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 Contents v

Chapter 16 Wave Motion and Sound 425

16.1 Characteristics of Waves 425
16.2 Electromagnetic Waves 433
16.3 Sound Waves 436
16.4 The Doppler Effect 439
16.5 Resonance 442
16.6 Simple Harmonic Motion 444

Chapter 17 Basic Electricity 451

17.1 Electric Charges 451
17.2 Induction 453
17.3 Coulomb’s Law 455
17.4 Electric Fields 457
17.5 Simple Circuits 460
17.6 Ohm’s Law 465
17.7 Series Circuits 468
17.8 Parallel Circuits 472
17.9 Compound Circuits 478
17.10 Electric Instruments 483
17.11 Voltage Sources 487
17.12 Cells in Series and Parallel 488
17.13 Electric Power 491

Chapter 18 Magnetism 502

18.1 Introduction to Magnetism 502
18.2 Magnetic Effects of Current 506
18.3 Induced Magnetism and Electromagnets 511
18.4 Induced Current 512
18.5 Generators 514
18.6 The Motor Principle 517
18.7 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charged Particles 520

Chapter 19 Alternating Current Electricity 524

19.1 What is Alternating Current? 524
19.2 ac Power 528
19.3 Inductance 537
19.4 Inductance and Resistance in Series 540
19.5 Capacitance 543
19.6 Capacitance and Resistance in Series 545
19.7 Capacitance, Inductance, and Resistance in Series 547
19.8 Resonance 549
19.9 Rectification and Amplification 551
19.10 Commercial Generator Power Output 553

Chapter 20 Light 559

20.1 Nature of Light 559
20.2 The Speed of Light 564
20.3 Light as a Wave 566
20.4 Light as a Particle 568
20.5 Photometry 570

Chapter 21 Reflection and Refraction 576

21.1 Mirrors and Images 576
21.2 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors 579
21.3 Images Formed by Concave Mirrors 580
21.4 Images Formed by Convex Mirrors 582
21.5 The Mirror Formula 583
21.6 The Law of Refraction 585
21.7 Total Internal Reflection 589
21.8 Types of Lenses 592
vi Contents

21.9 Images Formed by Converging Lenses 593

21.10 Images Formed by Diverging Lenses 595

Chapter 22 Color 602

22.1 The Color of Light 602
22.2 Diffraction of Light 610
22.3 Interference 611
22.4 Polarization of Light 613

Chapter 23 Survey of Modern Physics 619

23.1 Quantum Theory 619
23.2 The Atom 620
23.3 Atomic Structure and Atomic Spectra 621
23.4 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Properties 624
23.5 The Nucleus—Structure and Properties 626
23.6 Nuclear Mass and Binding Energy 629
23.7 Radioactive Decay 632
23.8 Nuclear Reactions—Fission and Fusion 637
23.9 Detection and Measurement of Radiation 638
23.10 Radiation Penetrating Power 640

Chapter 24 Special and General Relativity 646

24.1 Albert Einstein 646
24.2 Special Theory of Relativity 647
24.3 Space-Time 650
24.4 General Theory of Relativity 651

Appendix A Mathematics Review 655

A.1 Signed Numbers 655
A.2 Powers of 10 658
A.3 Solving Linear Equations 660
A.4 Solving Quadratic Equations 664
A.5 Right-Triangle Trigonometry 667
A.6 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines 673

Appendix B Problem-Solving Strategy: Dimensional

and Unit Analysis 682
B.1 Dimensional Analysis 682
B.2 Unit Analysis and Conversion Factors 683

Appendix C Tables 686

Table 1 U.S. Weights and Measures 686
Table 2 Conversion Table for Length 686
Table 3 Conversion Table for Area 686
Table 4 Conversion Table for Volume 687
Table 5 Conversion Table for Mass 687
Table 6 Conversion Table for Density 687
Table 7 Conversion Table for Time 688
Table 8 Conversion Table for Speed 688
Table 9 Conversion Table for Force 688
Table 10 Conversion Table for Power 688
Table 11 Conversion Table for Pressure 689
Table 12 Mass and Weight Density 689
Table 13 Specific Gravity of Certain Liquids 690
Table 14 Conversion Table for Energy, Work, and Heat 690
Table 15 Heat Constants 690
Table 16 Coefficient of Linear Expansion 691
Table 17 Coefficient of Volume Expansion 691
Table 18 Charge 691
Table 19 Relationships of Metric SI Base and Derived Units 692
 Contents vii

Table 20 Electric Symbols 693

Table 21 Periodic Table 694
Table 22 The Greek Alphabet 695

Appendix D Scientific Calculator 696

D.1 Scientific Notation 696
D.2 Squares and Square Roots 697
D.3 Trigonometric Operations 698
D.4 Finding a Power 700

Appendix E Glossary 703

Appendix F Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems and to All Chapter

Review Questions and Problems 712

Index 749
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 P r e f a C e

New to This Edition

● All art has been reviewed, evaluated, and redrawn in four-color as appropriate.
● The new feature “Physics on the Job” highlights real jobs where people use physics
in their career. Understanding the connection between physics and various careers
provides additional relevance for the physics content highlighted in the respective
chapter.
● The new feature “New Technologies” provides up-to-date examples of how physics
concepts in the chapter are being utilized in cutting-edge research and products.
● A major effort was made on color photo selection to enhance student learning.
● Some examples and problems were added or changed based on recommendations
by reviewers.
● Section A.6 Law of Sines and Cosines has been moved back into the text from
online for those students who have completed a trigonometry course and need a
review.
Applied Physics, 11th edition, provides comprehensive and practical coverage of physics
for students needing an applied physics approach or considering a vocational–technical
career. It emphasizes physical concepts as applied to industrial–technical fields and
uses common applications to improve the physics and mathematics competence of the
student. This edition has been carefully reviewed, and special efforts have been taken
to emphasize the clarity and accuracy of presentation.
This text is divided into five major areas: mechanics, matter and heat, wave
motion and sound, electricity and magnetism, and light and modern physics.

Key Features
◆◆ Real-world applications are used to motivate students.
◆◆ Topic coverage is clear and to the point.
◆◆ A unique problem-solving format is consistently used throughout the text. This
textbook teaches students to use a proven effective problem-solving methodol-
ogy. The consistent use of this method trains students to make a sketch, identify
the data elements, select the appropriate equation, solve for the unknown quan-
tity, and substitute the data in the working equation. An icon that outlines the
method is placed in the margin of most problem sets as a reminder to students.
See Section 2.3 for the detailed presentation of the problem-solving method.
◆◆ Detailed, well-illustrated examples in the problem-solving format support student
understanding of skills and concepts. Worked examples are consistently displayed
in the problem-solving format and used to illustrate and clarify basic concepts and
problems. Since many students learn by example, a large number of examples are
provided.
◆◆ Problems and questions assist student learning, with extensive problem sets
at the end of most sections that provide students with ample opportunity for
practice.
◆◆ A four-color format with numerous drawings, diagrams, and photographs is used
to illustrate the application of physics in the real world and improve student inter-
est and comprehension.
◆◆ Try This Activity features provide students with opportunities to experiment with
physics concepts. Activities involve a demonstration or mini-activity that can be
performed by students on their own to experience a physics concept, allowing for
more active versus passive learning.

ix
x Preface

Examples of Key Features

CHAPTER 5
Chapter Openers
The chapter openers contain the learning objectives that list
the major goals of the chapter.
FORCE

Physics Connections
These features apply physics to familiar real-world situations
and events. These brief readings help students bridge the gap
between what is taught in the chapter and real-world technical
applications.

Objectives
P H Y S I C S C O N N E C T I O N S The major goals of this chapter are to enable you to: 4. Analyze forces in one dimension.
5. Distinguish among weight, mass, and gravity.
Global Positioning Satellites 1. Relate force and the law of inertia.
2. Apply the law of acceleration. 6. Analyze how the law of action and reaction is used.
Navigators continually struggle to find better tools to help them determine their location. The first explor- 3. Identify components of friction.
ers used the sun and stars to help them steer a straight course, but this method of navigation only worked

under clear skies. Magnetic compasses were developed yet could only be used to determine longitude,
not latitude. Finally, the mechanical clock, in conjunction with the compass, provided navigators with the
most accurate method of determining location. Today, most navigators use a handheld device that func-
tions in concert with a series of 24 orbiting satellites. This network, the Global Positioning System (GPS),
can determine your position and altitude anywhere on earth.
The GPS pinpoints your location by sending out radio signals to locate any 4 of the 24 orbiting GPS
satellites. Once the satellites are found, the GPS measures the length of time it takes for a radio signal to
reach the handheld receiver. When the time is determined for each of four satellites, the distance is calcu-
lated, and the longitude, latitude, and altitude are displayed on the screen [Fig. 3.39(a)].
The GPS was first developed solely for military use. Eventually, the GPS was made available for civil-
ian businesses. Shipping, airline, farming, surveying, and geological companies made use of the technology.
Today, GPS receivers are affordable and are used by the general public [Fig. 3.39(b)]. More sophisticated
receivers not only locate a position, but can also guide the navigator to a predetermined location. Several
automobile manufacturers have included GPS receivers as an option in their cars. Such receivers come com-
plete with voice commands, such as “Turn left at the next traffic light,” as part of their option packages.
C
lassical physics is sometimes called Newtonian physics in honor of Sir Isaac Newton, who lived from 1642
to 1727 and formulated three laws of motion that summarize much of the behavior of moving bodies.
Forces may cause motion. Inertia tends to resist the influence of an applied force. Forces, inertia, friction,
and how they relate to motion are considered now.
5.1 Force and the Law of Inertia
As discussed in the previous chapter, if an object changes its velocity, we say it acceler-
ates. But what causes an object to accelerate? Let’s take an example of a soccer ball
at rest on a field. What must you do to accelerate the ball? Similarly, if your car is
approaching a red stoplight, what must you do to make the car accelerate to rest? The
answer in both instances is to apply a force.
A force is any push or pull. Forces tend to either change the motion of an object
or prevent the object from changing its motion. Force is a vector quantity and there-
fore has both magnitude and direction. The force tends to produce acceleration in
the direction of its application. Therefore, if you want to accelerate the soccer ball,

