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Nitesh Resonance Science 01
Nitesh Resonance Science 01
Nitesh Resonance Science 01
CLASS - IX (VISTAAR-EXPERT)
2. CHEMISTRY
20-34
35-57
58-64
65-97
98-100
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FORCE AND NEWTONíS LAWS OF MOTION
Force exerted by one particle on the other because of Forces which are transmitted between bodies by short
the electric charge on the particles is called range atomic molecular interactions are called contact
electromagnetic force. Following are the main forces. When two objects come in contact they exert
characteristics of electromagnetic force contact forces on each other. e.g. Normal, Tension
etc.
(i) These can be attractive or repulsive.
(b) ) Field force :
(ii) These are long range forces.
Force which acts on an object at a distance by the
(iii) These depend on the nature of medium between
interaction of the object with the field produced by
the charged particles.
other object is called field force. e.g. Gravitational
(iv) All macroscopic forces (except gravitational)
force, Electro magnetic force etc.
which we experience as push or pull or by
contact are electromagnetic, i.e., tension in a
DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CONTACT FORCE
rope, the force of friction, normal reaction,
muscular force, and force experienced by a (a) Normal force (N) :
deformed spring are electromagnetic forces.
It is the component of contact force perpendicular to
These are manifestations of the electromagnetic
the surface. It measures how strongly the surfaces in
attractions and repulsions between
contact are pressed against each other. It is the
atoms/molecules.
electromagnetic force.
(c) Nuclear Force : e.g.1 A table is placed on Earth as shown in figure
It is the strongest force. It keeps nucleons (neutrons
and protons) together inside the nucleus inspite of
large electric repulsion between protons.
Radioactivity, fission, and fusion, etc. results because
of unbalancing
PAGE # 1
Here table presses the earth so normal force exerted (b) Tension :
by four legs of table on earth are as shown in figure.
Tension is the magnitude of pulling force exerted by a
string, cable, chain, rope etc. When a string is
connected to a body and pulled out, the string said to
be under tension. It pulls the body with a force T,
whose direction is away from the body and along the
e.g.2 A boy pushes a block kept on a frictionless length of the string. Usually strings are regarded to be
massless and unstretchable, known as ideal string.
surface.
A B
Compressed spring
no e
1. Two blocks are kept in rm x
contact on a smooth al e
surface as shown in for rt
figure. Draw ce e
PAGE # 2
d by A on B. r Fext
F i
n
= g
Hence normal force F
exerted by A on B is F
0 c Fext
o zero.
Sol. In above problem, n F=ñ
s Note : kx
block A does not p
s
t x=
push block B, so r ï Normal is a compre
a
there is no i ssion in
n
n dependent force
t spring
molecular g it comes in role
interaction between when one
o surface presses
A and B. i
r
n the other.
s
n
t
a
i
t
f
u
f
r
n
a
e
l
s
l
s
e
n
g c
t o
h n
s
t
d
a
o
n
e
t
s
(
n
u
o
n
t
i
e
t
x
e
r =
t
s N
/
a m
n )
y x =
extens
f ion in
o spring
r
x
c
e
o
n
i
t
s
e
n
d
s
F
F
=
ñ
k
x
;
k
=
s
p
PAGE # 3
Note : Spring force is also electromagnetic in nature :
Body 1
(B) As the applied force increases the frictional force (B) About kinetic friction
:
also increases. When the applied force is increased 1. The kinetic friction depends on the materials
of the surface in contact.
up to a certain limit (F2) such that the block is on the
verge of motion. The value of frictional force at this 2. It is also independent of apparent area of
stage is called limiting friction f contact as long as the magnitude of normal
(figure c).
lim
reaction remains the same.
3. Kinetic friction is almost independent of the
velocity, provided the velocity is not too large
not too small.
4. The kinetic friction is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the normal reaction
between the surfaces.
fk= kN. Here kis coefficient of kinetic friction.
fk
We can write, = A force is conservative if the total work done by the
k
N force on an object in one complete round is zero,
ï There are two types of kinetic frictions: i.e. when the object moves around any closed path
(returning to its initial position).
(i) Sliding friction : The force of friction when one
body slides over the surface of the another body A force is conservative if there is no change in kinetic
is called sliding friction. energy in one complete round. KE = 0
Note : s and are dimensionless quantities and the work done by friction is never zero, it is always
k negative. Thus the work done by a non-conservative
independent of shape and area of contact . It is a
force is not recoverable, as it is for a conservative force.
property of two contact surfaces. wills always be
greater than k .Theoretical value of can be o to This is illustrated in figure.
but practical value is 0 < 1.6
Note : Here NAB and NBA are the action - reaction pair
(Newtonís third law).
(i) Draw F.B.D. of block. 4. Draw F.B.D. for systems shown in figure below.
(ii) Are forces acting on block forms action- reaction
pair.
Sol.
earth
mg
F = 0 with F = F =
i
Note : The absolute unit of force remains the same
everywhere, but the gravitational unit of force varies
0
from place to place because it depends on the value of
g.
=0;
F Fx
=0; F z
=0
( b) Applications of Newtonís 2nd Law
y (i) When objects are in equilibrium :
So in equilibrium forces along x axes must balance Steps to solve problem involving objects in
each other and the same is true for other directions. equilibrium :
If a body is in translatory equilibrium it will be either at
Step 1 : Make a sketch of the problem.
rest or in uniform motion. If it is at rest, equilibrium is
Step 2 : Isolate a single object and then draw the
called static, otherwise dynamic.
free- body diagram for the object. Label all external
Static equilibrium can be divided into following forces acting on it.
three types : Step 3 : Choose a convenient coordinate system and
(a) Stable equilibrium : resolve all forces into rectangular components along x
and Y direction.
If on slight displacement from equilibrium position a
body has a tendency to regain its original position it is
said to be in stable equilibrium. In case of stable
Step 4 : Apply the equations
Fx 0 and
Fy 0 .
