PE 501 Petroleum Engineering Design

Project
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Engineering Design Project

PE 501

Submitted by:
Abeer khaled - 20194777
Ola Adel - 20195381
Mariam Samy - 20195007
Nezar Seif - 20190784
Ahmed Mohamed Abd-Elazim - 20184043

Supervised by:
Dr. Omar Saad
Dr. Mohamed Ghareeb
Dr. Mohamed Alaa
Dr. Taher El Fakharany
Table of Contents
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Data gathering ............................................................................................................... 6
4.2.1 reservoir characteristics ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2 Wellbore Details for Production Engineering ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3 Artificial Lift and Stimulation Data ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.4 Historical Stimulation Activities: .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.5 Facilities and Infrastructure .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.6 Regulatory and Environmental Data ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Construct well inflow performance at the initial, current, and at 50% of initial
reservoir pressure using different correlations. ................................................................... 7
Table of Figures
Part 4
Production engineering and surface facilities
Production engineering and surface facilities

4.1 Introduction
When we talk about getting oil and gas out of the ground, we're really talking about
production engineering. This is the part of petroleum engineering that deals with pulling
these resources from under the earth's surface and getting them ready to sell. It's all about
being smart and safe in how we do this, making sure we don't harm the environment and
get the most out of the wells we drill.

The first step in this process is to figure out what we're working with. We need to collect
all kinds of information about the oil or gas field, like how big it is, what's in the oil or
gas, and how it flows. This helps us make good plans for how to best get these resources
out of the ground.

Then there's the stuff we see on the surface – that's where surface facilities come in.
These are all the tools and equipment we use to handle the oil and gas once it's out of the
ground. We need to clean it, separate the different parts, and measure it. All of this has to
be done carefully to make sure everything is safe and meets the rules for selling.

In this part of our report, we're going to go through all the steps of production
engineering and look at the equipment we use on the surface. We'll talk about how to
decide the best way to get the oil and gas flowing, what kind of pipes we should use, and
how to handle challenges like water mixing with the gas. We'll also go into how we finish
making a well and pick the right tools for the job. Finally, we'll look at the kind of setup
we need on the surface to manage the gas we've worked so hard to get.

By the end of this section, you'll have a clear picture of what production engineering is all
about and why it's so important in getting oil and gas from deep underground to where it's
going.
 4.2 Data gathering

Figure 1 data gathering

4.3 inflow performance using different correlations for gas
wells.
introduction
In oil and gas production, understanding the well inflow performance at different stages
of reservoir pressure is vital for optimizing production strategies. This involves analyzing
how the well's ability to produce fluids changes as the reservoir pressure declines.

Figure 2 Pressure losses during production in Simplified hydrocarbon production system

PR Reservoir Pressure
Pwfs Flowing sand face Pressure
Pwf Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure
PUR Upstream Restriction Pressure
PDR Downstream Restriction Pressure
PUSV Upstream Safety Valve Pressure
PDSV Downstream Safety Valve Pressure
PWH Well Head Pressure
PDSC Downstream surface Choke Pressure
Psep Separator Pressure
The hydrocarbon fluid flows from the reservoir into the well, up the tubing, along the
horizontal flow line and into the oil storage tank. During this process the fluid’s
pressure is reduced from the reservoir pressure to atmosphere pressure in a series of
pressure loss processes:

• summarizes the total pressure losses in the reservoir and the completion.
• Summarizes the total pressure losses in the tubing.
• summarizes the total pressure losses at the surface.

Systems Analysis of the Production System:

➢ Darcy’s Law
Darcy’s law describes the relationship among the instantaneous rate of discharge through
porous medium and pressure drop at a distance

Darcy defined the proportionality constant “α” as the permeability of the rock and
represented by “k”
𝑞 𝑘 ∗ 𝑑𝑝
𝑣 = = −( )
𝐴 𝜇 ∗ 𝑑𝑥

μ = apparent velocity, cm/sec

q = volumetric flow rate, cm3 /sec
A = total cross-sectional area of the porous medium, cm2
μ = the fluid viscosity, centipoise units
dp/dx = the pressure gradient, atm/cm, taken in the same direction as ν and q. k =
the permeability of the rock expressed in Darcy units

Equation of Darcy for region 3 (pr & pwf > 3000 psi)
7.08(10−6 )𝐾ℎ(𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓)
𝑄𝑔 =
(𝜇𝑔 ∗ 𝛽𝑔)𝑎𝑣𝑔(𝑙𝑛 (𝑟𝑒/𝑟𝑤) − 𝑜. 75 + 𝑠)
Qg = gas flow rate , Mscf/day
Bg = gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
k = permeability, md
re = drainage radius
rw = wellbore radius
μg = gas density
βg = gas formation volume factor
s = skin factor
Equation of Darcy for region 1 (Pr & Pwf < 2000 psi)
2
𝐾ℎ(Pr −𝑝𝑤𝑓 2 )
𝑄𝑔 = 𝑟𝑒
1422𝑇(µ𝑔𝑍)𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑙 𝑛 ( ) − 𝑜. 75 + 𝑠)
𝑟𝑤
Qg = gas flow rate , Mscf/day
Bg = gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
k = permeability, md
re = drainage radius
rw = wellbore radius
μg = gas density
βg = gas formation volume factor
s = skin factor
z = gas compressibility factor
T= temperature R°