Figure 3.39 (a) The screen on the GPS receiver shows the position and strength of the signal between the receiver
and the various satellites. At the time this photograph was taken, the receiver picked up 7 of the 12 overhead satel-
lites, bringing the precision to within 20 ft of the actual location. (b) Global Positioning Systems have allowed for an
enormous step forward in navigation. The GPS receiver shown has monitored and recorded precisely where the person
has traveled and is now helping the user find his way back to camp.

Try This Activity T R Y T H I S A C T I V I T Y

These activities provide students with opportunities to Air Hockey Physics

Physics laboratory experiments often use air
Figure 6.6 For collisions in one dimension, aim the puck
directly at the center of the stationary puck, as indicated by
the blue velocity vector in the photo.

experiment with physics concepts. Activities involve a dem- tracks or low-friction carts to study the conser-
vation of momentum throughout collisions. Air
hockey tables are typically more accessible for
onstration or mini-activity that can be performed by stu- students and provide the low-friction surface
that is needed to study the conservation of mo-

dents on their own to experience a physics concept, allowing mentum. If you have access to an air hockey
table, try the following collisions:
For elastic collisions, make sure that the
for active versus passive learning.
(a) (b)
pucks strike one another “head on” by aiming
one puck directly toward the center of a station-
ary puck (Fig. 6.6). Make observations about the
velocity of both pucks before and after the collision.
To observe an elastic collision for objects with different masses, place two pucks on top of one
another with some double-sided tape between them so they remain secure to one another. Repeat the
previous experiment by aiming a single puck at the doubled pucks and note the changes in velocity for
both sets of pucks before and after the collision.
For inelastic collisions, wrap some double-sided tape around the sides of each of two pucks so
they can stick together when they collide. Again, note the velocity of both pucks before and after the
collision.

N E W T E C H N O L O G I E S New Technologies
Tesla High-Performance Electric Automobile Provides up-to-date examples of how physics con-
Tesla is a unique automobile as it is considered to be the first-of-its-kind, fully electric and high-performance
electric vehicle. Prior to the Tesla, electric cars were hybrid vehicles that relied on a combination of elec- cepts in the chapter are being utilized in cutting-edge
tric power supplemented by gasoline. Until now, pure electric cars were not considered high-performance
model vehicles. research and products.
The brakes in a Tesla not only slow down the vehicle, but also utilize the energy transfer between
brakes and brake pads to create additional energy for the vehicle. This regenerative braking system shifts the
kinetic energy typically lost in braking and instead transfers it back to electrical energy for the automobile.
The Tesla Model S has designed a massive 1,000-lb bank of high-density, rechargeable lithium-ion bat-
teries, similar to those used in laptops or other mobile devices. Tesla suggests charging the vehicle overnight
in a home garage by plugging the vehicle into a standard 110 V or 220 V circuit. Charging speeds vary
between 29 mi of driving range per charging hour at 110 V to 58 mi of driving range per charging hour
using a 220 V circuit. Most impressively, Tesla supercharge stations, located at Tesla dealerships and other

battery in 30 minutes (Fig. 17.77)!

Figure 17.77 (a) Tesla Model S Figure 17.77 (b) Tesla charging station
electrical vehicle
 Preface xi

P H Y S I C S O N T H E J O B Physics on the Job

Power Distribution System Figure 19.14 Power distribution system operator
Highlights real jobs where people use physics
Operators
The web of the nation’s electrical grid is a massive, com- in their career.
plicated, and vital component of the U.S. economy. Too
much current traveling through high-voltage wires can
overload systems and cause massive blackouts without
skilled operators navigating, regulating, and monitoring
the flow of electricity as it travels between stations and
substations. National power distribution system opera-
tors are responsible for monitoring and switching electri-
cal currents to and from regions involved in blackouts
or natural disasters. Regional power distribution system
operators must be able to adjust electrical currents away Courtesy of fotolia © dgdimension
from local transformer failures to prevent electrical
reflection in transmission lines that can lead to multiple
power failures and larger power outages.
Power distribution system operators typically have a minimum of an associate’s degree, yet on-the-
job training is the most important part of the technical training. Regular professional development is
necessary to keep current with modern equipment, especially in the nuclear power industry. In addi-
tion, mathematics and physics skills, particularly in the area of electricity and magnetism, are vital to the
position (Fig. 19.14).

Unique Problem-Solving Method

This textbook teaches students to use a proven effective problem-solving methodol-
ogy. The consistent use of this method trains students to make a sketch, identify the
data elements, select the appropriate equation, solve for the unknown quantity, and
substitute the data in the working equation. An icon that outlines the method is placed
in the margin of most problem sets as a reminder to students. See Section 2.3 for the
detailed presentation of the problem-solving method.

Applied Concepts
Application-based questions at the end of each chapter develop problem-solving skills
in real-life physics applications.
xii Preface

(Continued from page ix.) ◆◆ Physics Connections features apply physics to familiar real-world situations and
events. These brief readings help students bridge the gap between what is taught in
the chapter and real-world technical applications.
◆◆ Applied Concepts features provide application-based questions at the end of chap-
ters that develop problem-solving skills in real-life physics applications.
◆◆ There is comprehensive discussion and consistent use of the results of working
with measurements and significant digits.
◆◆ Biographical sketches of important scientists appear in most chapters.
◆◆ Answers to odd-numbered problems within the chapters and all chapter review
questions and problems are given in Appendix F.
◆◆ A comprehensive glossary is given as a one-stop reference in Appendix E.
◆◆ Basic scientific calculator instructions are presented in Appendix D.
◆◆ A basic math review provides students with a refresher of the mathematics needed
for this course in Appendix A.

Ancillaries
● Online Instructor’s Manual
● Online PowerPoints
● Online Test Generator

Download Instructor Resources from

the Instructor Resource Center
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instructor
access code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc to register for an instructor access
code. Within 48 hours of registering, you will receive a confirming e-mail, including
an instructor access code. Once you have received your code, locate our text in the
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If you have any difficulties accessing the site or downloading a supplement, please
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To the Faculty
This text is written at a language level and at a mathematics level that is cognizant
of and beneficial to most students in programs that do not require a high level of
mathematics. The authors have assumed that the student has successfully completed
one year of high school algebra or its equivalent. Simple equations and formulas are
reviewed and any mathematics beyond this level is developed in the text or in an ap-
pendix. For example, right-triangle trigonometry is developed in Appendix A.5 for
those who have not studied it previously or who need a review. The manner in which
the mathematics is used in the text displays the need for mathematics in technology.
For the better-prepared student, the mathematics sections may be omitted with no
loss in continuity. This text is designed so that faculty have flexibility in selecting
the topics, as well as the order of topics, that meet the needs of their students and
programs of study.
Sections are short, and each deals with only one concept. The need for the inves-
tigation of a physical principle is developed before undertaking its study, and many
diagrams are used to aid students in visualizing the concept. Many examples and
problems are given to help students develop and check their mastery of one concept
before moving to another.
This text is designed to be used in a vocational–technical program in a commu-
nity college, a technical institute, or a high school for students who plan to pursue a
 Preface xiii

technical career or in a general physics course where an applied physics approach is

preferred. The topics were chosen with the assistance of technicians and management
in several industries and faculty consultants. Suggestions from users and reviewers of
the previous edition were used extensively in this edition.
A general introduction to physics is presented in Chapter 0. Chapter 1 introduces
students to basic units of measurement. For students who lack a metric background or
who need a review, an extensive discussion of the metric system is given in Chapter 1,
where it is shown how the results of measurements are approximate numbers, which
are then used consistently throughout the text. Those who need to review some math-
ematical skills are referred to the appendices as necessary. Chapter 2 introduces stu-
dents to a problem-solving method that is consistently used in the rest of the text.
Vectors are developed in Chapter 3, followed by a comprehensive study of motion,
force, work and energy, rotational energy, simple machines, and universal gravitation
and satellite motion.
The treatment of matter includes a discussion of the three states of matter, den-
sity, fluids, pressure, and Pascal’s principle. The treatment of heat includes tempera-
ture, specific heat, thermal expansion, change of state, and ideal gas laws.
The section on wave motion and sound deals with basic wave characteristics, the
nature and speed of sound, the Doppler effect, and resonance.
The section on electricity and magnetism begins with a brief discussion of static
electricity, followed by an extensive treatment of dc circuits and sources, Ohm’s law,
and series and parallel circuits. The chapter on magnetism, generators, and motors is
largely descriptive, but it allows for a more in-depth study if desired. Then ac circuits
and transformers are treated extensively.
The chapter on light briefly discusses the wave and particle nature of light, but
deals primarily with illumination. The chapter on reflection and refraction treats the
images formed by mirrors and lenses. A brief introduction to color includes diffrac-
tion, interference, and polarization of light.
The section on modern physics provides an introduction to the structure and
properties of the atomic nucleus, radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, and radioactiv-
ity, followed by a very brief introduction to relativity.
An Online Instructor’s Manual that includes Complete Solutions, Transparency
Masters, and a Test Item File is available at no charge to instructors using this text.