Step 5 : Step 4 will give you two equations with
equilibrium potential energy is minimum and so center several unknown quantities. If you have only two
of gravity is lowest. unknown quantities at this point, you can solve the
two equations for those unknown quantities.
Step 6 : If step 5 produces two equations with more
O
than two unknowns, go back to step 2 and select
another object and repeat these steps. Eventually at
(b) Unstable equilibrium : If on slight displacement step 5 you will have enough equations to solve for all
from equilibrium position a body moves in the unknown quantities.
direction of displacement, the equilibrium is said to be
unstable. In this situation potential energy of body is
maximum and so center of gravity is highest. 5. A ëblockí of mass 10 kg is
suspended with string as
O
shown in figure.
Find tension in the string.
(g = 10 m/s2).
(c) Neutral equilibrium : If on slight displacement Sol.F.B.D. of block
from equilibrium position a body has no tendency to For equilibrium of block along Y axis
come back to its original position or to move in the
direction of displacement, it is said to be in neutral F y 0
equilibrium. In this situation potential energy of body T ñ 10 g = 0
is constant and so center of gravity remains at T = 100 N
constant height.
6. The system shown in figure is in equilibrium. Find the
magnitude of tension in each string ; T1 , T2, T3 and T4.
(g = 10 m/s2).
F
3
T2
y 0 & N4 = 50 cos 30F + 20 g
30F
T cos 30F = T = 100 N N4 = 243.30 N
2 0 x
T1 A
8. Find magnitude of force exerted by string on pulley.
200
T =2 3 N
T0
F x 0
T1 = T2 . sin 30F
Sol B. F.B.D. of 10 kg block :
200 1 100
= 3 . = 3 N.
2
F.B.D. of point of ëBí
y
T4
T = 10 g = 100 N
60F F.B.D. of pulley :
T3 x
B
30F
T2
N1 = 10 g = 100 N.......(1)
N2 = 100 N.........(2)
other body. Some of the forces may be unknown ,
Note : Since pulley is in equilibrium position, so net
label them with algebraic symbols.
forces on it is zero.
Step 3 : Choose a convenient coordinate system,
(ii) Accelerating Objects : show location of coordinate axis explicitly in the free -
body diagram, and then determine components of
Steps to solve problems involving objects that are in
accelerated motion : forces with reference to these axis and resolve all
forces into x and y components.
Step 1 : Make a sketch of the problem.
Step 2 : Isolate a single object and then draw the free Step 4 : Apply the equations Fx = ma & Fy =
x
F m1 m2 a
Tñ4g=4.2
10. A 5 kg block has a rope of mass 2 kg attached to its other end of the rope. The whole system is
underside and a 3 kg block is suspended from the accelerated upward at 2 m/s2 by an external
0
force F .
N2 = 50 g = 500 N
along horizontal direction, there is no force aB = 0
(a) What is F0 ?
(b) F.B.D. of 1 kg block :
(b) What is the net force on rope ?
N1 N2
(c) What is the tension at middle point of the rope ?
(g = 10 m/s2) 10 N
1g
F.B.D. of 10 kg block
spring balance
hook
m
F.B.D. of ëmí.
100 ñ 10 g = 10 a
100 ñ 10 I 9.8 = 10
a mg ñ T = 0
T = mg
a = 0.2 m/s2.
Magnitude of T gives the reading of spring balance.
WEIGHING MACHINE
14. A block of mass 20 kg is suspended through two light
A weighing machine does not measure the weight but spring balances as shown in figure . Calculate the :
measures the force exerted by object on its upper
surface.
13. A man of mass 60 Kg is
standing on a weighing
machine placed on ground.
Calculate the reading of
machine (g = 10 m/s2). weighing machine
Sol.For calculating the reading of weighing machine, we
draw F.B.D. of man and machine separately. (1) reading of spring balance (1).
F.B.D of man (2) reading of spring balance (2).
Sol.For calculating the reading, first we draw F.B.D.of 20 kg
block.
F.B.D of man taking F.B.D. of weighing F.B.D. 20 kg
mass of man as M machine
N
N
weighing machine T
N = Mg Mg
N1
Mg
20 g
mg ñ T = 0
T = 20 g = 200 N
Since both the balances are light so, both the scales
As the block is in equilibrium along y-axis, so we have
will read 200 N.
15. (i) A 10 kg block is supported by a cord that runs to a F y 0;
spring scale, which is supported by another cord or N = mg + F sin
from the ceiling figure (a). What is the reading on To just move the block along x-axis, we have
the scale ?
F cos = N = (mg + F sin )
(ii) In figure (b) the block is supported by a cord that
runs around a pulley and to a scale. The opposite mg
end of the scale is attached by cord to a wall. or F = (i)
cos ñ sin
What is the reading of the scale.
Pull : Along y-axis we have ;
(iii) In figure (c) the wall has been replaced with a
second 10 kg block on the left, and the assembly
is stationary. What is the reading on the scale
now ?
T
spring balance F y 0;
hook
N = mg ñ F sin
10 kg
To just move the block along x-axis, we have
(a) F cos = N = (mg ñ F sin )
T T
mg
T or F = cos sin(ii)
10kg
It is clear from above discussion that pull force is
smaller than push force.
(b)
T T 17. Discuss the direction of friction in the following cases :
As each part of the spring is at rest, so F= T. As the Sol. (i) Consider a man walks slowly without acceleration,
block is stationary, so T= 10g = 100N. and both the legs are touching the ground as
16. Pull is easier than push shown in figure (a). The frictional force on rear
leg is in forward direction and on front leg will be
on backward direction of motion.
As a = 0,
F = 0 or fñf=0
net 1 2
Push : Consider a block of mass m placed on f =1 f 2
& N1= N 2.
rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of static
friction between the block and surface is . Let a
push force F is applied at an angle with the
horizontal.
