................3.30, 3.35, 3.40, 3.60, 3.65
First Territorial Senators case ..........................................see Western Australia v Commonwealth
First Uniform Tax case ..........................................................see South Australia v Commonwealth
Fittock v The Queen (2003) 217 CLR 508 .....................................................................................12.65
Flaherty v Girgis (1985) 63 ALR 466 ...............................................................................................7.60
Forge v ASIC (2006) 228 CLR 45 ............................................................................ 1.230, 6.115, 6.120
Fortescue Metals Group v Commonwealth (2013) 250 CLR 548;
[2013] HCA 34 .......................................................................................................8.50, 14.45, 14.50
Fox v Robbins (1909) 8 CLR 115 ........................................................................................ 11.20, 11.35
Fraser Henleins Pty Ltd v Cody (1945) 70 CLR 100 ...................................................................6.155
Fringe Benefits Tax case (Second) ..................... see State Chamber of Commerce and Industry v
Commonwealth

Gallagher, Re (2018) 92 ALJR 502 ..................................................................................................1.225

Garnishee case .............................................................................see NSW v Commonwealth (No 1)
Georgiadis v Australian and Overseas Telecommunications
Corporation (1994) 179 CLR 297 ...................................................5.90, 12.30, 12.35, 12.45, 12.50
Gerhardy v Brown (1985) 159 CLR 70 ............................................................................................7.30
Gilbertson v State of South Australia [1978] AC 772 .................................................................6.105
Giris Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1969) 119 CLR 365 ..................................................5.25
Goryl v Greyhound Australia Pty Ltd (1994) 179 CLR 463 .........................................12.100, 14.50
Gosford Meats v NSW (1985) 155 CLR 368 ...................................................................................9.35
Gould v Brown (1998) 193 CLR 346 ................................................................................................6.70
Grace Brothers v Commonwealth (1946) 72 CLR 269 ................................................................12.20
Grannall v Marrackville Margarine Pty Ltd (1955) 93 CLR 55 ................................2.25, 2.30, 3.60
Gratwick v Johnson (1945) 70 CLR 1 ............................................................................................ 11.75
Grey v Pearson (1857) 6 HLC 61 ...................................................................................................1.195
Griffin v Constantine (1954) 91 CLR 136 .......................................................................................2.35
Griffiths v Minister for Lands, Planning and Environment
(2008) 235 CLR 232 ....................................................................................................................12.45
Griggs v Duke Power Co 401 US 424 (1971) ...................................................................14.45, 14.50
Grollo v Palmer (1995) 184 CLR 348 ................................................ 6.100, 6.110, 6.115, 6.140, 6.160
Gypsy Jokers Motorcycle Club v Commissioner of Police (2008) 234 CLR 532 ..................... 6.112

H C Sleigh Ltd v SA (1977) 136 CLR 475 .........................................................1.220, 9.35, 9.65, 9.70
Harper v Minister for Sea Fisheries (1989) 168 CLR 314 .............................................................9.10
Harper v Victoria (1966) 114 CLR 361 ............................................................................................9.10
Harris v Caladine (1991) 172 CLR 84 .............................................................................................6.80
Haskins v Commonwealth (2011) 244 CLR 22 ..................................................................6.85, 6.150
Health Insurance Commission v Peverill (1994) 179 CLR 226 .....................................6.145, 12.35
Hematite Petroleum Pty Ltd v Victoria (1983)
151 CLR 599 ..................................................................................2.35, 9.20, 9.50, 9.65, 9.70, 10.30

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 Table of Cases xvii

Henry v Boehm (1973) 128 CLR 482 .................................................................................12.95, 14.45

Hilton v Wells (1985) 157 CLR 57 ..................................................................................................6.100
Hindmarsh Island case .................................................................. see Kartinyeri v Commonwealth
Hindmarsh Island case ............................. see Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Affairs
Hogan v Hinch (2011) 243 CLR 506 .......................................................................6.120, 13.35, 13.45
Horta v Commonwealth (1994) 181 CLR 183 ...............................................................................4.30
Huddart, Parker and Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead (1909) 8 CLR 330 .........................3.05, 3.10, 3.55,
3.70, 3.80, 6.10, 6.15
Hume v Palmer (1926) 38 CLR 441 .................................................................................................7.60

ICM Agriculture v Commonwealth (2009) 240 CLR 140 ....................................10.35, 10.40, 12.15
ILO case ............................................................................................... see Victoria v Commonwealth
Incorporation case ............................................................. see New South Wales v Commonwealth
Independent Commission Against Corruption (NSW) v Cunneen (2015) 256 CLR 1 .......... 6.112
International Finance Trust Company Ltd v New South Wales Crime
Commission (2009) 240 CLR 319 ...................................................................... 6.110, 6.112, 6.140

JD and WG Nicholas v Western Australia [1972] WAR 168 ......................................................6.105

JT International SA v Commonwealth [2012] HCA 43;
(2012) 250 CLR 1 ...........................................................................12.25, 12.30, 12.35, 12.40, 12.60
Jacobsen v Rogers (1995) 182 CLR 572 .................................................................................5.90, 8.80
James v Commonwealth (1928) 41 CLR 442 ....................................................................14.45, 14.50
James v Cowan (1930) 43 CLR 386 at 399 .................................................................................... 11.20
James v Cowan (1932) 47 CLR 386 ............................................................................................... 11.20
Jemena Asset Management v Coinvest (2011) 244 CLR 508 .............................................7.10, 7.40
John Cooke v Commonwealth (1924) 34 CLR 269 .....................................................................12.10
John Holland Pty Ltd v Victorian Workcover Authority (2009) 239 CLR 518 ..........................7.55
Johnston Fear & Kingham & The Offset Printing Company v
Commonwealth (1943) 67 CLR 314 .........................................................................................12.45
Jones v Commonwealth (1987) 71 ALR 497 ................................................................................6.100
Judd v McKeon (1926) 38 CLR 380 ...................................................................................12.85, 13.70
Judiciary and Navigation Acts, Re (1921) 29 CLR 257 .................................................................6.25