To the Student: Why Study Physics?

Physics is useful. Architects, mechanics, builders, carpenters, electricians, plumbers,
and engineers are only some of the people who use physics every day in their jobs or
professions. In fact, every person uses physics principles every hour of every day. The
movement of an arm can be described using principles of the lever. All building trades,
as well as the entire electronics industry, also use physics.
Physics is often defined as the study of matter, energy, and their transformations.
The physicist uses scientific methods to observe, measure, and predict physical events
and behaviors. However, gathered data left in someone’s notebook in a laboratory
are of little use to society.
Physics provides a universal means of describing and communicating about
physical phenomena in the language of mathematics. Mechanics is the base on which
almost all other areas of physics are built. Motion, force, work, electricity, and light
are topics confronted daily in industry and technology. The basic laws of conserva-
tion of energy are needed to understand heat, sound, wave motion, electricity, and
electromagnetic radiation.
Physics is always changing as new frontiers are being established in the study of
the nature of matter. The topics studied in this course, however, will probably not
greatly change with new research and will remain a classical foundation for work in
many, many fields. We begin our study with the rules of the road—measurement, fol-
lowed by a systematic problem-solving method. The end result should be a firm base
on which to build a career in almost any field.
xiv Preface

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the many faculty and students who have used the previous edi-
tions, and especially those who have offered suggestions. If anyone wishes to cor-
respond with us regarding suggestions, criticisms, questions, or errors, please contact
Dale Ewen through Pearson or through the web address www.pearsonhighered.com.
We thank the following reviewers:

Patrick Huth, Community College of Allegheny College; Michael Sampogna,

Pima County Community College; Greg Tully, Morrison Institute of Technology;
and Anthony Zable, Portland Community College.

We extend our sincere and special thanks to our Pearson colleagues: Holly
Shufeldt, Program Manager; Rex Davidson, Project Manager; Tony Webster, Product
Manager; and Andrew Gilfillan, Editor-in-Chief and to Sivakumar Krishnamoorthy
of Integra Software Services.

Finally, we are especially grateful to our families for their support and
encouragement.

Dale Ewen
Neill Schurter
P. Erik Gundersen
 Chapter 0

an introduCtion
to physiCs

Objectives
The major goals of this chapter are to enable you to: 3. Identify areas in your life that will be impacted by
studying physics.
1. Determine what physics governs and controls.
4. Differentiate between laws and theories.
2. Conclude that physics is a building block of all the
5. Provide reasons why problem-solving techniques
sciences.
are vital in the study of physics.

P
hysics plays an important role in all aspects of our lives. Before enrolling in a physics course, you may have
taken physics for granted. In this chapter we will introduce physics to you and help you appreciate the impact
that physics will have on your life and career.

0.1 Why Study Physics?

What do flying birds, automobiles, blue skies, and cellular phones have in common?
They all involve physics. Physics is the branch of science that describes the motion and
energy of all matter throughout the universe. Birds, for example, use the difference in
air pressures above and below their wings to keep themselves aloft. Automobiles use
the principles of mechanics and thermodynamics to transfer stored chemical energy in
gasoline to moving energy in rotating tires. The sky appears blue when sunlight strikes
and scatters off nitrogen and oxygen molecules in our atmosphere. Finally, cellular
phones use electronic components and the principles of electromagnetic waves to
transfer energy and information from one cellular phone to another (Fig. 0.1).
2 ChapTer 0 An IntroDuCtIon to PhysICs
Figure 0.1 Physics is
involved in all aspects of
cellular phone technology. It
controls everything from the
electrical circuits in the phone
to the transmission of radio
waves between phones.
T r y T h i s
physics all around Us
Look around and find something that may have to do with physics. Although you may not yet have studied
many physics principles, you should know that physics governs things that move and transfer energy.
Be as general as you need to be in your observations. the point is for you to see that physics plays
a role in almost everything.
Physics is often considered to be the most fundamental of all the sciences. In
order to study biology, chemistry, or any other natural science, one should have a
firm understanding of the principles of physics. For example, biology, the branch
of science that studies living organisms, uses the physics principles of fluid move-
ment to understand how the blood flows through the heart, arteries, and veins.
Chemistry, the branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties,
and reactions of matter, relies on the physics of subatomic particles to understand
why chemical reactions take place. Geology, the branch of science that studies the
origin, history, and structure of the earth, uses the physics of mechanical waves and
energy transfer to determine the magnitude and location of earthquakes. Finally,
astronomy, the field of science that studies everything that takes place outside the
earth’s atmosphere, relies on the laws of gravity and theory of relativity to describe
the workings of the universe.
Students often wonder, “Why should I study physics? What is it going to do for
me?” The answer is that physics plays an important role in everyday life and in the
careers of many people. Choosing the right bat, golf club, or ski can be made easier
with a bit of physics knowledge (Fig. 0.2). While on the job, architects, engineers, elec-
tricians, medical technicians, surveyors, and others use the principles of physics every
day. When understood, physics can help us solve difficult physical problems and be
better decision makers to determine the best design, tool, or process when working on
a specific task.
A physicist is a person who is an expert in or who studies physics. It is a phys-
icist’s job to seek an understanding of how the physical universe behaves. Albert
Einstein, perhaps one of the most famous physicists of all time, once said, “I
am like a child, I always ask the simplest questions” (Fig. 0.3). Such theoretical
physicists often spend their professional lives researching previous theories and
mathematical models to form new theories in physics. Experimental physicists,
however, focus on performing experiments to develop and confirm physical
theories.
It is generally accepted that physics evolved from ancient Greek philosophers,
including Plato (c. 428–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC). Aristotle believed that
there were two types of motion: Natural motion occurred because objects wanted
to seek their “natural” resting place (smoke rising or rocks falling), whereas violent
motion occurred when objects were unnaturally pulled or dragged from place to place
(person dragging a crate). Although he was not correct in his analysis, it was the
beginning of observing and documenting physical phenomena. Plato, Aristotle, and
others like them can be considered theoretical physicists.
It was not until the days of Archimedes (287–212 BC) that experiments were con-
ducted to document and prove physical theories (Fig. 0.4). Since then, a vast number
of physicists have built and improved upon the knowledge base developed by those
before them. It is now your turn to use the physics that you will learn to help you
understand, improve, and make advances in our technological world. You will see
that physics has use!
A c T i v i T y
 ChapTer 0 An IntroDuCtIon to PhysICs 3

Figure 0.2 A baseball player’s
understanding of physics can help
improve all aspects of his game,
including pitching, batting, and
fielding.
Courtesy of fotolia ©Paul Yates
Figure 0.3 Albert Einstein
(1879–1955) is often considered
one of the most influential scientists
of the 20th century. His work on
relativity, as made famous through
the equation E = mc2, and the
photoelectric effect changed the
way the world viewed physics.
Figure 0.4 Archimedes is best
known for observing that water
was displaced when he stepped into
his bath. He proceeded to conduct
experiments where he measured the
amount of water that overflowed
when objects were placed into a
tub full of water. He established a
principle that states that an object
immersed in a fluid will experience
a buoyant force equal to the weight
of the displaced fluid. Archimedes
is also recognized for his work with
simple machines like the screw,
lever, and pulley. Legend has it
that Archimedes said, “Give me a
firm spot on which to stand and I
will move the earth” (referring to
the use of a lever).