N1 N2
f1 f1 f2 f2
Ground
N1 N2
(b)
(ii) When man is gaining the speed : The frictional
Block is to be raised without acceleration, so
force on rear leg f1 will be greater than frictional
T = 25 g.
force on front leg f2 (fig. b).
f1 f2 N1 = 25 g + 50 g
acceleration of the man, a = .
m = 75 g = 75 I 9.8 = 735 N
In IInd case, let the force exerted by the man on the
(iii) When cycle is gaining speed : In this case
floor in N2 . Consider the forces inside the dotted box,
torque is applied on the rear wheel of the cycle
we have
by the chain-gear system. Because of this the
N2 = 50 g ñ T
slipping tendency of the point of contact of the
and T = 25 g
rear wheel is backward and so friction acts in
N2 = 50 g ñ 25 g
forward direction. The slipping tendency of point
= 25 g = 25 I 9.8 = 245 N.
of contact of front wheel is forward and so
As the floor yields to a downward force of 700 N, so the
friction acts in backward
man should adopt mode .
direction. If f1 and f2 are the frictional forces on
rear and front wheel, then acceleration of the
cycle a = 19. Figure shows a weighing machine kept in a lift is
f1 ñ f2 moving upwards with acceleration of 5 m/s2. A block is
, where M is the mass of the cycle
kept on the weighing machine. Upper surface of block
together is attached with a spring balance. Reading shown by
M weighing machine and spring balance is 15 kg and 45
with rider (fig. a).
N1 N2 N1 N2 kg respectively.
f1 f2 f1 f2
(a) (b)
Sol. (i)
50g T + N ñ Mg = Ma
50g 45 g + 15 g = M(g + a)
450 + 150 = M(10 + 5)
M = 40 kg
Sol. The FBD for the two cases are shown in figure. Normal force is the reaction applied by weighing
In Ist case, let the force exerted by the man on the machine i.e. 15 I 10 = 150 N.
floor is N1. Consider the forces inside the dotted box,
we have N1 = T + 50 g.
(A) Same (B) 1 : 2
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 3
2. Two forces of 6N and 3N are acting on the two blocks
of 2kg and 1kg kept on frictionless floor. What is the
(ii) force exerted on 2kg block by 1kg block ?:
6N
T + N ñ Mg = Ma 2kg 1kg
45 g + 40 g = 40(g + a)
450 + 400 = 400 +40 a
450 45
a= = m/s2
40 4
EXERCISE
Normal Force :
(A) 1N (B) 2N
STATEMENT-2 : From Newtonsís third law, the force
(C) 4N (D) 5N
exerted by block A on B is equal in magnitude to force
3. There are two forces on the 2.0 kg box in the exerted block B on A
overhead view of figure but only one is shown. The (A) statement-1 is true, Statement 2 is true, statement-2
second force is correct explanation for statement-1.
is nearly :
y (B) statement-1 is true, Statement 2 is true, statement-2
is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) statement-1 is true, Statement 2 is false
F1 = 20 N (D) statement-1 is False, Statement 2 is True
x
8. A certain force applied to a body A gives it an
30F acceleration of 10 msñ2 . The same force applied to
2
body B gives it an acceleration of 15 msñ2 . If the two
a = 12 m/s
bodies are joined together and same force is applied
(A) ñ20 àj N (B) ñ 20 ài + 20 àj N
to the combination, the acceleration will be :
(C) ñ32 ài ñ 12 3 àj N (D) ñ21 ài ñ 16 àj N (IJSO/Stage-I/2011)
(A) 6 msñ2 (B) 25 msñ2
(C) 12.5 msñ2 (D) 9 msñ2
9. Four blocks are kept in a row on a smooth horizontal
13. Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a
table with their centres of mass collinear as shown in
light string which passes over a massless pulley
the figure. An external force of 60 N is applied from
left attached to the top of a double inclined smooth plane
on the 7 kg block to push all of them along the table. of angles of inclination and . If M > M then the
The forces exerted by them are :(IAO/Sr./Stage- 2 1
I/2008)
acceleration of block M2 down the inclined will be :
P Q R S
60N 7 kg5 kg2 kg1 kg
(A) 32 N by P on Q (B) 28 N by Q on P
(C) 12 N by Q on R (D) 4 N by S on R
at A as shown in figure. Another rope is tied at the end (C) g (D) Zero
B, and it is pulled horizontally with a force F. If the rope M1
M2
AB makes an angle with the vertical in 14. Three masses of 1 kg, 6 kg and 3 kg are connected to
equilibrium,then the tension in the string AB is : each other by threads and are placed on table as
shown in figure. What is the acceleration with which
the system is moving ? Take g = 10 m sñ2:
(A) Zero
(B) More than that in case II
(C) Less than that in case II
(A) 200 N, 80 N (B) 220 N, 90 N
(C) 240 N, 96 N (D) 260 N, 96 N (D) Equal to that in case II
16. A 50 kg person stands on a 25 kg platform. He pulls
20. Two blocks of mass m each is connected with the
massless rope which is attached to the platform via
string which passes over fixed pulley, as shown in
the frictionless, massless pulleys as shown in the
figure. The force exerted by the string on the pulley P
figure. The platform moves upwards at a steady
velocity if the force with which the person pulls the is :
rope is :
(A) mg (B) 2 mg
(C) mg (D) 4 mg
2
21. One end of a massless rope, which passes over a
(A) 500 N (B) 250 N massless and frictionless pulley P is tied to a hook C
(C) 25 N (D) 50 N while the other end is free. Maximum tension that
rope can bear is 360 N, with what minimum safe
17. Figure shows four blocks that are being pulled along a
acceleration (in m/s2) can a monkey of 60 kg move
smooth horizontal surface. The mssses of the blocks
down on the rope :
and tension in one cord are given. The pulling force F is
:
F
30N P
60F 4kg 3kg 2kg 1kg
Friction Force :
(A)100 N (B) 50
(A) 6.0 N (C) 49 N (D) 24
(C) 9.0 N
41. A heavy roller is being
35. The upper half of an pulled along a rough
inclined plane with road as shown in the
inclination is perfectly figure. The frictional
smooth while the lower force at the point of
half is rough. A body contact is :
starting from rest at the (IAO/Jr./Stage-I/2007)
top will again come to F
rest at the bottom, if the
coefficient of friction for
the lower half is :
(A) (A) paralle
(B) tan (B) opposite to F
(C) 2 sin (C) perpendicular to F
(D) ze
36. Minimum force
42. When a motor car of
required to pull the
mass 1500 kg is
lower block is (take g = pushed on a road by
10 m/s2) : two persons, it moves
with a small uniform
velocity. On the other
hand if this car is
pushed on the same
road by three
persons, it moves
with an acceleration
(A) of 0.2 m/s2. Assume
(B) 5 N that each person is
(C) 7 N producing the same
muscular force. Then,
37. N bullets each of mass the force of friction
m are fired with a between the tyres of
the car and the
velocity v m/ s at the
surface of the road is :
rate of n bullets per
(IAO/Jr./Stage-I/2009)
sec., upon a wall. If the
bullets are completely (A) 300 N (B) 60
stopped by the wall, (C) 900 N (D) 10
the reaction offered by
43. A block of mass M is
the wall to the bullets is
at rest on a plane
: surface inclined at an
(A) angle to the
(B) n m v horizontal The
(C) n N v / m(D) n v m / magnitude of force
N exerted by the plane
on the block is :
38. A vehicle of mass m is (KVPY/2009)
moving on a rough (A) Mg co
horizontal road with (B) Mg sin
momentum P. If the (C) Mg tan (D) Mg
coefficient of friction
between the tyres and 44. A block of mass M
the road be , then the rests on a rough
stopping distance is : horizontal table. A
steadily increasing continued even after
horizontal force is sliding has started.