K-​Generation v Liquor Licensing Court (2009) 237 CLR 501; 252 ALR 471 ................ 6.110, 6.112
Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (1995) 36 NSWLR 374 .................................................1.15
Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51 ...................1.15, 1.180, 1.210,
1.235, 6.05, 6.105, 6.110, 6.112, 6.120,
6.125, 6.130, 6.135, 6.140, 6.145,
6.160, 6.175, 6.180
Kable No 2 ............................................................................................ see New South Wales v Kable
Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (Hindmarsh Island case)
(1998) 195 CLR 337 ..............................................................1.230, 2.50, 12.35, 14.20, 14.25, 14.30
Katsuno v The Queen (1999) 199 CLR 40 ....................................................................................12.65
King v Jones (1972) 128 CLR 221 .....................................................................................1.200, 12.105

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 xviii Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View

Kingswell v The Queen (1985) 159 CLR 264 ...................................................................1.220, 12.65

Kirk v Industrial Court of NSW (2010) 239 CLR 531 ........................................................6.10, 6.120
Klass v Federal Republic of Germany (1978) 2 EHRR 214 ........................................................6.100
Knight v Victoria (2017) 261 CLR 306 ...........................................................................................6.155
Koowarta v Bjelke-​Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168 ....................................2.15, 4.15, 4.35, 4.40, 4.65,
4.70, 4.75, 14.30
Koroitamana v Commonwealth (2006) 227 CLR 31 ...................................................................1.200
Kruger v Commonwealth (Stolen Generation case) (1997) 190 CLR 1 ................1.15, 1.20, 1.210,
6.150, 6.165, 6.175, 12.65, 12.85,
13.55, 13.75, 14.30, 14.35, 14.40, 14.55
Krygger v Williams (1912) 15 CLR 366 ........................................................................................12.85
Kuczborski v Queensland (2014) 254 CLR 51 ................................................................. 6.112, 6.125
Ku-​ring-​gai Co-​operative Building Society (No 12) Ltd, Re
(1978) 36 FLR 134 ........................................................................................................................3.30

Lane v Morrison (2009) 239 CLR 230 ...................................................................................6.60, 6.85

Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520 .....1.180, 13.15, 13.20, 13.25,
13.30, 13.35, 13.40, 13.45,
13.50, 13.70
Langer v Commonwealth (1996) 186 CLR 302 ...............................................................13.35, 13.70
Leask v Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 579 .................................2.20, 2.25, 2.40, 2.45, 2.50, 2.55,
10.35, 14.75, 14.80
Leeth v Commonwealth (1992) 174 CLR 455 ........................1.180, 6.165, 8.45, 12.95, 14.40, 14.55
Levy v Victoria (1997) 189 CLR 579 ..................................................................................13.30, 13.35
Li Chia Hsing v Rankin (1978) 141 CLR 182 ...............................................................................12.65
Liyanage v The Queen [1967] 1 AC 259 .......................................................................................6.145
Lockner v New York 198 US 45 (1905) ......................................................................................... 11.25
Logan Downs Pty Ltd v Queensland (1977) 137 CLR 59 ............................................................9.70
Luton v Lessels (2002) 210 CLR 333 .................................................6.15, 6.20, 6.25, 6.35, 6.40, 9.10

MG Kailis v Western Australia (1974) 130 CLR 245 .....................................................................9.35

Mabo v Queensland (No 1) (1988) 166 CLR 186 .................................................................7.30, 7.55
Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 ..................1.65, 1.180, 4.30, 6.10, 7.30, 14.15, 14.30
MacCormick v FCT (1984) 158 CLR 622 ............................................................................9.10, 12.40
MacLeod v Attorney-​General for New South Wales
[1891] AC 455 .....................................................................................................................1.75, 4.10
Magaming v The Queen (2013) 252 CLR 381 ...........................................................6.45, 6.65, 6.155
Maguire v Simpson (1977) 139 CLR 362 .............................................................................1.200, 8.75
Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1979] Ch 344 ...........................................1.20, 5.50
Marbury v Madison 5 US (1 Cranch) 137 (1803) ........................................................................1.175
Matthews v Chicory Marketing Board (Vic) (1938) 60 CLR 263 ......................................9.10, 9.25
McBain v Victoria (2000) 99 FCR 116 ..............................................................................................7.25
McCawley v The King (1920) 28 CLR 106 ...........................................................................1.15, 1.75
McGinty v Western Australia (1996) 186 CLR 140 ..............................................13.20, 13.65, 13.70
McGuire v Simpson (1977) 139 CLR 362 ......................................................................................1.200
McLean, Ex parte (1930) 43 CLR 472 ..................................................................7.10, 7.35, 7.45, 7.65
McCloy v New South Wales (2015) 257 CLR 178 .................2.55, 13.30, 13.35, 13.40, 14.80, 14.85

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 Table of Cases xix

McWaters v Day (1989) 168 CLR 289 ..............................................................................................7.65

Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth (State Banking case)
(1947) 74 CLR 31 ................................................................1.225, 2.20, 8.05, 8.25, 8.30, 8.35, 8.45,
8.50, 8.85, 8.90, 10.30
Merchant Service Guild of Australasia v Commonwealth Steamship
Owners’ Association (No 3) (1920) 28 CLR 495 .......................................................................4.10
Millar v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (1932) 48 CLR 618 .......................................................4.10
Miller v TCN Channel Nine (1986) 161 CLR 556 ............................................................ 11.25, 11.30
Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Environment v Peko-Wallsend (1987) 15 FCR 274 ........5.45
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273 .......................4.25, 4.30
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigeous Affairs v
Al-​Khafaji (2004) 219 CLR 664 .................................................................................................6.150
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Lam
(2003) 214 CLR 1 ..........................................................................................................................4.30
Minister for The Army v Dalziel (1944) 68 CLR 261 ..................................................................12.15
Mistretta v United States 488 US 361 (1989) ................................................................................6.125
Mobil Oil v Victoria (2002) 211 CLR 1 ............................................................................................4.10
Momcilovic v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 1 ....................... 6.25, 6.30, 6.35, 6.95, 6.112, 6.130, 7.65
Monarch Airlines v Airservices Australia (1997) 72 FCR 534 .....................................................9.10
Monis v The Queen (2013) 249 CLR 92; [2013] HCA 4 ............................13.30, 13.35, 13.75, 14.90
Mulholland v Australian Electoral Commission (2004) 220 CLR 181 ..............13.35, 13.50, 13.70
Municipal Council of Sydney v Commonwealth (1904) 1 CLR 208 ..............................2.35, 10.30
Murphy v Electoral Commissioner (2016) 261 CLR 28 .......................................13.40, 13.70, 14.80
Murphyores Incorporated Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1976) 136 CLR 1 ........................2.20, 2.50