Courtesy of National Archives and Records

Administration

0.2 Physics and Its Role in Technology

Although often discussed as though they are the same thing, science and technology
Courtesy of fotolia ©Erica Guilane-Nachez
are quite different. Science is a system of knowledge that is concerned with estab-
lishing accurate conclusions about the behavior of everything in the universe. It is a
field in which hypotheses (scientifically based predictions) are made, information is Figure 0.5 Thomas A. Edison
gathered, and experiments are performed to determine how something in our natural
world works or behaves. Technology, on the other hand, is a field that uses scientific
knowledge to develop material products or processes that satisfy human needs and
desires. Technology and science rely closely on one another to make further advances
in their respective fields.
Thomas A. Edison (1847–1931) used scientific information and the discoveries of
other scientists to create over 1000 inventions (Fig. 0.5). Edison’s development of the
first practical lighting system was made possible by applying the science of electricity
and the science of materials and then putting that knowledge to use to satisfy his
technological need.
The following illustrate how science has played a role in improving technology.
Robotics: Due to advances in electronics, materials, and machines, robots com-
monly perform a variety of tasks from assembling cars on a production line
to exploring the surface of Mars. NASA’s Curiosity rover is used to travel
remotely across the Martian surface collecting samples and relaying images
and data back to scientists on earth (Fig. 0.6).
Bridges: Work in materials science and structural engineering has paved the
way for advances in bridge design and construction. The New Clark Bridge Courtesy of National Park Service,
in Alton, Illinois, is just one example of a cable-stayed bridge that has used Edison National Historic Site
4 ChapTer 0 An IntroDuCtIon to PhysICs

Figure 0.6 NASA’s Curiosity Rover traveling Figure 0.7 The New Clark Bridge, a cable-stayed
toward the Mojave 2 region of the Martian surface bridge in Alton, Illinois.
in January 2015.

Courtesy of NASA

Figure 0.8 A magnet levitates scientific breakthroughs in materials science and physics to increase the struc-
above a superconductor. tural integrity of the bridge and cut costs (Fig. 0.7).
Superconductors: Superconductors allow electric current to travel with virtually
no resistance through materials. Materials such as aluminum, lead, and nio-
bium are cooled by liquid helium to bring the temperature down to the low
critical point. At the low critical point temperatures, the materials achieve zero
electric resistance (Fig. 0.8). Scientific research is under way to develop super-
conducting materials that can operate closer to room temperature; this would
bring about tremendous improvements in energy efficiency.
Active noise cancellation: Audiologists will tell you that noise increases stress
Courtesy of Brookhaven National levels. Acoustic and electrical engineers are now able to produce inverted noise
Laboratory patterns that cancel out disturbing noise (Fig. 0.9). Helicopter pilots, factory
workers, and business travelers are using this technology to reduce stressful
noise levels in their environment.
Liquid crystal displays: With advances in optics and electronics, physicists and
chemists have created more advanced liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which
are used as screens on laptop computers, cell phones, watches, and televisions
(Fig. 0.10).
Magnetic levitation: The speed limitations of traditional trains have created a
need for super-fast, magnetic levitation (maglev) trains (Fig. 0.11). Such a
vehicle is levitated off a monorail by virtue of the magnetic repulsion between
the train and the rail. Electromagnets are used to propel the train forward as
it glides above the rail. Such improvements greatly reduce frictional resistance
and allow trains to travel at twice the speed of conventional trains—up to 250
miles per hour.
Gyroscope: A gyroscope is a heavy wheel that uses rotational inertia to prevent
tilting and is used to steady compasses, ships, airplanes, and rockets (Fig. 0.12).
Advances in gyroscopes and electronic sensors have made it possible to cre-
ate gyrostabilizers for ships. Such devices send signals to the ship’s computer
specifying how its fins should be positioned to prevent significant rolling
motions.
 ChapTer 0 An IntroDuCtIon to PhysICs 5

Figure 0.9 Active noise Figure 0.10 Advances

cancellation technology for the in LCD panels allow small
consumer can be found in small, electronic devices to have
noise-reduction headsets. color screens.

Alternative fuels: The ever-increasing demand for energy, coupled with the earth’s
finite supply of fossil fuels, has led scientists and engineers to discover and
develop additional sources of energy. Alternative sources include solar energy,
wind energy (Fig. 0.13), hydropower, geothermal energy, hydrogen fuel cells,
nuclear power, biofuel, and wave/tidal energy. Technological advances with
regard to the efficiency of the various energy sources will lead to higher cost
benefits and more widespread use of such alternative energy sources.

0.3 Physics and Its Connection to Other

Fields and Sciences
Ancient Greeks like Plato and Aristotle did not specialize in physics. In fact, it was not
until the 1800s that physics was considered a science. Prior to the 1800s, Plato, Aristotle,
Copernicus, and Galileo were considered natural philosophers, not physicists. Today,

Figure 0.12 Gyroscope

Figure 0.11 Maglev train technology has high-speed trains competing with airplane
service.

Courtesy of U.S. Department of Transportation Courtesy of fotolia ©Gramper

6 ChapTer 0 An IntroDuCtIon to PhysICs

Figure 0.13 Wind Turbines on a Texas countryside.

Courtesy of NASA

virtually every physicist specializes in a subdivision of physics. There is simply too much
information to allow someone to study every type of physics.
The following is a listing of the 18 subdivisions of physics:
Mechanics: Study of forces, motion, and energy.
Thermodynamics: Study of heat energy transfer.
Cryogenics: Study of matter at extremely low temperatures.
Plasma physics: Study of electrically charged, ionized gas.
Solid state physics: Study of the physical properties of solid materials, also known
as condensed matter physics.
Geophysics: Study of the interaction of forces and energy found within the earth;
closely related to geology.
Astrophysics: Study of the interaction of forces and energy between interstellar
objects; closely related to astronomy.
Acoustics: Study of the creation and transmission of sound under various conditions.
Optics: Study of the behavior of light in a variety of conditions.
Electromagnetism: Study of the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
Fluid dynamics: Study of how liquids and gases move from one location to
another.
Mathematical physics: Study of the mathematics of physics and its related fields.
Statistical mechanics: Study of the development of statistical models that simulate
the effects of systems composed of many particles.
High-energy physics: Study of new fundamental, subatomic particles using high-
energy machines that send known subatomic particles colliding into one another;
simulation of what the universe was like close to the time of the “big bang.”
Atomic physics: Study of the structure of the atom based on the knowledge
gained in the field of high-energy physics.
Molecular physics: Study of the structure of molecules based on the knowledge
gained in atomic physics.
Nuclear physics: Study of nuclear interactions.
Quantum physics: Study of small particles and their energy.

0.4 Theories, Laws, and Problem Solving

Physics is constantly being refined. Although the major principles of physics do not
change drastically over time, newer theories requiring a tremendous amount of experi-
mentation can modify our understanding of physics. A theory is a scientific conclusion
 ChapTer 0 An IntroDuCtIon to PhysICs 7

P h y s i c s c o n n e c T i o n s
physics, Technology, and Sports Figure 0.14 Each ski design is
created for use based on scientific
Physics plays a major role in sports. From the padding in a baseball knowledge.
glove to the stance of a wrestler, a good working knowledge of physics
helps athletes and sports equipment companies achieve greater
successes. ski companies employ engineers who focus solely on the
physics and engineering of improving a skier’s time down the moun-
tain. At the Winter olympics adjustments made to the length, shape,
and composition of the skis play an important role in the success of
the skiers. such variables determine the amount of pressure the skier
places on the snow and the friction of the ski. there are tradeoffs
as well. Whereas a wider ski front increases its turning abilities, it Courtesy of fotolia ©Lulu Berlu
also creates large vibrations that can slow down the skier. the use
of titanium and various fibers and adhesives decreases those vibrations and results in lighter, stiffer
skis. the application of physics has taken the once-simple wooden ski and has created a complex,
high-performance device (Fig. 0.14).

that attempts to explain natural occurrences. Typically it has been tested in the labora-
tory but has not been proven with absolute certainty. A principle is a step closer to a law
in physics. Principles have been experimentally proven in the laboratory, have stood the
test of various conditions, and continue to hold true. Laws are the final degree of scien-
tific certainty. Laws are often defined using formulas. For example, Newton’s second
law of motion, F = ma, has been proven to be true and is considered a law of physics.
The scientific method is an orderly procedure used by scientists in collecting, orga-
nizing, and analyzing new information that refutes or supports a scientific hypothesis.
The constant use of the scientific method and the development of theories, principles,
and laws is similar to the problem-solving method discussed in detail in Chapter 2. The
problem-solving method is an orderly procedure that aids in understanding questions
and solving problems. Nonscientists use the problem-solving method more often
than the scientific method. The problem-solving method is helpful when a problem
arises in this text, in class, or on the job. An individual or a team must develop the
skills needed to collect data, analyze a problem, and work toward finding its solution
in a logical and orderly fashion. In order to find solutions to problems, tools are
needed to make the job easier. In the next chapter, we will familiarize ourselves with
two important tools of physics: measurement and mathematics.