applied such that the Assume the
block starts to slide coefficients of static
on the table without and kinetic friction
toppling. The force is
P between the table
P and the block to be
(A)2 (B) 2
equal. The cor-
2 rect
representation of
m
m the variation of the
g g frictional forces, É,
P exerted by the
P2
table on the block
with time t is given
by :
(C) (D)
2 2m2g
m
2
(A) 20 N
10 N
(C) 12N (C)
15 N
PAGE # 16
45. A small child tries to move a large rubber toy placed Weighing Machine :
on the ground. The toy does not move but gets
49. The ratio of the weight of a man in a stationary lift and
deformed
when it is moving downward with uniform acceleration
under her pushing force (F) which is obliquely upward ëaí 3:2. The value of ëaí is : (g = acceleration, due to
gravity)
as shown . Then (KVPY/2011)
(A) (3/2)g (B) g
(C) (2/3) g (D) g/3
F1 F2 Miscellaneous :
PAGE #
64. A body of mass 5 kg starts from the origin with an initial 68. A body of 0.5 kg moves along the positive x - axis under
velocity u = 30 ài + 40 àj msñ1 . If a constant the influence of a varying force F (in Newtons) as
force shown below : (KVPY/2011)
à
F = ñ( ài + 5 j ) N acts on the body, the time in which
the
y-component of the velocity becomes zero is :
(A) 5 s (B) 20 s
(C) 40 s (D) 80 s 3
F(N)
motion, the magnitude of the action and reaction force
is an action reaction pair is same only in an inertial
frame of reference. 1
x x x1 x2
1 x1 x2 2
1 2
(A)
x 2x1
(C) 1 2
x x
1 x2 x2 1 (B)
2 1
x x
1 x1 x2 2 (D)
1 2
CARBON
(ii) Organic compounds generally contain covalent These compounds contain an open chain of carbon
bond. atoms which may be either straight chain or
branched chain in nature. Apart from that, they may
(iii) Organic compounds are soluble in non polar
solvents. also be saturated or unsaturated based upon the
nature of bonding in the carbon atoms. For example.
(iv) Organic compounds have low melting and
boiling points.
PAGE # 20
, e.g.
Phenol Aniline
Note :
Benzene is the parent compound of majority of
aromatic organic compounds.
HYDROCARBONS
The organic compounds containing only carbon and
n-Butane is a straight chain alkane while 2-
hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. These are the
Methylpropane is branched alkane.
simplest organic compounds and are regarded as
(b) Closed Chain or Cyclic Compounds : parent organic compounds. All other compounds are
considered to be derived from them by the
Apart from the open chains, the organic compounds
replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by
can have cyclic or ring structures. A minimum of other atoms or groups of atoms. The major source
three atoms are needed to form a ring. These of hydrocarbons is petroleum.
compounds have been further classified into
following types. Types of Hydrocarbons :
PAGE #
C 3H 4 (Propyne)
PAGE #
Examples :
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
a
Nomenclature means the assignment of names to M
organic compounds . There are two main systems of Eth - E
nomenclature of organic compounds - P
(1) Trivial system B
E
(2) IUPAC system (International Union of Pure and Propene
Applied Chemistry)
H
Methyl
2ñMethylpentane 4ñMethylpentane
e.g. (Correct) (Wrong)
CH3
5 4 3 2 1
e.g. CH3 ñ CH2 ñ C ñ Prefix : Methyl e.g. CH3 ñ CH2ñ C ñ CH ñ CH3
CH3 Word root : But- CH3 CH3
P. Suffix : ñene 2,3 - Dimethylpentane 2,3,3 - Trimethylpentane
CH2
e.g.
(ii)
(iii)
Carboxylic
Carboxy - oic acid Alkanoic acid
acid
(R = CnH2n+1)
Formyl
Aldehyde ñ CHO R ñ CHO - al Alkanal
or oxo
ñX
Halides RñX Halo ñ Haloalkane
(X = F,Cl,Br,I)
containing functional group : The carbon atoms of the parent chain are numbered
in such a way so that the carbon atom of the
Step 1:
functional group gets the lowest possible number . In
Select the longest continuous chain of the carbon
case the functional group does not have the carbon
atoms as parent chain. The selected chain must
atom, then the carbon atom of the parent chain
include the carbon atoms involved in the functional
attached to the functional group should get the
groups like ñ COOH, ñ CHO, ñ CN etc, or those
lowest possible number.
which carry the functional groups like ñ OH, ñ NH 2,ñ
Step 3 :
The secondary suffix is decided by the functional
group.