NSW v Bardolph (1934) 52 CLR 455 ...............................................................................................5.55

NSW v Commonwealth (Wheat case) (1915) 20 CLR 54 ............................................................6.60
Nash (No 2), Re (2017) 91 ALJR 1209 ...........................................................................................1.195
Nationwide News v Wills (1992) 177 CLR 1 .............................................. 2.55, 11.75, 13.15, 13.20,
13.35, 13.45, 13.55, 13.75, 14.75
Native Title Act case .........................................................see Western Australia v Commonwealth
Nelson (No 1), Ex Parte (1928) 42 CLR 209 ................................................................................. 11.20
Nelungaloo Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1948) 75 CLR 495 .......................................................12.45
New South Wales v Commonwealth (Incorporation case)
(1990) 169 CLR 482 .................................................................................................1.180, 3.70, 5.75
New South Wales v Commonwealth (Seas and Submerged Lands case)
(1975) 135 CLR 337 ......................................................................................................................4.10
New South Wales v Commonwealth (Work Choices case)
(2006) 229 CLR 1 ...................................................................1.185, 1.195, 1.200, 1.225, 2.15, 3.05,
3.20, 3.40, 3.50, 3.55, 3.60,
3.65, 3.70, 3.75, 3.80, 5.25, 7.55
New South Wales v Kable (Kable No 2) (2013) 252 CLR 118; [2013] HCA 26 ..............1.235, 6.10
Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth
(1997) 190 CLR 513 .......................................................................1.230, 12.25, 12.35, 12.50, 12.55
Ngo Ngo Ha v NSW (1997) 189 CLR 465 ...........1.180, 5.90, 9.15, 9.20, 9.35, 9.40, 9.65, 9.70, 9.75
Nicholas v Commonwealth (2011) 244 CLR 66 .............................................................................6.85
Nicholas v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 173 ...................................................................... 6.110, 6.165
Nintendo v Centronic (1994) 181 CLR 134 ......................................................................12.40, 12.50
Nolan, Re; Ex parte Young (1991) 172 CLR 460 ............................................................................6.85

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 xx Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View

Northern Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency Ltd v Northern

Territory (2015) 256 CLR 569 ....................................................... 6.112, 6.125, 6.145, 6.150, 6.175
North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Services v Bradley (2004) 218 CLR 146 ..................6.175
Northern Suburbs General Cemetery Reserve Trust v Commonwealth
(1993) 176 CLR 555 ......................................................................................................................2.20
Northern Territory of Australia v Arnhem Land Aboriginal Land Trust
(2008) 236 CLR 24 ......................................................................................................................14.35
Nulyarimma v Thompson (1999) 96 FCR 153 ...................................................................4.70, 14.35

O’Sullivan v Noarlunga Meat Ltd (1954) 92 CLR 565 ..............................................2.30, 7.40, 7.60
O’Sullivan v Noarlunga Meat Ltd (No 2) (1956) 94 CLR 367 .....................................................7.60
Oates v Attorney-​General (2003) 214 CLR 496 .............................................................................5.45

PJ Magennis Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1949) 80 CLR 382 ..........................................10.35, 12.20

PMA ............................................................................... see Victoria v Commonwealth and Connor
Pacific Coal Pty Ltd, Re; Ex Parte Construction, Mining and Energy
Union (2000) 203 CLR 346 ................................................................................................3.55, 3.60
Palmer v Ayres (2017) 259 CLR 478 .......................................................................................6.10, 6.40
Palmdale AGCI v Workers Compensation Commission (NSW) (1978) 140 CLR 236 .............7.55
Pape v FCT (2009) 238 CLR 1 .......1.200, 4.45, 4.60, 4.65, 5.35, 5.70, 5.75, 5.85, 10.50, 10.55, 10.60
Parton v Milk Board (Victoria) (1949) 80 CLR 229 ..........................................9.20, 9.25, 9.30, 9.35,
9.40, 9.50, 9.65, 9.70, 9.75
Patterson, Ex parte Taylor, Re (2001) 207 CLR 391 .....................................................................1.220
Payroll Tax case .................................................................................. see Victoria v Commonwealth
Peanut Board v Rockhampton Harbour Board (1933) 48 CLR 266 .......................................... 11.20
Pearce v Florenca (1976) 135 CLR 507 ..................................................................................1.75, 4.10
Permanent Trustee Australia Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue
(2004) 220 CLR 388 ...................................................................................................................14.45
Permewan Wright Consolidated Pty Ltd v Trewhitt (1979) 145 CLR 1 ......................... 2.30, 11.25
Peterswald v Bartley (1904) 1 CLR 497 ..............................................................9.25, 9.35, 9.50, 9.70
Pharmaceutical Benefits case ....................... see A-​G for Victoria (Ex rel Dale) v Commonwealth
Philip Morris Ltd v Commissioner of Business Franchises
(1989) 167 CLR 399 ............................................................................... 9.55, 9.60, 9.65, 9.70, 11.45
Pirrie v McFarlane (1925) 36 CLR 170 ................................................................8.60, 8.65, 8.80, 8.85
Plantiff M68/​2015 v Minister for Immigration and Border
Protection (2016) 257 CLR 42 .........................................................................................5.63, 6.150
Plaintiff M76-​2013 v Minister for Immigration, Multicultural
Affairs and Citizenship (2013) 251 CLR 322 .....................................................1.15, 1.220, 6.150
Plaintiff S4/2014 v Minister for Immigration (2014) 253 CLR 219 ...........................................6.150
Plaintiff S156/2013 v Commonwealth (2014) 254 CLR 28 ..........................................................2.55
Plaintiff S157/​2002 v Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476 ................................................1.20, 6.10
Plaintiff S195/2016 v Minister of Immigration and Border Protection
(2017) 261 CLR 622 ............................................................................................................................... 4.30
Polites v Commonwealth (1945) 70 CLR 60 ................................................................................1.230
Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (1991) 172 CLR 501 ............................................4.10, 6.10, 6.160
Port MacDonnell Professional Fisherman’s Association Inc v
South Australia (1989) 168 CLR 340 ..............................................................................1.165, 4.10