Different reservoir pressure:

➢ Initial Pressure (Pi): Calculate the maximum gas flow rate at the initial pressure.
➢ Current Pressure (Pcurrent): Calculate the gas flow rate at the current reservoir
pressure.
➢ 50% Initial Pressure (P50%): Calculate the gas flow rate at 50% of the initial
pressure
The empirically derived correlations are:

Vogel's Inflow Performance Relationship

Vogel's IPR is based on computer simulations to several solution gas drive reservoirs for
different fluid and reservoir relative permeability properties.

𝑞 𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑤𝑓 2
= 1 − 0.2 ( ) − 0.8 ( )
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝 𝑝

Figure 3 Combination single phase liquid constant PI

equation and Vogel's IPR
Rawlins and Schellhardt method
Recall the empirical equation that forms the basis for the Rawlins-Schellhardt analysis
technique
This method calculates the absolute open flow (AOF) potential of a gas well, which is a
measure of the maximum production rate of the well under standard conditions.

log(𝑞) = log(𝑐) + 𝑛(log(𝑝𝑝(𝑝) − 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑤𝑓))

Figure 4 c VLP and d IPR-VLP curves generated by the

Rawlins-Schellhardt (P2) model

Gilbert's Performance Curve

Design optimum tubing size

Basic data collection
Here's a summarized list of the types of data you would need to collect:
• Reservoir Data:
o Initial and current reservoir pressures and temperatures.
o Reservoir rock properties: porosity, permeability, and rock compressibility.
o Gas properties: composition, specific gravity, viscosity, and Z-factor.
o Reservoir drive mechanism: water drive, gas cap drive, compaction drive,
etc.
o Predicted future changes in reservoir behavior and pressures.
• Wellbore and Completion Data:
o Well depth and trajectory, including true vertical depth (TVD) and
measured depth (MD).
o Completion type (open hole or cased hole) and details, such as perforation
intervals.
o Existing tubing size and condition, if re-completing or re-working a well.
• Production Data:
o Historical production rates of gas, condensate, and water.
o Pressure and temperature profiles downhole over time.
o Decline curve analysis for future production estimations.
• Well Test Data:
o Pressure transient analysis to deduce reservoir characteristics and estimate
skin factor and well deliverability.
o Production test data to establish accurate IPR (Inflow Performance
Relationship) curves.
• Fluid Properties:
o Phase behavior of the reservoir fluids, represented by pressure-
temperature (P-T) phase envelopes.
o Water production data, which could impact corrosion and hydrate
formation.
o Condensate yield and properties if present in the reservoir.
• Additional Considerations:
o Artificial lift requirements and associated equipment data if required for
the well.
o Economic and operational constraints, such as budget limitations,
environmental regulations, and infrastructure capacities.
o Local geology and geomechanics to understand the stability and sand
production potential.
o Flow assurance issues like hydrate formation risk, scaling, and corrosion
potential.
o Market conditions that might influence the desired production rates.
• Data Analysis and Modelling Tools:
o Reservoir simulation models to predict future production and pressure
profiles.
o Well modeling software to simulate flow within the wellbore and optimize
tubing size.
o Material selection tools to ensure compatibility of the tubing with the
produced fluids and downhole conditions.
• Data Gathering Methods:
o Well logging and testing to gather real-time data on the well and reservoir
conditions.
o Laboratory analysis of fluid samples for PVT properties.
 o Surveillance using downhole sensors and gauges to monitor ongoing well
performance.
o Historical production data analysis for trend identification and decline rate
estimation.
• Possible Problems
o Sand
o Deposition
o Corrosion
o Paraffin
o Emulsion
o Temperature

Production capacity
Using IPR and VLP curves to determine the optimum tubing size

Importance of Sensitivity Analysis of Tubing Size

The tubing size in a gas well should be optimized to ensure the lowest energy
consumption for lifting and the longest flowing time, effectively utilizing the energy of
the gas reservoir. The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curve for a gas well
illustrates the relationship between the flowing bottomhole pressure at a stabilized
production rate and the gas production rate. This curve can be derived from reservoir
pressure, flowing bottomhole pressure, gas production rate, and maximum gas flow rate
achievable at zero flowing bottomhole pressure.
The tubing performance relationship (TPR) curve, which is established based on the
tubing shoe pressure (or flowing bottomhole pressure if the tubing shoe is positioned
within the gas reservoir), is calculated according to the flow rule in the tubing. This could
be single-phase or multiphase flow, depending on the gas-liquid ratio, water production,
well depth, and wellhead pressure for various production rates. The TPR curve reflects
the lifting capability of the tubing, which is influenced by tubing flow parameters such as
wellhead pressure, well depth, tubing diameter, and gas-liquid ratio, but is independent of
the reservoir's productivity.