S.No. Compound Common name Derived name IUPAC Name Structure
Methyl alcohol
1 CH3 ñ OH Carbinol Methanol
or Wood spirit
H H
4 Isopropyl alcohol Dimethyl carbinol 2 - Propanol HñCñCñOñH
H CH 3
methyl acetic
8 CH3 ñ CH2 ñ COOH Propionic acid Propanoic acid
acid
ethyl acetic
9 CH3 ñ CH2 ñ CH2 ñ COOH Butyric acid Butanoic acid
acid
O
n-Propyl acetic
10 CH3 ñ CH2 ñ CH2 ñ CH2 ñ COOH Valeric acid Pentanoic acid
acid
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Homologous series may be defined as a series of
similarly constituted compounds in which the members
possess similar chemical characteristics and the two
consecutive members differ in their molecular formula
by ñ CH2.
(a) Characteristics(a)ofChain
Homologous
Isomerism : Series :
The isomerism in which
(i) All the members of a series can be the isomers
represented by differ from each other due to the presence of different carbon chain skeletons is kn
e.g.
the same general formula.
e.g. General formula (i)
forC4alkane
H10 series is C H .
n 2n+2
,
(ii) Any two consecutive members differ in their
formula by a common difference of ñ CH2 and
differ in molecular mass by 14.
(iii) Different members in a series have a common
functional group.
e.g. All the members of alcohol family have ñOH group . 2 - Methylpropane
(Isobutane)
(iv) The members in any particular family have
almost identical chemical properties. Their (ii) C5H12
physical properties such as melting point, boiling
point, density etc, show a regular gradation with the
increase in the molecular mass.
2 - Methylbutane
(v) The members of a particular series can be (Isopentane)
prepared almost by the identical methods.
(b) Homologues :
The different members of a homologous series are
known as homologues.
e.g. 2, 2 -Dimethylpropane
(i) Homologous series of alkanes (neo - pentane)
General formula : CnH2n+2
(iii) C H
4 8
Value of n Molecular formula IUPAC name
n=1 CH4 Methane
n=2 C 2H 6 Ethane CH3 ñ CH2 ñ CH = CH2 ,
n=3 C 3H 8 Propane But - 1 - ene Methylpropene
(ii) Homologous series of alkenes (b) Position Isomerism :
General formula :CnH2n
In this type of isomerism, isomers differ in the structure
Value of n Molecular IUPAC Common
formula name name due to difference in the position of the multiple bond
n=2 CH or functional group.
Ethene Ethylene
2 4
e.g.
n=3 C 3H 6 Propene Propylene
n=4 C 4H
8
But-1-ene - Butylene (i) C4H8
(iii) Homologous series of alkynes CH3 ñ CH2 ñ CH = CH2 , CH3 ñ CH = CH ñ CH3
But -1 - ene But -2 - ene
General formula : CnH2nñ2
Value of n Molecular IUPAC Common (ii) C3H8O
formula name name acetylene
CH3 ñ CH2 ñ CH2 ñ OH ,
n=2 C 2H 2 Ethyne Acetylene Propan-1-ol
n=3 C 3H 4 Propyne Methyl
acetylene n = 4 C 4H 6 But -1-yne Ethyl
CH3 ñ CH ñ CH3 OH
Propan-2-ol
(c) Functional Group Isomerism : only. These compounds are open chain compounds
In this type of isomerism, isomers differ in the which are also addressed as Acyclic compounds.
structure due to the presence of different functional Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 .The
groups. carbon
e.g. atoms in alkanes are in a state of sp3 hybridization,
i.e. the carbon atoms have a tetrahedral geometry.
(a) Physical Properties :
(i) C3H8O (i) Alkanes of no. of carbon atoms C to C are gases.
1 4
CH3 ñ CH2 ñ O ñ CH3 CH3 ñ CH2 ñ CH2 ñ OH Carbon atoms C5 to C17 are liquids and C18 & onwards
are solids.
Methoxy ethane Propan-1-ol
(ii) Alkanes are colourless and odourless.
(ii) C4 H6 (iii) They are non-polar in nature, hence they
CH3 ñ CH2 ñ C CH CH = CH2 ñ CH = CH2 dissolve only in non-polar solvents like benzene,
But - 1- yne Buta - 1, 3 - diene carbon tetrachloride etc.
(iv) Boiling point of alkanes increases as their
[or 1, 3 - Butadiene
molecular weight increases.
]
Note :
ALKANES
Alkanes are unaffected by most chemical reagents
Alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons having only and hence are known as paraffins (parum-little,
C ñ C single covalent bonds. These are also known affinis affinity).
as saturated hydrocarbon as they contain single
bond
SOME COMMON EXAMPLES OF ALKANES
CH 3 ñ CH ñ CH 2 ñ CH 3 Isopentane 2ñMethylbutane
|
CH3
CH 3
| Neopentane 2,2ñDimethylpropane
CH 3 ñ C ñ CH 3
|
CH 3
CH 3 ñ CH ñ CH 2 ñ CH 2 ñ CH3
Isohexane 2ñMethylpentane
CH3
CH 3 ñ CH ñ CH ñ CH3 ñ 2,3ñDimethylbutane
CH3 CH3
CH 3
name marsh gas) and the places where petroleum is and soda lime Gas jar
Cork
found. Bubbles of
Burner
methane gas
Note : Trough
Iron
Beehive shelf
Methane is a major constituent of natural gas. Gas stand
Water
(a) Properties :
Methane is a colourless gas with practically no smell
and is almost insoluble in water. It melts at ñ 183P C Preparation of methane gas
and boils at ñ162PC. Methane has tetrahedral Methane, so formed is collected by downward
geometry in which Hñatoms are situated at four displacment of water. This gas contains some
corners of the regular tetrahedron. Bond angle is hydrogen, ethylene etc. as impurities which can be
109P28í. It has sp3 hybridisation. removed by passing the impure gas through alkaline
potassium permanganate solution.