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 Table of Cases xxi

Precision Data Holdings Ltd v Wills (1991) 173 CLR 167 .................................................6.30, 6.45
Project Blue Sky v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 .............................6.10
Province of Bombay v Municipal Corporation of Bombay [1947] AC 58 .................................5.90
Public Service Association of SA v Industrial Relations Commission
of SA (2012) 249 CLR 398; [2012] HCA 25 ...................................................................1.235, 6.120
Putland v The Queen (2004) 218 CLR 174 ...................................................................................6.165
Pye v Renshaw (1951) 84 CLR 58 ..................................................................................................10.35

Queensland v Commonwealth (Second Territorial Senators case)

(1977) 139 CLR 585 .............................................................................................1.100, 1.195, 1.220
Queensland Electricity Commission v Commonwealth
(1985) 159 CLR 192 .................................................. 8.10, 8.35, 8.40, 8.45, 8.50, 8.85, 11.35, 14.45
Queensland Nickel v Commonwealth (2015) 255 CLR 252 .....................................................14.45

R v Archdall and Roskruge (1928) 41 CLR 128 ...........................................................................12.65

R v Barger (1908) 6 CLR 41 ................................................................................2.10, 2.15, 2.20, 14.40
R v Bernasconi (1915) 19 CLR 629 .....................................................................................1.135, 12.65
R v Bevan; Ex parte Elias and Gordon (1942) 66 CLR 453 ..........................................................6.85
R v Burah (1878) 3 App Cas 889 ......................................................................................................1.75
R v Burgess; Ex parte Henry (1936) 55 CLR 608 ...............................................2.30, 4.35, 4.55, 4.60
R v Coldham; Ex parte Australian Social Welfare Union (1993) 153 CLR 297 .........................8.50
R v Connare; Ex parte Wawn (1939) 61 CLR 596 ........................................................................ 11.75
R v Cox, ex parte Smith (1945) 71 CLR 1 .......................................................................................6.85
R v Credit Tribunal; Ex parte General Motors Acceptance Corp
(1977) 137 CLR 54 ..............................................................................................................7.55, 7.65
R v Davison (1954) 90 CLR 353 .............................................................................................6.25, 6.40
R v Duncan; Ex parte Australian Iron and Steel Pty Ltd
(1983) 158 CLR 535 ......................................................................................................................5.80
R v Federal Court of Bankruptcy; Ex parte Lowenstein (1938) 59 CLR 556 ..........................12.65
R v Hughes (2000) 202 CLR 535 ..........................................................................3.70, 5.75, 5.80, 5.85
R v Joske; Ex parte Australian Building Construction Employees and
Builders Labourers Federation (1974) 130 CLR 87 .................................................................6.70
R v Joske; Ex parte Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association
(1976) 135 CLR 194 ......................................................................................................................6.95
R v Judges of Federal Court and Adamson; Ex Parte Western Australian National
Football League and West Perth Football Club (1979) 143 CLR 190 ...................................3.25
R v Kidman (1915) 20 CLR 425 ......................................................................................................6.160
R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers Society of Australia (Boilermakers case)
(1956) 94 CLR 254 ...............................................................................1.225, 6.65, 6.70, 6.95, 6.100
R v Licensing Court of Brisbane; Ex parte Daniell (1920) 28 CLR 23 ........................................7.25
R v Loewenthal; Ex parte Blacklock (1974) 131 CLR 338 ..................................................7.60, 7.65
R v Ng (2003) 217 CLR 521 ............................................................................................................12.65
R v Pearson; Ex parte Sipka (1983) 152 CLR 254 ..........................................................1.150, 12.105
R v Quinn; Ex parte Consolidated Foods (1977) 138 CLR 1 .............................................6.35, 6.40
R v Richards; Ex parte Fitzpatrick and Browne (1955) 92 CLR 157 ...........................................6.85
R v Secretary of State for Transport; Ex parte Factortame Ltd (No 2)
[1991] 1 AC 603 ............................................................................................................................1.15

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 xxii Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View

R v Sharkey (1949) 79 CLR 121 ............................................................................4.15, 5.60, 5.70, 5.75