Glossary
Astronomy The branch of science that studies everything that takes place outside the
earth’s atmosphere. (p. 2)
Biology The branch of science that studies living organisms. (p. 2)
Chemistry The branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties,
and reactions of matter. (p. 2)
Experimental Physicist A physicist who performs experiments to develop and confirm
physical theories. (p. 2)
8 ChapTer 0 An IntroDuCtIon to PhysICs

Geology The branch of science that studies the origin, history, and structure of the
earth. (p. 2)
Hypothesis A scientifically based prediction that needs testing to verify its validity.
(p. 3)
Law The highest level of certainty for an explanation of physical occurrences. A law
is often accompanied by a formula. (p. 7)
Physics The branch of science that describes the motion and energy of all matter
throughout the universe. (p. 1)
Physicist A person who is an expert in or who studies physics. (p. 2)
Principle A rule or fundamental assumption that has been proven in the laboratory.
(p. 7)
Problem-Solving Method An orderly procedure that aids in understanding questions
and solving problems. (p. 7)
Science A system of knowledge that is concerned with establishing accurate conclu-
sions about the behavior of everything in the universe. (p. 3)
Scientific Method An orderly procedure used by scientists in collecting, organizing, and
analyzing new information that refutes or supports a scientific hypothesis. (p. 7)
Technology The field that uses scientific knowledge to develop material products or
processes that satisfy human needs and desires. (p. 3)
Theoretical Physicist A physicist who predominantly uses previous theories and
mathematical models to form new theories in physics. (p. 2)
Theory A scientifically accepted principle that attempts to explain natural occurrences.
(p. 7)

Review Questions
1. Physics is a field of study that governs
(a) how the planets orbit the sun.
(b) the rate at which blood flows through a person’s veins.
(c) how quickly a helium balloon will rise into the air.
(d) all of the above.
2. Who among the following is an example of a theoretical physicist?
(a) Archimedes, who measured the volume of water that was displaced after
placing objects in a tub of water.
(b) Albert Einstein, who performed various thought experiments in his mind
to arrive at his theories of relativity.
(c) Marie Curie, who, along with her husband, was credited with discovering
radioactivity through a series of laboratory experiments.
(d) Benjamin Franklin, who determined, through various laboratory experi-
ments, that electricity is the flow of microscopic charged particles.
3. Why are Isaac Newton’s conclusions on motion considered laws of physics?
(a) Newton himself declared them laws.
(b) Newton performed various thought experiments on motion.
(c) The formulas accompanying Newton’s laws have proved correct in experi-
ments for years.
(d) Newton’s reputation alone made his scientific conclusions laws.
4. Which of the following is not considered a branch of physics?
(a) Thermodynamics
(b) Astronomy
(c) Geophysics
(d) Atomic physics
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being greatest among them, who can afford to eat [18]Rice all the
Year round. Kid and Fowl, they have a few, and were all the
domestick Animals I saw.
Remark 4. On the Negroes here, their Clothing, Customs and
Religion.
The Men are well-limbed, clean Fellows; flattish-nosed, and many
with Exomphalos’s; the Effect of bad Midwifry, or straining in their
Infancy to walk; for they are never taught, but creep upon a Matt on
all Fours, till they have Strength to erect themselves; and
notwithstanding this, are seldom distorted. These do not circumcise,
but the Slaves brought from the Northward are frequently so;
perhaps from bordering on Morocco.
The Women are not nigh so well shaped as the Men: Childing, and
their Breasts always pendulous, stretches them to so unseemly a
Length and Bigness, that some, like the Ægyptians, I believe, could
suckle over their Shoulders. Their being imployed in all Labour,
makes them robust; for such as are not Gromettas, work hard in
Tillage, make Palm-Oil, or spin Cotton; and when they are free from
such work, the idle Husbands put them upon breading and fetishing
out their Wool, they being prodigious proud and curious in this sort of
Ornament; and keep them every day, for many hours together, at it.
Their Houses are low, little Hutts, not quite so bad as many in
Yorkshire, built with wooden Stockades set in the ground, in a round
or square form, thatched with Straw; they are swept clean every day;
and for Furniture, have a Matt or two to lie down upon; two or three
earthen or wooden Dishes, and Stools, with a Spoon, all of their own
making. They are idle, principally from want of Arts and domestick
Employments: for as I observed, they are so cautious of planting too
much, and wasting their Labour, that they are really improvident;
smoaking all day in long Reed-Pipes together; unplagued with To-
morrow, or the Politicks of Europe.
Whole Towns shift their Habitations, either when they do not like
their Neighbours, or have more Conveniency somewhere else; soon
clearing Ground enough for what Building and Culture they purpose.
Seignior Joseph, a Christian Negro of this Place, has lately with his
People left a clean, well-built Town, and removed further up the
River. Their Huts are mostly orbicular, forming a spacious square
Area in the middle, and in this, the doors paved with Cockle-Shells;
two or three Crosses erected, and round about, Lime-trees, Papais,
Plantanes, Pine-apples, and a few Bee-hives; the latter made out of
pieces of old Trees, three foot long, hollowed and raised on two
Poles.
In the middle of the Area was a great Curiosity, a large Tree with
500 hanging Nests at least upon it; this is a small familiar Bird, that
builds thus about their Towns, upon the extreme slenderest Twigs,
hanging like Fruit, and declares the Wisdom of Instinct, since it’s
designed a Security for their Young, against Monkeys, Parrots,
Squirrels, &c. Creatures of Prey, whose Weight cannot there be
supported.
Anointing their Body and Limbs with Palm-Oil, is a daily Practice
with both Sexes; some use [19]Civet, but all cast a strong,
disagreeable Smell; this mending it much like as melted Tallow is by
a Perfumer’s Shop.
Palaavers are their Courts of Judicature, where the principal or
elderly Men amongst them meet in a Ring or under a Lodge, to settle
the Differences that arise amongst themselves, or with the Factories;
the frequentest are in relation to Trade. Each salutes the other at
meeting, by a Bend of the Elbow, and raising his Hand to his Face.
When they have heard what each Party has to say, they determine
by Vote, who has the Reason of the thing on their side, and so
punish, or acquit. For Fornication, the Party (whether Man or
Woman) is sold for a Slave. If a white Man lies with another’s Slave,
he is bound to redeem her at a current Price. On a Charge of
Murder, Adultery, or if there can be any other more heinous Crime
among them, the suspected Person must drink of a red Water his
Judges prepare; which is called, purging the Criminal: that is, if the
suspected be of ill Life, or had Envy to the deceased, so that the
Surmizes against him are strong, though they want positive
Evidence; they will give him so much of that Liquor as shall kill him;
but if inclined to spare him, they politickly give less, or make it
weaker, whereby his Innocence appears the better to the Friends
and Relations of the deceased.
Panyarring, is a Term for Man-stealing along the whole Coast:
Here it’s used also, for stealing any thing else; and by Custom (their
Law) every Man has a right to seize of another at any Conveniency,
so much as he can prove afterwards, at the Palaaver-Court, to have
been defrauded of, by any body in the same place he was cheated.
Dancing is the Diversion of their Evenings: Men and Women make
a Ring in an open part of the Town, and one at a time shews his Skill
in antick Motions and Gesticulations, yet with a great deal of Agility,
the Company making the Musick by clapping their hands together
during the time, helped by the louder noise of two or three Drums
made of a hollowed piece of Tree, and covered with Kid-Skin.
Sometimes they are all round in a Circle laughing, and with uncouth
Notes, blame or praise somebody in the Company.
During our stay at this Port, we paid a Visit to Seignior Joseph,
about nine miles up the River. The Reason of his leaving the other