(b) Structure :
(d) General Reactions :
H (i) Combustion :
(A) Methane burns with explosive violence in air
C forming carbon dioxide and water.
H CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Heat
H H (B) In the presence of insufficient supply of oxygen.
Tetrahedral 2CH4 + 3O2 2CO + 4H2O + Heat
(c) Preparation of Methane : (ii) Halogenation :
(A) In direct sunlight
(i) Direct synthesis h C + 4HCl
: Ni CH4 + 2Cl2
CH
C + 2H
2
500PC 4 (B) In diffused light
Carbon Hydrogen Methane Cl Cl2 Cl2
CH4 2 CH 3
CH Cl
22
CHCl 3 Cl2
CCl 4
Cl
Carbon
(ii) Sabatier and Senderens reductive method : Methane Methyl
chloride
Methylene
dichloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Methane can be prepared by passing carbon
Fluorine forms similar substitution products in the
monoxide or carbon dioxide and hydrogen over finely presence of nitrogen which is used as a diluent
powdered nickel catalyst at 300PC. because of high reactivity of fluorine. Bromine
Ni powder vapours react very sluggishly while iodine vapours
do not react
CO + 3H2 at all.
CH4 + H2O
300PC (iii) Nitration :
Ni powder 400PC
CO2 + 4H2 300PC CH4+ 2H2O CH4 + HOñNO2
10 atm.
CH3ñNO2 + H2O
Methane Nitric acid Nitromethane
(iii) Hydrolysis of aluminium carbide (iv) Catalytic Air oxidation : This is a method for
:
Al4C3 + 12H2O
3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3
commercial production of methanol.
When a mixture of methane and oxygen in a ratio of 9: 1
Aluminium Water Methane Aluminium
carbide hydroxide by volume is passed through a heated copper tube at
(iv) Reduction of methyl 200PC and at a pressure of 100 atmospheres,
methanol is formed.
iodide :
CH3 ñ ZnñCu Couple
+ 2H CH4 + H CH4 + 1/2 O2
Methyl H2O CH3OH
Methane Hydrogen
iodide iodide Methane Methanol
(v) Reduction of methanol or formaldehyde (e) Uses :
or formic acid with H (i) Alkanes are used directly as fuels .
CH3OH + 2H Red P (ii) Certain alkanes, such as methane, are used as a
CH4 + + H 2O
source of hydrogen.
Methanol Methane
(iii) The carbon obtained in decomposition of alkanes
HCHO + 4H Red P
CH4 + 2 + H2 O is in very finely divided state and is known as carbon
Methanal Methane black. This is used in making printerís ink, paints, boot
polish and blackening of tyres.
(iv) Alkanes are used as starting materials for a
number of other organic compounds e.g.
methanol, methyl chloride, methylene dichloride etc.
(b) Uses :
ALKENES
(i) Ethylene is mainly used in the manufacture of
Alkenes are the simplest unsaturated aliphatic ethanol, ethylene oxide and higher 1-alkenes.
hydrocarbons with one carbon - carbon double bond. Ethylene is used for ripening of fruits. It is also used
for preparation of mustard gas.
Alkenes have general formula CnH2n. The carbon
[Cl ñ CH2 ñ CH2 ñ S ñ CH2 ñ CH2 ñ Cl]
atoms connected by the double bond are in a state of
sp2 hybridisation and this part of molecule is planar. (ii) Polythene from ethylene, teflon from tetra
A double bond is composed of sigma () and a pi () fluoroethylene and polystyrene from styrene are
bond. Alkenes are also called olefines (oil forming) used as plastic materials. Acrilon or orlon obtained
becuase they form oily products with halogens. from vinyl cyanide is used for making synthetic
fibres.
R ñ CH = CH2 + Br2 R ñ CH ñ CH2
Br Br Ethene occurs in natural gas, coal gas and wood
ETHENE
(Oily liquid) gas. It is also formed during the cracking of high
boiling petroleum fractions.
(a) Properties :
(a) Properties :
(i) Alkenes of C2 to C4 are gases. Alkenes of carbon
atoms C5 to C14 are liquids and C14 and onwards are Ethene is a colourless gas (B.P. = ñ105PC). It is very
solids. sparingly soluble in water but dissolves in acetone,
alcohol etc. It burns with smoky flame. Ethene has
(ii) Ethene is colourless gas with faint sweet smell. trigonal planar geometry. Bond angle is 120P. It has
All other alkenes are colourless and odourless. sp2 hybridisation.
(iii) Alkenes are insoluble in polar solvents like (b) Structure :
water, but fairly soluble in non-polar solvents like
benzene, carbon tetrachloride etc.
(iv) Boiling point of alkenes increases with increase
in molecular mass.
CH3
CH3 ñ C = CH ñ CH3 ñ 2-Methyl-2-butene
CH3
(red-brown colour) Br Br
1,2-Dibromoethane
(colourless)
Note :
Addition of bromine on alkenes in presence of CCl4 ALKYNES
is the test for unsaturation. Alkynes are unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
having a carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynes have
(ii) Addition of halogen acids (Hydrohalogenation) general formula CnH2nñ2. Thus, they have two
: hydrogen atoms less than an alkene and four
hydrogen atoms
CH2 = CH2 + HCl CH2 ñ CH2 less than an alkane with same number of carbon
Ethene atoms. A triple bond is composed of one sigma ()
H Cl
and two pi () bonds. The carbon atoms connected
Chloroethane
by a triple bond are in state of sp hybridisation.
(iii) Hydrogenation :
(a) Properties :
CH = CH + H Ni or Pt CH ñ CH
2 2 2
High T& P 3 3 (i) Alkynes of carbon atoms C2 to C4 are gases.