R v Smithers; Ex parte Benson (1912) 16 CLR 99 ........................................................................ 11.75
R v Spicer; Ex parte Australian Builders’ Labourers’ Federation
(1957) 100 CLR 277 .....................................................................................................................6.30
R v Spicer; Ex parte Waterside Workers Federation (1957) 100 CLR 312 .................................6.30
R v Sutton (1908) 5 CLR 789 ............................................................................................................8.15
R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR 1 ...............................................................................................................4.55
R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte St George County Council
(1974) 130 CLR 533 .....................................................................................................................3.25
R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte Tasmanian Breweries Pty Ltd
(1970) 123 CLR 361 ...................................................................................................6.30, 6.35, 6.40
R v White; Ex parte Byrnes (1963) 109 CLR 665 ...........................................................................6.85
R v Winneke; Ex parte Gallagher (1982) 152 CLR 211 .................................................................7.65
R v Young [1995] QB 324 ................................................................................................................12.65
R (Bancoult) v Foreign Secretary (no 2) [2008] 3 WLR 955 .........................................................5.45
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2016]
EWHC 2768 (Admin) ..................................................................................................................1.15
R (ProLife Alliance) v British Broadcasting Corporation [2004] 1 AC 185 ..............................13.35
Railway Servants’ case .................................................. see Federated Amalgamated Government
Railway & Tramway Service Association v New South Wales Railway Traffic Employees
Association
Residential Tenancies Tribunal (NSW), Re; Ex parte Defence Housing
Authority (1997) 190 CLR 410 ...............................................................5.90, 7.60, 8.80, 8.85, 8.90
Richardson v Forestry Commission (1988) 164 CLR 261 .................................4.35, 4.45, 4.55, 8.45
Roach v Electoral Commissioner (2007) 233 CLR 162 ........................................1.180, 13.60, 13.70
Rola Company (Australia) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1944) 69 CLR 185 ......................6.15, 6.20
Rowan v United States Post Office Department 397 US 728 ...................................................13.35
Rowe v Electoral Commissioner (2010) 243 CLR 1 .................................. 11.55, 13.70, 14.60, 14.70
Roy Morgan Research v FCT (2011) 244 CLR 97 ..........................................................................9.10
Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney v Attorney-​General (NSW)
(1938) 60 CLR 396 ......................................................................................................................13.45
Ruddock v Vadarlis (2001) 110 FCR 491 .....................................................................5.45, 5.60, 5.63

SGH v Commissioner of Taxation (2002) 210 CLR 51 ................................................................1.185

Sachter v Attorney-General (Cth) (1954) 94 CLR 86 .................................................................12.65
Seas and Submerged Lands case .................................... see New South Wales v Commonwealth
Second Fringe Benefits Tax case ........................ see State Chamber of Commerce and Industry v
Commonwealth
Second Territorial Senators case ................................................ see Queensland v Commonwealth
Second Uniform Tax case .................................................................. see Victoria v Commonwealth
Shaw v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs
(2003) 218 CLR 28 ..........................................................................................................1.170, 1.220
Shaw Savill and Albion Co Ltd v Commonwealth (1940) 66 CLR 344 .....................................8.75
Shell Co of Australia Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1930) 44 CLR 530 ................6.20
Shipwrecks case .................................................................................. see Victoria v Commonwealth
Singh v Commonwealth (2004) 222 CLR 322 ..............................................................................1.200
Smith v ANL Ltd (2000) 204 CLR 493 .............................................12.10, 12.20, 12.25, 12.30, 12.45
Snowdon v Dondas (No 2) (1996) 188 CLR 48 ............................................................................13.70
South Australia v Commonwealth (First Uniform Tax case)
(1942) 65 CLR 373 ...........................................................................1.180, 2.20, 10.30, 10.35, 14.75

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 Table of Cases xxiii

South Australia v Totani (2010) 242 CLR 1 ............................................... 1.180, 6.112, 6.115, 6.125,
6.140, 6.180
Sportsbet v NSW (2012) 249 CLR 298 ............................................................................... 11.65, 11.80
Spratt v Hermes (1965) 114 CLR 226 ................................................................................6.175, 12.65
State Authorities Superannuation Board v Commissioner of
State Taxation (WA) (1996) 189 CLR 253 ........................................................................4.10, 5.90
State Banking case .................................................. see Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth
State Chamber of Commerce and Industry v Commonwealth
(Second Fringe Benefits Tax case) (1987) 163 CLR 329 ...........................................................2.20
State Public Services Federation, Re; Ex parte Attorney-​General
(WA) (1993) 178 CLR 249 ............................................................................................................8.50
State Superannuation Board v Trade Practices Commission
(1982) 150 CLR 282 .............................................................................................................3.30, 3.35
Stenhouse v Coleman (1944) 69 CLR 457 ......................................................................................2.50
Stephens v West Australian Newspapers (1994) 182 CLR 211 .........................1.180, 13.15, 13.20,
13.35, 13.45, 13.75
Stock Motor Ploughs Ltd v Forsyth (1932) 48 CLR 128 ...............................................................7.70
Stolen Generation case ........................................................................see Kruger v Commonwealth
Street v Queensland Bar Association (1989) 168 CLR 461 .....................12.05, 12.95, 12.100, 14.45
Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd (Concrete Pipes case)
(1971) 124 CLR 468 ...................................................................................................3.05, 3.10, 3.70
Sue v Hill (1999) 199 CLR 462 ...........................................................................................1.170, 1.200
Sweedman v Transport Accident Commission (2006) 226 CLR 362 ...................4.10, 12.95, 14.45
Swift Australian Co Pty Ltd v Boyd-​Parkinson (1962) 108 CLR 189 .........................................2.30
Sykes v Cleary (No 2) (1992) 176 CLR 77 .....................................................................................1.225

T A Robinson & Sons Pty Ltd v Haylor (1957) 97 CLR 177 ........................................................7.60
TCL Air Conditioner (Zhongshan) Co Ltd v Federal Court
(2013) 251 CLR 533 ......................................................................................................................6.40
Tasmanian Dam case .......................................................................see Commonwealth v Tasmania
Tajjour v NSW (2014) 254 CLR 508 .........................................................................13.35, 13.55, 14.85
Telstra Corporation v Commonwealth (2008) 234 CLR 210 .....................................................12.35
Telstra Corporation Ltd v Worthing (1999) 197 CLR 61 ..............................................................7.70
Teori Tau v Commonwealth (1969) 119 CLR 564 ............................................................1.135, 12.55
Territorial Senators case (First) .......................................see Western Australia v Commonwealth
Territorial Senators case (Second) ............................................ see Queensland v Commonwealth
Theophanous v Commonwealth (2006) 225 CLR 101 .........................................12.40, 13.20, 13.30
Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104 ..........................1.180, 1.200,
13.15, 13.20, 13.35, 13.50, 13.75
Thomas v Mowbray (2007) 233 CLR 307 .............................................1.180, 1.230, 2.50, 4.15, 4.50,
6.10, 6.30, 6.35, 6.40, 6.112,
6.140, 6.150, 13.10
Thompson, Re; Ex parte Nulyarimma (1998) 148 FLR 285 .......................................................14.35
Tickner v Chapman (1995) 57 FCR 451 ........................................................................................14.30
Toonen v Australia (1994) 1(3) International Human Rights Reports 97 ..................................4.25
Townsville Hospitals Board v Townsville City Council
(1982) 149 CLR 282 ......................................................................................................................5.90
Tracey, Re; Ex parte Ryan (1989) 166 CLR 518 ..............................................................................6.85
Trade Practices Commission v Tooth & Co Ltd (1979) 142 CLR 397 .......................................12.25
Tyler, Re; Ex parte Foley (1994) 181 CLR 18 ..................................................................................6.85