Town, he told me was, the frequent Palaavers he was engaged in,
on account of Differences between his People and the Grimattoes,
and the great Expence he was at, in so near a Neighbourhood with
the English. He has been in England and Portugal; at the last place
he was baptized, and took in that christian Erudition that he
endeavours to propagate. He has built a little Oratory for his
People’s Devotions; erected a Cross; taught several of his Kindred
Letters, dispersing among them little Romish Prayer-Books, and
many of them are known by Christian Names. Those of the Country
not yet initiated, never have but one. Mousi, or Moses; Yarrat, and
Cambar, are very common Names to the Men; Baulee, and Kibullee,
to the Women. Others take the Cognomen from their Disposition;
Lion, Lamb, Bear, Hog, &c. like our Danish Ancestors. Seignior
Joseph, who is very communicative, tells me, to the extent of his
knowledge, the People are cleanly, of good Temper, and docible; all
wishing some Missionaries would think their Conversion and Wants
worth regarding: But the Poverty of their Country will probably keep
them a long time from that Benefit. There is no Invitation in a barren
Soil, scarce of Provisions and Necessaries, Danger of wild Beasts a
mile from Home (especially Wolves;) and about their Houses, Rats,
Snakes, Toads, Musquitoes, Centipes, Scorpions, Lizards, and
innumerable Swarms of Ants, a white, black, and red sort, that build
to 8 or 9 Foot high, dig up the Foundation of their Houses in two or
three Years, or turn a Chest of Cloaths to Dust (if not watched) in as
many Weeks. This Christian Negro, by the Advantage of Trade, has
in some measure removed the Wants of his own Family (his Towns;)
they are tolerably stocked with Guinea Hens, Fish, and Venison;
while the Country fifty miles off, he says, have little to feed on but
Honey, and Manyoco Root. He received us in a Europæan Dress
(Gown, Slippers, Cap, &c.) and sent his Canoos out to shew us the
Diversion of chasing the Manatea; they brought one ashore in two
hours time, and we had stewed, roast, and boiled, with a clean
Table-cloth, Knives and Forks, and Variety of Wines and strong Beer,
for our Entertainment. The Flesh of this Creature was white, and not
fishy; but very tough, and seasoned high (as are all their Dishes)
with Ochre, Malaguetta, and Bell-pepper.
His Kinswomen came into the Room after we had dined, and to
them other Neighbours, saluting those of their own Colour, one by
one, by making a Bend of their right Elbow, so that the Hand comes
nigh the Mouth; the other to whom she addresses, is in the same
Posture, and mixing their Thumbs and middle Fingers, they snap
them gently off, and retreat with a small Quaker-like Obeysance,
decently and without Hurry or Laugh. They shewed likewise much
good-nature towards one another, in dividing two or three Biskets,
and half a Pint of Citron Water (we brought) into twenty Parts, rather
than any one should miss a Taste. In conclusion, Seignior Joseph
saw us to the Boat, and took leave with the same Complaisance he
had treated us.
The Religion here, if it may be called such, is their Veneration to
Gregries: Every one keeps in his House, in his Canoo, or about his
Person, something that he highly reverences, and that he imagines
can, and does defend him from Miscarriage, in the nature our
Country-Folks do Charms, but with more Fear: And these things are
very various; either a cleaved piece of Wood, a Bundle of peculiar
little Sticks or Bones, a Monkey’s Skull, or the like. To these, every
Family has now and then a Feast, inviting one another; but of this
more, under the Word Fetish.
 The GRAIN and MALAGUETTA Coasts.
We left Sierraleon and were joined by our Consort the Weymouth,
May 1, from Gambia; we found upon Conference, that both Ships
had like to have ended their Voyage at these first Ports: She had run
on a Sand in that River, wringing three Days and Nights in a Tide’s
way, with great difficulty getting off: We, at Sierraleon letting in Water
to the Ship one Evening, had forgot the Plug, till we had 5 or 6 Foot
Water in the Hold.
The Company’s Presents, we understood by them, were received
well there by the King of Barra, and he has given the Factors leave
to build a Fortification at Gilliflee, a Town commanded by a Woman,
about 15 Miles up the River; made a Duchess by Captain
Passenger, from whence the Custom I believe has been taken up, of
distinguishing the most deserving Fellows at trading Towns by the
Titles of Knights, Colonels, and Captains, which they are very proud
of. This Duchess of Gilliflee has become very much the Factory’s
Friend there, and gives all possible Assistance in their Settlement.
Cape St. Mary’s, or the Starboard Entrance of that River, they
found no Cannibals, as commonly reported among Sailors; but a
civilized People, with whom they wooded their Ship.
On the 4th we were off Cape Monte, and next day Montzerado,
both high Lands; the former appearing in a double, the latter with a
single Hommock; the Country trenching from them, low and woody;
about 35 Fathom Water 3 Leagues from Shore. From the latter,
came off a Canoo with the Cabiceer, Captain John Hee,
distinguished by an old Hat, and Sailor’s Jackett with a greater
number of thick brass Rings on his Fingers and Toes, than his
Attendants. He seemed shy of entering the Ship, apprehending a
Panyarring; his Town’s People having often suffered by the
Treachery of Ships, and they as often returned it, sometimes with
Cruelty, which has given rise to the Report of their being Savages
and Cannibals at several places; very unlikely any where, because
they could not part with their Slaves, which are but few, if they had
this Custom, nor could they have any Trade or Neighbours: Their
Fears would make them shun their Enemies (the rest of Mankind)
and all Correspondence totally cease.
The Fetish they brought off, on this dangerous Voyage, was a
Bundle of small, black Sticks, like a hundred of Sparrowgrass put
into a Bag, knit of Silk-grass, and hanging over one of their
Shoulders, seeming to place a Security and Confidence in it; for I
would have handled and tasted it, but found it put them in a Fright,
saying, to deter me, You didee, you kicatavoo, (i. e.) if you eat, you
die presently.
The mutual Distrust between us, made their present Business only
begging old Breeches, Shirts, Rags, Biskett, and whatever else they
saw, parting in some hurry, and calling to one another for that end, in
a Note like what Butchers use in driving Cattle. They have plenty of
Milhio, Rice, Yamms, and Salt hereabouts.
We found in our coasting by Bashau, and other trading Towns, the
same Fears subsisting, coming off every day in their Canoos, and
then at a stand whether they should enter: The boldest would
sometimes come on board, bringing Rice, Malaguetta, and Teeth,
but staying under Fear and Suspicion. Here we may take these
Observations.
1. Canoos are what are used through the whole Coast for
transporting Men and Goods. Each is made of a single Cotton-tree,
chizelled and hollowed into the shape of a Boat; some of them 8 or
10 Foot broad, carrying twenty Rowers. The Negroes do not row one
way and look another, but all forward, and standing at their Paddles,
they dash together with dexterity, and if they carry a Cabiceer,
always sing; a Mark of Respect.
2. Cabiceers are the principal of the trading Men at all Towns; their
Experience, or Courage having given them that Superiority: All Acts
of Government in their several Districts, are by their Votes.
 They came off to us with some English Title and Certificate; the
Favour of former Traders to them, for their Honesty and good
Service; and were they done with Caution, might be of use to Ships
as they succeed in the Trade: Whereas now they contain little Truth,
being done out of Humour, and learn them only to beg or steal with
more Impudence.
3. The Negrish Language alters a little in sailing, but as they are
Strangers to Arts, &c. restrained to a few Words, expressive of their
Necessities: This I think, because in their Meetings they are not
talkative; In their Trading the same Sound comes up often; and their
Songs, a Repetition of six Words a hundred times.
Some Negrish Words.
Didee, Eat. Attee, ho, How do you?
Malafia, } Dashee, a Present.
Govina, } Ivory. Kickatavoo, Killed, or Dead.
Malembenda, Rice. Tossu, Be gone.
Cockracoo, Fowl. Yarra, Sick.
Praam, Good. Fabra, Come.
Nino, Sleep. Brinnee, White Man.
Sam sam, all one. Bovinee, Black Man.
Acquidera, Agreed. Soquebah, Gone, lost.
Oura, Very well. Tongo, Man’s Privities.
Tomy, Arse-clout. Bombo, Woman’s.