Ethene Alkynes of carbon atoms C5 to C12 are liquids.Alkynes
Ethane
of C13 & onwards are solids.
(iv) Combustion :
(ii) Alkynes are colourless and odourless, but ethyne
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2 O + Heat has characteristic odour.
Ethene (iii) Boiling point and solubilities in water are
relatively higher than those of alkanes and alkenes.
(v) Addition of oxygen
: (iv) Alkynes are weakly polar in nature.
(v) Alkynes are lighter than water and soluble in non-
polar solvents.
(vi) Boiling point of alkynes increases with the
increase in molecular mass.
(vi) Polymerisation : Note :
nCH2 = CH2 High T The bond energy of a triple bond is 190.5 Kcal per
ñ (CH2ñ CH2ñ)n
& High P mole, which is less than thrice the energy of a single
Ethene Polyethene () bond.
C H3
(a) Structure :
ETHYNE
HC CH + HCl HCl
H2C = CH H3C ñ CH
Ethyne
Cl Cl
Chloroethene 1,1-Dichloroethane
(Vinyl chloride) (Gem dihalide) (iii) Silver nitrate Test : It gives white precipitate
(iii) Hydrogenation H ñ C C ñ H + 2 [Ag (NH3)2]NO3 Ag ñ C C ñ Ag + 2NH4NO3 + 2NH3
:
Ethyne Tollen's reagent White ppt.
HC CH H2/Ni
H2 H2C = CH ñ CH
Ni CH2 3
7. Propane is an -
(A) acyclic compound
(B) open chain compound
(C) alipthatic compound
(A) 2,4-Dimethylpentan -2-ol (B) 2-Methyl-4-bromopentane
(B) 2,4- Dimethylpentan-4-ol (C) 1-Bromo -3- methylbutane
(C) 2,2-Dimethylbutane (D) 2-Methyl-3-bromopentane
(D) Isopentanol
18. The IUPAC name of (CH3)2 CHCH2 CH2 Br is- 19. Which of the following does not belong to
homologous series of alkanes ?
(A) 1-Bromopentane
(A) Berzelius (B) Avogadro (A) C2H6 (B) C3H
4
(C) Wohler (D) Lavoisier (C) C4H10 (D) C5H12
9. Which one of the following is not an organic compound
?
(A) Hexane (B) Urea 20. Isomers have -
(C) Ammonia (D)Ethyl alcohol (A) same molecular formula & same structure.
(B) different molecular formula & different structure.
10. Vast number of carbon compounds is due to the fact
that carbon has - (C) same molecular formula & different structure.
(A) variable valency (D) different molecular formula & same structure.
(B) property of catenation 21. Which of the following properties is not true
(C) great chemical affinity regarding organic compounds ?
(D) None of these (A) They are generally covalent compounds.
O (B) They have high melting and boiling points.
|| (C) They are generally insoluble in water.
11. The IUPAC name for CH3 ñ C ñ H is - (D) They generally show isomerism.
(A) Acetal (B) Methanal
22. The nature of linkage in organic compounds is
(C) Ethanal (D) Acetaldehyde
generally -
12. The IUPAC name of compound (A) ionic bond
H
(B) covalent bond
(C) co-ordinate covalent
CH3 ñ C ñ CH2 ñ CH3 is -
(D) metallic bond
COOH
23. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
(A) Butan -3- oic acid
The members of the homologous series of alkanes
(B) Butan -2- oic acid
(A) are all straight chain compounds.
(C) 3-Methylbutanoic acid
(B) have the general formula CnH2n+2.
(D) 2-Methylbutanoic acid
(C) have similar chemical properties .
(D) show a regular gradation of physical properties.
24. Which of the following pairs is an example of chain
32. Ethyne on passing through a red hot iron tube gives -
isomer ?
(A) mesitylene (B) benzene
(A) CH3 ñ CH2 ñ OH & CH3OCH3
(C) butenyne (D) None
(B) CH3 ñ CH2 ñ CHO & CH3 ñ CO-CH3
(C)CH ñCH ñCH ñCH ñCH & 33. The general molecular formula of alkynes is -
3 2 2 2 3
(A) C H (B) C H
n 2n n 2nñ4
29. The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons is - (A) Methane (B) Ethene
(A) C H (B) C H (C) Ethyne (D) All
n 2n n 2n+2
NUMBERSYSTEM
If ëaí is a positive real number, other than 1 and x is a (ii) loga 0 = not defined
rational number such that ax = N, then x is the [As an = 0 is not possible, where n is any number]
logarithm of N to the base a.
(iii) loga (ñve no.) = not defined.
If ax = N then log Na = x. [As in loga N, N will always be (+ ve)]
[ Remember N will be +ve]
Systems of Logarithm : (iv) loga (mn) = loga m + logan
There are two systems of logarithm which are [Where m and n are +ve numbers]
generally used.
m
(i) Common logarithm : In this system base is (v) log = log m ñ log n
always taken as 10. a
n a a
(ii) Natural logarithm : In this system the base of the (vi) loga(m)n = n log m
a
logarithm is taken as ëeí. Where ëeí is an
irrational
number lying between 2 and 3. (The approximate log m
value of e upto two decimal places is e = 2.73) (vii) log a b
log a
m b
Some Useful Results :
(i) If a > 1 then
(viii) logam . logma = 1
(a) loga x < 0 [for all x satisfying 0 < x < 1]
(b) loga x = 0 for x = 1 (ix) If ëaí is a positive real number and ëní is a positive
(c) loga x > 0 for x > 1 rational number, then
(d) x > y loga x > loga y i.e. logax is an increasing
function.
a loga n n
(x) If ëaí is a positive real number and ëní is a positive
Graph of y = loga x, a > 1 rational number, then
y
logaq np
p
log n
a
y = logax, a > 1 q
x' 0 (1,0) x (xi)
ploga q qloga p
y 9 3 27 3
log ñ log log log 9 log
y = logax, 0 < a < 1. 8 27 4 32 4
32 8
0
(1,0) 9 log
x' 8
x
32 3 27 4
= log1 = 0. [loga1 = 0]
y'
Ex.3 If 2log4x = 1 + log4(x ñ 1), find the value of x. FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
Sol. Given 2log4x = 1 + log4(x ñ 1)
log x42 ñ log (x4 ñ 1) = 1 Factors : ëaí is a factor of ëbí if there exists a relation
x such that a # n = b, where ëní is any natural number.