1234567891234_Book.indb 23 14-Jun-19 11:42:20 AM

 xxiv Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View

Uebergang v Australian Wheat Board (1980) 145 CLR 266 .......................................... 11.25, 11.50
Uniform Tax case (First) ......................................................see South Australia v Commonwealth
Uniform Tax case (Second) .............................................................. see Victoria v Commonwealth
Union Steamship Co of Australia Pty Ltd v King (1988) 166 CLR 1 ......................1.15, 1.75, 4.10
Unions NSW v NSW (Unions NSW [No 1]) (2013) 252 CLR 530 .................................13.30, 14.85
University of Wollongong v Metwally (1984) 158 CLR 447 ........................................................7.55
Uther v FCT (1947) 74 CLR 509 ...........................................................................8.60, 8.65, 8.70, 8.85

Vadarlis v MIMIA and Others, M/93/2001, 27 November 2001 ...............................................5.60

Vasiljkovic v Commonwealth (2006) 227 CLR 614 .......................................................................4.15
Veen v The Queen (No 2) (1988) 164 CLR 465 ............................................................................6.150
Victoria v Australian Building Construction Employees and
Builders Labourers Federation (1982) 152 CLR 25 .................................................................8.85
Victoria v Commonwealth (Federal Roads case) (1926) 38 CLR 399 ............................10.25, 10.35
Victoria v Commonwealth (ILO case) (1996) 187 CLR 416 ............................4.10, 4.45, 4.50, 4.55,
4.60, 8.50
Victoria v Commonwealth (Payroll Tax case) (1971) 122 CLR 353 ................2.15, 2.20, 8.30, 8.50
Victoria v Commonwealth (Second Uniform Tax case)
(1957) 99 CLR 575 ............................................1.180, 2.35, 2.45, 10.25, 10.30, 10.35, 14.60, 14.75
Victoria v Commonwealth (Shipwrecks case) (1937) 58 CLR 618 ..................7.40, 7.45, 7.55, 7.60
Victoria v Commonwealth and Connor (“PMA”) (1975) 134 CLR 81 .....................................1.105
Victoria v Commonwealth and Hayden (AAP case) (1975) 134 CLR 338 ......................5.70, 5.75,
10.50, 10.55
Victorian Chamber of Manufactures v The Commonwealth (1943) 67 CLR 413 .....................2.50
Victorian Council of Civil Liberties v Minister for Immigration and
Multicultural Affairs (2001) 110 FCR 452 .................................................................................5.60
Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Co v Dignan (1931) 46 CLR 73 ....................5.25
Viskauskas v Niland (1983) 153 CLR 280 ...................................................................7.55, 7.60, 7.65
Visnic v Australian Securities and Investments Commission
(2007) 231 CLR 381 ......................................................................................................................6.45

W & A McArthur Ltd v Queensland (1920) 28 CLR 530 ...................................... 2.30, 11.15, 11.25
W R Moran Pty Ltd v DFCT (NSW) (1940) 63 CLR 338 ............................................................10.35
WA v Chamberlain Industries Pty Ltd (1970) 121 CLR 1 ............................................................9.35
WA v Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd (1969) 120 CLR 42 ........................................................................9.35
Wainohu v NSW (2011) 243 CLR 181 ............. 1.180, 6.100, 6.112, 6.115, 6.130, 6.140, 6.180, 13.55
Wakim, Re; Ex parte McNally (1999) 198 CLR 511 .........................................6.70, 6.75, 6.95, 6.180
Walker v NSW (1994) 182 CLR 45 .......................................................................................1.65, 14.15
Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR 349 ....................................................14.50
Waterside Workers’ Federation of Australia v J W Alexander Ltd
(1918) 25 CLR 434 ............................................................................................6.15, 6.35, 6.60, 6.65
Welker v Hewett (1969) 120 CLR 503 .............................................................................................4.10
Wenn v Attorney-​General for Victoria (1948) 77 CLR 84 .........................................7.15, 7.55, 7.60
West v Commissioner of Taxation (1937) 56 CLR 657 ..................................................................7.55

1234567891234_Book.indb 24 14-Jun-19 11:42:20 AM

 Table of Cases xxv

Western Australia v Commonwealth (First Territorial Senators case)