Lastly, the Dress common to both Sexes every where, is the Tomy,
or Arse-clout, and the pleating or breading of their Wooll. The Arse-
clout the Women tie about their Hips, and falls half way down their
Thigh all round; but the Men bring it under their Twist, and fasten just
upon the girdling part behind. Both take great delight in twisting the
Wool of their Heads into Ringlets, with Gold or Stones, and bestow a
great deal of Time and Genius in it.
The Women are fondest of what they call Fetishing, setting
themselves out to attract the good Graces of the Men. They carry a
Streak round their Foreheads, of white, red, or yellow Wash, which
being thin, falls in lines before it dries. Others make Circles with it,
round the Arms and Bodies, and in this frightful Figure, please. The
Men, on the other side, have their Ornaments consist in Bracelets; or
Manilla’s, about their Wrists and Ancles, of Brass, Copper, Pewter, or
Ivory; the same again on their Fingers and Toes: a Necklace of
Monkey’s Teeth, Ivory Sticks in their Ears, with a broad head. Most
of them have one, two, or more of these Ornaments, and have an
Emulation in the number and use of them.
When the Nakedness, Poverty and Ignorance of these Species of
Men are considered; it would incline one to think it a bettering their
Condition, to transport them to the worst of Christian Slavery; but as
we find them little mended in those respects at the West-Indies, their
Patrons respecting them only as Beasts of Burthen; there is rather
Inhumanity in removing them from their Countries and Families; here
they get Ease with their spare Diet; the Woods, the Fruits, the
Rivers, and Forests, with what they produce, is equally the property
of all. By Transfretation they get the brown Bread, without the
Gospel: together, as Mr. Baxter observed, they might be good Fare,
but hard Work and Stripes without it, must be allowed an unpleasant
Change. They are fed, it’s true, but with the same Diet and Design
we do Horses; and what is an aggravating Circumstance, they have
a Property in nothing, not even in their Wives and Children. No
wonder then, Men under this View, or worse Apprehensions, should
be prompted with Opportunity frequently to sacrifice the Instruments
of it.
 SESTHOS.
We anchored before Sesthos, or Sesthio, May 10th, a Place where
most of our windward Slave-ships stop to buy Rice, exchanged at
about 2s. per Quintal. The River is about half the breadth of the
Thames; a narrow Entrance only for Boats on the starboard Side,
between two Rocks, which, on great Swells and Winds, make the
shooting of it dangerous; the rest of the breadth being choaked with
Sands.
The Town is large, and built after a different Model from those we
have left; they run them up (square or round) four Foot from the
Earth; at that height, is the first and chief Room, to sit, talk, or sleep
in, lined with matted Rinds of Trees, supported with Stockades, and
in the middle of it, a Fire-place for Charcoal, that serves a double
Purpose; driving off Insects and Vermine, and drying their Rice and
Indian Corn. Of the upper Loft they make a Store-house, that runs up
pyramidal 30 foot; making the Town at distance, appear like a
number of Spires, each standing singly.
This, and every Town hereabouts, had a Palaaver-Room, a publick
Place of meeting for the People to council, and transact the Business
of the Society: They are large, and built something like our Lodges
for Carts, open, 4 foot from the Ground; then a Stage to sit, rafted
and well covered against Rain and Sun-shine. Here they meet
without distinction; King and Subject, smoaking from Morning to
Night. At this Place, it is common to bring your Traffick; brass Pans,
pewter Basins, Powder, Shot, old Chests, &c. and exchange for
Rice, Goats and Fowls. Two or three Pipes, a Charge of Powder, or
such a Trifle, buys a Fowl. A 2 pound Basin buys a Goat; and I
purchased two for an old Chest, with a Lock to it. Such a piece of
Mechanism I found a Rarity, and brought all the Country down to
admire. A Watch still encreased their Wonder; and making Paper
speak (as they call it) is a Miracle.
They bring their written Certificates hinted above, and when you
tell them the Contents, or they are made Messengers of Notes
between English Ships, they express the utmost Surprize at such
sort of Knowledge and Intercourse; it infinitely exceeds their
Understanding, and impresses a superior and advantageous Idea of
the Europeans.
The King who commands here has the Name of Pedro; he lives
about five Miles up the River, a Sample of Negro Majesty.
As there is a Dashee expected before Ships can wood and water
here; it was thought expedient to send the Royal Perquisite up by
Embassy (a Lieutenant and Purser) who being in all respects equal
to the Trust, were dismissed with proper Instructions, and being
arrived at the King’s Town, they were ushered or thrust in by some of
the Courtiers into the common Palaaver-Room (to wait the King’s
dressing, and coming from his Palace) his publick Audience being
ever in the Presence of the People. After waiting an hour, King Pedro
came attended by a hundred naked Nobles, all smoaking, and a
Horn blowing before them. The King’s Dress was very antick: He had
a dirty, red Bays Gown on, chequer’d with patch-work of other
Colours, like a Jack pudding, and a Fellow to bear the Train, which
was a narrow Slip of Culgee tacked to the bottom of the Gown. He
had an old black full-bottom’d Wig, uncombed; an old Hat not half big
enough, and so set considerably behind the Fore-top, that made his
meagre Face like a Scare-crow; coarse Shoes and Stockings,
unbuckled and unty’d, and a brass Chain of 20lib. at least about his
Neck.
To this Figure of a Man, our modern Embassadors in their Holiday
Suits, fell on their Knees, and might have continued there till this
time, for what Pedro cared: He was something surprized indeed, but
took it for the Fashion of their Country, and so kept making instant
Motions for the Dashee. This brought them from their Knees, as the
proper Attitude for presenting it; consisting in a trading Gun, two
pieces of salt Ship-beef, a Cheese, a Bottle of Brandy, a Dozen of
Pipes, and two Dozen of Congees. But Pedro, who understood the
Present better than the Bows, did not seem pleased when he saw it;
not for any defect in the Magnificence, but they were such things as
he had not present Occasion for; asking some of their Clothes and to
take those back again, particularly their Breeches, sullied a little with
kneeling in the Spittle: But on a Palaaver with his Ministers, the
Present was accepted, and the Officers dismissed back with a Glass
of Palm-Wine and Attee, ho, (the common way of Salutation with
Thumbs and Fingers mixed, and snapping off.)
To smooth the King into a good Opinion of our Generosity, we
made it up to his Son, Tom Freeman; who, to shew his good-nature,
came on board uninvited, bringing his Flagelet, and obliging us with
some wild Notes. Him we dress’d with an edg’d Hat, a Wig, and a
Sword, and gave a Patent upon a large Sheet of Parchment,
creating him Duke of Sesthos, affixing all our Hands, and the
Impress of a Butter mark on Putty.
This was taken so kindly by the Father, that he sent us a couple of
Goats in return, and his younger Son Josee for further Marks of our
Favour; whom we dignified also, on a small Consideration, with the
Title of Prince of Baxos. Several indeed had been titled, but none so
eminently, as by Patent, before; which procured us the entire good-
will of the King; suffering us at any time to hawl our Searn in the
River, where we catched good store of Mullets, Soles, Bump noses,
and Rock-fish; and to go up to their Villages unmolested.
In one of these Towns, some others of us paid a Visit to his
Majesty, whom we found at a Palace built as humble as a Hog-sty;
the entrance was narrow like a Port-hole, leading into what we may
call his Court-Yard, a slovenly little Spot, and two or three Hutts in it,
which I found to be the Apartment of his Women. From this we
popped through another short Portico, and discovered him on the left
hand, upon a place without his House, raised like a Taylor’s Shop-
board, and smoaking with two or three old Women, (the favourite
Diversion of both Sexes.) His Dress and Figure, with the novelty of
ours, created mutual Smiles which held a few Minutes, and then we
took leave with the Attee, ho.
 From his Town we went to two others still farther up the River; at
one of them was a bright yellow-colour’d Man, and being curious to
know his Original, were informed (if we interpret their Signs and
Language right) that he came from a good distance in the Country,
where were more. Captain Bullfinch Lamb, and others, have since
told me, they had seen several; Mr. Thompson, that he saw one at
Angola, and another at Madagascar; a great Rarity, and as
perplexing to account for, as the black Colour.
Exomphalos’s are very common among the Negroes here. I saw
also one squint-ey’d; another without a Nose; and another with a
Hair Lip; Blemishes rare among them. Circumcision is used pretty
much; not as a religious Symbol, but at the Humour of the Parent,
who had found a Conveniency in it.
The Diet is Rice, Potatoes, Yacoes or Indian Corn, Parsly, and
other Vegetables; the Cultivation of which, and their domestick
Affairs, are all imposed on the Women.
In general may be observed, they are exceeding cowardly, like
other Countries undisciplined; a whole Town running away from a
Boat with white Men. Thievish on their own Dunghills; none of them
seeming to have any Notion of it as a Crime, and quarrel only about
a Share of what is stole. So lazy, that Scores of them will attend our
Searn for a Bisket, or the Distribution of such small Fish as are
thrown by; for tho’ their Waters afford great Plenty, they want the
Means or Inclination to catch them; chusing rather to loiter and jump
about the Sands, or play at round Holes, than endeavour to get Food
for themselves.
 Cape A P O L L O N I A .
From Sesthos, we reached in two or three Days Cape Palma;
weighed Anchor from Jaque a Jaques, the 28th; from Bassau, the
30th; Assmee, the 31st; and anchored here the 6th of June. In this
part of our Sailing may be observed,
1. That the Land from Sierraleon, excepting two or three Capes,
and that about Drewin, appears low, and the first Land you see (as
the Irishman says) is Trees; runs very streight without Bays or Inlets,
which makes it difficult to distinguish, and impossible for us to land
safely at; the Surff breaking all along to a great height, by means of a
continued Swell from a vast Southern Ocean; a Sea which the
Natives only understand, and can push their Canoos through. This
seems a natural Prohibition to Strangers, and whence it follows in
respect to Trade, that Ships are obliged to send their Boats with
Goods near Shore, where the Natives meet them, and barter for
Slaves, Gold, and Ivory; for at many places a Grandee Shippee (as
they call it) affrights them, and they will venture then, as I imagine
they can swim.
2. The Ground is very tough, our Consort and we losing three
Anchors in heaving a Purchase; we stopping at Nights for fear of
over-shooting Places of Trade.
3. We find pretty equal Soundings, about 14 Fathom Water, a
League from Shore, unless at one noted place, a Lusus Naturæ,
called the bottomless Pit, 7 Leagues below Jaque a Jaques, where
the Depth is all at once unfathomable, and about three Miles over.
The great Sir Is. Newton, in his calculating the Force of Gravity,
says, Bodies decrease in their Weight, and Force of their Fall, in the
Proportion of the Squares of Distance from the Center; so that a Tun
at the Surface of the Earth would weigh but ¼ of a Tun, removed
one Semi-Diameter of the Earth higher; and at three Semi-
Diameters, but the 1/16 of a Tun. In like manner their Velocities of
Descent decrease: A Body at the Surface which would fall 16 foot in
a Second, at 12000 Miles high, or three Semi-Diameters, would fall
only 1/16, or one Foot in a Second; but at all given Distances,
something, &c.
Now, according to this Rule, heaving a Lead in great depths of
Water, the Velocity should increase with the descent or sinking of it;
since in the Progress of Gravity, the falling Body in every space of
Time receives a new Impulse, and continually acting, the same
Gravity super-adds a new Velocity; so that at the end of two
Seconds, to be double what it was at the end of the first, and so on,
which here the Weight of the super-incumbent Medium should still
more accelerate. Yet a Lead-line is drawn out perceptibly slower at
the second, than the first hundred Fathoms: But perhaps this
proceeds from the increasing quantity of Line to be drawn with it, not
so equally apt to demerge, and a Nisus in all Bodies of Water, from
below upwards, contrary to Gravity.
4. The Winds were more Southerly than above, checking the
Land-Breeze, which obtaining brings strong unwholesome Smells
from the Mangroves.
5. Their Diet being very slovenly, and much of a piece in this
Track, I shall here entertain you with two or three of their Dishes.
Slabbersauce is made of Rice and Fish, a Fowl, a Kid, or
Elephant’s Flesh, the better for being on the stink. They boil this with
a good quantity of Ochre and Palm-Oil, and is accounted a royal
Feast.
A Dog is a Rarity with some: Our Master had a little Boy-Slave of
eight years of Age, in exchange for one. At other Places, Monkeys
are a very common Diet.
Bomini is Fish dried in the Sun without Salt; stinking, they put it in
a Frying-pan with Palm-Oil, then mixed with boiled Rice, snatch it up
greedily with their Fingers.
Black Soupee is a favourite Dish, as well at our Factories, as
among the Negroes; we make it of Flesh or Fowl, stew’d sweet, with
some uncommon tasted Herbs; but the ascendant Taste is Pepper,
Ochre, and Palm-Oil. At first I thought it disagreeable, but Custom
reconciled it as the best in the Country: Men’s way of Diet being
certainly a principal Reason why in all places some of Land and Sea-
animals are approved or rejected; liked in one Country, and detested
in another.
To return to Jaque a Jaques; we met there the Robert of Bristol,
Captain Harding, who sailed from Sierraleon before us, having
purchased thirty Slaves, whereof Captain Tomba mentioned there
was one; he gave us the following melancholly Story. That this
Tomba, about a Week before, had combined with three or four of the
stoutest of his Country-men to kill the Ship’s Company, and attempt
their Escapes, while they had a Shore to fly to, and had near
effected it by means of a Woman-Slave, who being more at large,
was to watch the proper Opportunity. She brought him word one
night that there were no more than five white Men upon the Deck,
and they asleep, bringing him a Hammer at the same time (all the
Weapons that she could find) to execute the Treachery. He
encouraged the Accomplices what he could, with the Prospect of
Liberty, but could now at the Push, engage only one more and the
Woman to follow him upon Deck. He found three Sailors sleeping on
the Fore-castle, two of which he presently dispatched, with single
Strokes upon the Temples; the other rouzing with the Noise, his
Companions seized; Tomba coming soon to their Assistance, and
murdering him in the same manner. Going aft to finish the work, they
found very luckily for the rest of the Company, that these other two of
the Watch were with the Confusion already made awake, and upon
their Guard, and their Defence soon awaked the Master underneath
them, who running up and finding his Men contending for their Lives,
took a Hand-spike, the first thing he met with in the Surprize, and
redoubling his Strokes home upon Tomba, laid him at length flat
upon the Deck, securing them all in Irons.
The Reader may be curious to know their Punishment: Why,
Captain Harding weighing the Stoutness and Worth of the two
Slaves, did, as in other Countries they do by Rogues of Dignity, whip
and scarify them only; while three others, Abettors, but not Actors,
nor of Strength for it, he sentenced to cruel Deaths; making them
first eat the Heart and Liver of one of them killed. The Woman he
hoisted up by the Thumbs, whipp’d, and slashed her with Knives,
before the other Slaves till she died.
From this Ship we learned also, that the inland Country who had
suffered by the Panyarrs of the Cobelohou and Drewin People, have
lately been down, and destroyed the Towns, and the Trade is now at
a stand; and perhaps the Consciousness of this Guilt increases their
Fears of us. The Ceremony of contracting Friendship and Trade, is
dropping a little salt-water into the Eye, or taking it into their Mouth,
and spurting out again; which must be answer’d, or no Trade will
follow.
At Cape Apollonia, the Natives are of a jet black, very lively and
bold, accustomed to Trade, and better fetished than their
Neighbours; have cleaner and larger Tomys, wear Amber Beads,
Copper Rings, Cowrys, and their Wooll twisted in numberless little
Rings and Tufts, with bits of Shell, Straw, or Gold twisted in them.
They have all a Dagger † cut in their Cheek, and often in other Parts
of their Body: A Custom preserved among a few, down to the Gold
Coast. The Romans and Goths, when possessed of Barbary,
exempted the Christians from Tribute; and to know them, engraved a
+ upon their Cheeks; but this seems too distant for any Analogy with
theirs. All we learn is, its being a very ancient Custom, and
distinguishes them from the Country, who they Panyarr and sell for
Slaves, naked at 4 oz. per Head; allowing 100 per Cent. on Goods,
they cost at a medium 8l. Sterling. The Cabiceers, out of this,
demand a due of 20s. and the Palaaver-Man 10s. whence I
conjecture they are more regularly trained to Panyarring or thieving,
than the Towns we have past.
There is a great deal of Ground cleared about this Cape, and
sown with Indian Corn; first brought among the Negroes, it’s said, by
the Portuguese.
 Cabo T R E S P U N T A S .
We stopped a few Hours at Axim in our Passage from Apollonia, and
anchored here June 7, most Ships doing it for the Conveniency of
watering, more difficultly supplied at any parts above. It is called
Three Points, from that number of Headlands that jutt one without
the other; within the innermost is a commodious Bay, nigh the
watering-place. John Conny, who is the principal Cabiceer, exacts a
Duty from all Ships, of an Ounce of Gold, for this Privilege; and
sends off a Servant with his Commission, a large Gold-headed
Cane, engraved John Conny, to demand it. Our Neglect herein, with
some opprobrious Treatment of the Agent, occasioned John Conny
next day to come down with a Posse and seize our Water casks
ashore, carrying away ten or a dozen of our Men Prisoners to his
Town. The Officer among them endeavouring to distinguish to John
the Difference of a King’s Ship from others, got his Head broke: John
(who understood English enough to swear) saying, by G—— me
King here, and will be paid not only for my Water, but the Trouble
has been given me in collecting it. Drink on, says he to the Sailors,
(knocking out the Head of a Half-Anchor of Brandy,) and eat what my
House affords; I know your part is to follow Orders. John, after some
trouble in negotiating, accepted in recompence, six Ounces of Gold,
and an Anchor of Brandy.
His Town stands about three Miles Westward of the watering-
place; large, and as neatly raftered and built, as most of our North or
West small Country Villages. Every Man his Coco-trees round the
House, and in the Streets (such as they are) sit People to sell the
Nuts, Limes, Soap, Indian Corn, and what is a great part of their
Food, Canky, the Work of the Women. It is made of Indian Corn,
after this manner; they pound it in a Mortar for some time, then
malaxing it with Water and Palm-Wine, they grind it still finer with a
Mull upon a great Stone, which every House almost has at the Door
for that purpose; baked or boiled in Cakes, it makes a hearty and
well-tasted Bread.
The Danish (or, as they say, the Brandenburghers) Fort was on an
adjacent Hill, of four or five Bastions, and could mount fifty Guns.
The Garison, when in being, probably taught the Natives the way of
marketing, observed only where the Factories are; but being some
few years since relinquished by them, it’s now in John Conny’s
possession, and has raised up some Contests and Palaavers with
the Dutch: for they pretending a Title of Purchase, sent a Bomb-
Vessel and two or three Frigates last Year, to demand a Surrendry;
but John being a bold and subtle Fellow, weighing their Strength,
answer’d, that he expected some Instrument should be shewed him
to confirm the Brandenburghers Sale; and even with that (says he) I
can see no Pretence but to the Guns, the Brick, and Stone of the
Building, for the Ground was not theirs to dispose of. They have paid
me Rent for it, (continues he) and since they have thought fit to
remove, I do not design to tenant it out to any other white Men while
I live. This sort of Palaaver nettled the Dutch; they threw in some
Bombs and Shot; and heating more with Rage and Brandy, very
rashly landed forty of their Men under the Command of a Lieutenant
to attack the Town: They fired once without any Damage, and then
John at the Head of his Men, rushing from under the Cover of the
Houses, outnumbred and cut them in pieces; paving the entrance of
his Palace soon after, with their Skulls.
This Advantage made him very rusty, upon what he called his
Dues from every body, tho’ just in Trade; and when we had returned
to a good Understanding, my self, with some other of our Officers
paid him a Visit: Our landing was dangerous, the Southerly Winds
making so great a Surff, nor could we do it by our own Boats, but
Canoos of his sending, paying an Accy for the Service; they count
the Seas, and know when to paddle safely on or off. John himself
stood on the Shore to receive us, attended with a Guard of twenty or
thirty Men under bright Arms, who conducted us to his House; a
Building pretty large, and raised from the Materials of the Fort. It
ascends with a double Stone Stair-case without, of twelve Steps; on