(1975) 134 CLR 201 ...........................................................1.100, 1.105, 1.185, 1.190, 1.195, 1.200,
1.205, 1.210, 1.215, 1.220, 13.65
Western Australia v Commonwealth (Native Title Act case)
(1995) 183 CLR 373 ........................................................................................7.30, 7.55, 8.50, 14.30
Wheat case ................................................................................................see NSW v Commonwealth
White v Director of Military Prosecutions (2007) 231 CLR 570 ..................................................6.85
Wik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 187 CLR 1 .............................................................................1.180
Wilkie v Cormann (2017) 91 ALJR 1035; 349 ALR 1 .......................................................10.50, 10.55
Williams v Commonwealth (2012) 248 CLR 156 ....................................................1.100, 5.50, 5.55,
5.70, 5.85, 10.50, 10.55, 12.90
Williams v Commonwealth (No 2) (2014) 252 CLR 416 ........................3.75, 5.55, 5.70, 5.85, 10.55
Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs
(Hindmarsh Island case) (1996) 189 CLR 1 ..........................................6.100, 6.110, 6.112, 6.115,
6.130, 6.140, 6.160, 14.30
Woolley, Re; Ex parte Applicants M276/​2003 by their next friend GS
(2004) 225 CLR 1 ........................................................................................................................6.150
Work Choices case ............................................................. see New South Wales v Commonwealth
Wotton v Queensland (2012) 246 CLR 1 ....................................................13.30, 13.35, 13.45, 13.75
Wragg v NSW (1953) 88 CLR 353 ....................................................................................... 2.30, 11.25
Wurridjal v Commonwealth (2009) 237 CLR 309 ....................................1.135, 12.15, 12.35, 12.45,
12.55, 12.60, 14.30

XYZ v Commonwealth (2006) 227 CLR 532 ......................................................................1.200, 4.10

Yanner v Eaton (1999) 201 CLR 351 ................................................................................................7.65

Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria (2002) 214 CLR 422 ..............................14.15, 14.20

Zarb v Kennedy (1968) 121 CLR 283 ............................................................................................12.65

1234567891234_Book.indb 25 14-Jun-19 11:42:20 AM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"It's got to be something universal," I told Rizzo. "Something
universal ... in the widest sense of the term."
He looked up from his desk, which was wedged in between the end
of his bunk and the curving dome wall. The desk was littered with
printout sheets from the computer, each one of them part of the
message.
"You've only said that a half-million times in the past couple weeks.
What the hell is universal? If you can figure that out, you're damned
good."
What is universal? I wondered. You're an astronomer. You look out
at the universe. What do you see? I thought about it. What do I see?
Stars, gas, dust clouds, planets ... what's universal about them?
What do they all have that....
"Atoms!" I blurted.
Rizzo cocked a weary eye at me. "Atoms?"
"Atoms. Elements. Look...." I grabbed up a fistful of the sheets and
thumbed through them. "Look ... each message starts with a list of
numbers. Then there's a long blank to separate the opening list from
the rest of the message. See? Every time, the same length list."
"So?"
"The periodic table of the elements!" I shouted into his ear. "That's
the key!"
Rizzo shook his head. "I thought of that two days ago. No soap. In
the first place, the list that starts each message isn't always the
same. It's the same length, all right, but the numbers change. In the
second place, it always begins with 100000. I looked up the atomic
weight of hydrogen—it's 1.008 something."
That stopped me for a moment. But then something clicked into
place in my mind.
"Why is the hydrogen weight 1.008?" Before Rizzo could answer, I
went on, "For two reasons. The system we use arbitrarily rates
oxygen as 16-even. Right? All the other weights are calculated from
oxygen's. And we also give the average weight of an element,
counting all its isotopes. Our weight for hydrogen also includes an
adjustment for tiny amounts of deuterium and tritium. Right? Well,
suppose they have a system that rates hydrogen as a flat one:
1.00000. Doesn't that make sense?"
"You're getting punchy," Rizzo grumbled. "What about the isotopes?
How can they expect us to handle decimal points if they don't tell us
about them ... mental telepathy? What about...."
"Stop arguing and start calculating," I snapped. "Change that list of
numbers to agree with our periodic table. Change 1.00000 to 1.008-
whatever-it-is and tackle the next few elements. The decimals
shouldn't be so hard to figure out."
Rizzo grumbled to himself, but started working out the calculations. I
stepped over to the dome's microspool library and found an
elementary physics text. Within a few minutes, Rizzo had some
numbers and I had the periodic table focused on the microspool
reading machine.
"Nothing," Rizzo said, leaning over my shoulder and looking at the
screen. "They don't match at all."
"Try another list. They're not all the same."
He shrugged and returned to his desk. After a while he called out,
"their second number is 3.97123; it works out to 4.003-something."
It checked! "Good. That's helium. What about the next one, lithium?"
"That's 6.940."
"Right!"
Rizzo went to work furiously after that. I pushed a chair to the desk
and began working up from the end of the list. It all checked out,
from hydrogen to a few elements beyond the artificial ones that had
been created in the laboratories here on Earth.
"That's it," I said. "That's the key. That's our Rosetta Stone ... the
periodic table."
Rizzo stared at the scribbled numbers and jumble of papers. "I bet I
know what the other lists are ... the ones that don't make sense."
"Oh?"
"There are other ways to identify the elements ... vibration
resonances, quantum wavelengths ... somebody named Lewis came
out a couple years ago with a Quantum Periodic Table...."
"They're covering all the possibilities. There are messages for many
different levels of understanding. We just decoded the simplest one."
"Yeah."
I noticed that as he spoke, Rizzo's hand—still tightly clutching the
pencil—was trembling and white with tension.
"Well?"
Rizzo licked his lips. "Let's get to work."

We were like two men possessed. Eating, sleeping, even talking was
ignored completely as we waded through the hundreds of sheets of
paper. We could decode only a small percentage of them, but they
still represented many hours of communication. The sheets that we
couldn't decode, we suspected, were repetitions of the same
message that we were working on.
We lost all concept of time. We must have slept, more than once, but
I simply don't remember. All I can recall is thousands of numbers,
row upon row, sheet after sheet of numbers ... and my pencil
scratching symbols of the various chemical elements over them until
my hand was so cramped I could no longer open the fingers.
The message consisted of a long series of formulas; that much was
certain. But, without punctuation, with no knowledge of the symbols
that denote even such simple things as "plus" or "equals" or "yields,"
it took us more weeks of hard work to unravel the sense of each
equation. And even then, there was more to the message than met
the eye:
"Just what the hell are they driving at?" Rizzo wondered aloud. His
face had changed: it was thinner, hollow-eyed, weary, covered with a
scraggly beard.
"Then you think there's a meaning behind all these equations, too?"
He nodded. "It's a message, not just a contact. They're going to an
awful lot of trouble to beam out this message, and they're repeating
it every seven hours. They haven't added anything new in the weeks
we've been watching."
"I wonder how many years or centuries they've been sending out this
message, waiting for someone to pick it up, looking for someone to
answer them."
"Maybe we should call Washington...."
"No!"
Rizzo grinned. "Afraid of breaking radio silence?"
"Hell no. I just want to wait until we're relieved, so we can make this
announcement in person. I'm not going to let some old wheezer in
Washington get credit for this.... Besides, I want to know just what
they're trying to tell us."
It was agonizing, painstaking work. Most of the formulas meant
nothing to either one of us. We had to ransack the dome's meager
library of microspools to piece them together. They started simply
enough—basic chemical combinations: carbon and two oxygens
yield CO2; two hydrogens and oxygen give water. A primer ... not of
words, but of equations.
The equations became steadily longer and more complex. Then,
abruptly, they simplified, only to begin a new deepening, simplify
again, and finally become very complicated just at the end. The last
few lines were obviously repetitious.
Gradually, their meaning became clear to us.
The first set of equations started off with simple, naturally-occurring
energy yielding formulas. The oxidation of cellulose (we found the
formula for that in an organic chemistry text left behind by one of the
dome's previous occupants), which probably referred to the burning
of plants and vegetation. A string of formulas that had groupings in
them that I dimly recognized as amino acids—no doubt something to
do with digesting food. There were many others, including a few that
Rizzo claimed had the expression for chlorophyll in them.
"Naturally-occurring, energy-yielding reactions," Rizzo summarized.
"They're probably trying to describe the biological set-up on their
planet."
It seemed an inspired guess.

The second set of equations again began with simple formulas. The
cellulose-burning reaction appeared again, but this time it was
followed by equations dealing with the oxidation of hydrocarbons:
coal and oil burning? A long series of equations that bore repeatedly
the symbols for many different metals came up next, followed by
more on hydrocarbons, and then a string of formulas that we couldn't
decipher at all.
This time it was my guess: "These look like energy-yielding
reactions, too. At least in the beginning. But they don't seem to be
naturally occurring types. Then comes a long story about metals.
They're trying to tell us the history of their technological development
—burning wood, coal and eventually oil; smelting metals ... they're
showing us how they developed their technology."
The final set of equations began with an ominous simplicity: a short
series of very brief symbols that had the net result of four hydrogen
atoms building into a helium atom. Nuclear fusion.
"That's the proton-proton reaction," I explained to Rizzo. "The type of
fusion that goes on in the Sun."
The next series of equations spelled out the more complex carbon-
nitrogen cycle of nuclear fusion, which was probably the primary
energy source of their own Cepheid variable star. Then came a long
series of equations that we couldn't decode in detail, but the symbols
for uranium and plutonium, and some of the heavier elements, kept
cropping up.
Then came one line that told us the whole story: the lithium-hydride
equation—nuclear fusion bombs.
The equations went on to more complex reactions, formulas that no
man on Earth had ever seen before. They were showing us the
summation of their knowledge, and they had obviously been dealing
with nuclear energies for much longer than we have on Earth.
But interspersed among the new equations, they repeated a set of
formulas that always began with the lithium-hydride fusion reaction.
The message ended in a way that wrenched my stomach: the fusion
bomb reaction and its cohorts were repeated ten straight times.

I'm not sure of what day it was on the calendar, but the clock on the
master control console said it was well past eleven.
Rizzo rubbed a weary hand across his eyes. "Well, what do you
think?"
"It's pretty obvious," I said. "They have the bombs. They've had them
for quite some time. They must have a lot of other weapons, too—
more ... advanced. They're trying to tell us their history with the
equations. First they depended on natural sources of energy, plants
and animals; then they developed artificial energy sources and built
up a technology; finally they discovered nuclear energy."
"How long do you think they've had the bombs?"
"Hard to tell. A generation ... a century. What difference does it
make? They have them. They probably thought, at first, that they
could learn to live with them ... but imagine what it must be like to
have those weapons at your fingertips ... for a century. Forever. Now
they're so scared of them that they're beaming their whole history out
into space, looking for someone to tell them how to live with the
bombs, how to avoid using them."
"You could be wrong," Rizzo said. "They could be boasting about
their arsenal."
"Why? For what reason? No ... the way they keep repeating those
last equations. They're pleading for help."
Rizzo turned to the oscilloscope. It was flickering again.
"Think it's the same thing?"
"No doubt. You're taping it anyway, aren't you?"
"Yeah, sure. Automatically."
Suddenly, in mid-flight, the signal winked off. The pulsations didn't
simply smooth out into a steady line, as they had before. The screen
simply went dead.
"That's funny," Rizzo said, puzzled. He checked the oscilloscope.
"Nothing wrong here. Something must've happened to the
telescope."
Suddenly I knew what had happened. "Take the spectrometer off and
turn on the image-amplifier," I told him.
I knew what we would see. I knew why the oscilloscope beam had
suddenly gone off scale. And the knowledge was making me sick.
Rizzo removed the spectrometer set-up and flicked the switch that
energized the image-amplifier's viewscreen.
"Holy God!"
The dome was flooded with light. The star had exploded.
"They had the bombs all right," I heard myself saying. "And they
couldn't prevent themselves from using them. And they had a lot
more, too. Enough to push their star past its natural limits."
Rizzo's face was etched in the harsh light.
"I've gotta get out of here," he muttered, looking all around the
cramped dome. "I've gotta get back to my wife and find someplace
where it's safe...."
"Someplace?" I asked, staring at the screen. "Where?"

THE END

[1] Astronomers have been able, since about 1910, to estimate

the distances of Cepheid variable stars by timing their pulsations.
The length of this type of star's pulsation is a true measure of its
intrinsic brightness. Comparing the star's actual brightness to its
apparent brightness, as seen from Earth, gives a good value for
the star's distance.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANSWER,
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