2 2 x
1
4=
log4 =1 xñ1 1 is a factor of all numbers as 1 7 b = b.
xñ1
x = 4x ñ 4
2
x ñ 4x + 4 = 0
2
Factor of a number cannot be greater than the
(x ñ 2) = 0 2
x = 2. number (in fact the largest factor will be the number
itself). Thus factors of any number will lie between 1
Ex.4 Evaluate : 3 2ñlog3 5 . and the number itself (both inclusive) and they are
limited.
or, B = log32 5 3
36
+ 7log11 13 (and the remainder is 3).
3 Hence, there are 7 multiples of 36.
13
or, B = log 5 + 7log11 ...(ii)
2 3
Ex.7 How many numbers from 200 to 600 are divisible by
By (i) and (ii) we have, 4, 5, 6 ?
Sol. Every such number must be divisible by L.C.M. of
4 3
Añ log35 = B ñ log35 (4, 5, 6) = 60.
3 2
600 200
4 3 60 ñ 60 = 10 ñ 3 = 7.
log35 < log35
3 2 Such numbers are 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 540 and
A < B. 600.
Clearly, there are 7 such numbers.
Ex.6 Find the value of log25125 ñ log84
Sol. Given, log25125 ñ log84 Factorisation : It is the process of splitting any number
Given
Factors Multiples
numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 12 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120....
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 20 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120.....
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 30 30, 60, 90, 120....
Ex.15 Six bells start tolling together and they toll at 4 The no form ed by las t 2 digits of given no. s hould be divis ible by 4 .
(i) after how much time will all six of them toll together 6 No s hould be divis ible by 2 & 3 both
? 8 The num ber form ed by las t 3 digits of given no. s hould be divis ible by 8 .
(ii) how many times will they toll together in 30 min ? 9 Sum of digits of given no. s hould be divis ible by 9
Sol. The time after which all six bells will toll together must The difference between s um s of the digits at even & at odd places
11
s hould be zero or m ultiple of 11 .
be multiple of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.
25 Las t 2 digits of the num ber s hould be 00 , 25, 50 or 75.
Therefore, required time = LCM of time intervals.
= LCM (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) = 120 sec. Rule for 7 : Double the last digit of given number and
Therefore after 120 s all six bells will toll together. subtract from remaining number the result should be
After each 120 s, i.e. 2 min, all bell are tolling
together.
Ex.20 Check whether 6545 is divisible by 7 or not. Ex.21 Check whether 234 is divisible by 13 or not .
Sol. Last digit = 5, remaining number 654, 654 ñ (5 x 2) Sol. 234, (4 x 4) + 23 = 39 (divisible by 13), i.e. 234 is
divisible
= 644; 64 ñ (4 x 2) = 56 divisible by 7. i.e. 6545 is
by 13.
Rule for 17 : Five times the last digit of the number REMAINDERS
and subtract from previous number the result
obtained should be either 0 or divisible by 17. The method of finding the remainder without actually
Ex.22 Check whether 357 is divisible by 17 or not. performing the process of division is termed as
Sol. 357, (7 x 5) ñ 35 = 0, i.e. 357 is divisible by 17. remainder theorem.
Rule for 19 : Double the last digit of given number Remainder should always be positive. For example if
and add to remaining number The result obtained we divide ñ22 by 7, generally we get ñ3 as quotient
should be divisible by 19. and ñ1 as remainder. But this is wrong because
Ex.23 Check whether 589 is divisible by 19 or not. remainder is never be negative hence the quotient
Sol. 589, (9 x 2) + 58 = 76 (divisible by 19), i.e. the should be ñ4 and remainder is +6. We can also get
number is divisible by 19. remainder 6 by adding ñ1 to divisor 7 ( 7ñ1 = 6).
Ex.24 Find the smallest number of six digits which is Ex.28 Two numbers, x and y, are such that when divided
exactly divisible by 111. by 6, they leave remainders 4 and 5 respectively. Find
Sol. Smallest number of 6 digits is 100000. the remainder when (x2 + y2) is divided by 6.
On dividing 100000 by 111, we get 100 as remainder. Sol. Suppose x = 6k1 + 4 and y = 6k2 + 5
Number to be added = (111 ñ 100) = 11. x2 + y2 = (6k 1 + 4)2 + (6k 2 + 5)2
Hence, required number = 100011. = 36k 2 + 48k + 16 + 36k 2 + 60k + 25
1 1 2 2
Ex.25 Find the largest four digit number which when number 62684$ is divisible by both 8 and 5 ?
reduced by 54, is perfectly divisible by all even natural Sol. Since the given number is divisible by 5, so 0 or 5 must
numbers less than 20. come in place of $. But, a number ending with 5 in
Sol. Even natural numbers less than 20 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, never divisible by 8. So, 0 will replace $.
12, 14, 16, 18. Now, the number formed by the last three digits is 40,
Their LCM = 2 7 LCM of first 9 natural numbers which becomes divisible by 8, if is replaced by 4 or 8.
= 2 7 2520 = 5040. Hence, digits in place of and $ are (4 or 8 or 0) and 0
This happens to be the largest four-digit number respectively.
divisible by all even natural numbers less than 20. 54
was subtracted from our required number to get this
number.
Hence, (required number ñ 54) = 5040
Required number = 5094.
Hence, the required number is 214. = 28M + (ñ1)19 + 27 [Expand by binomial theorem]
Ex.32 In dividing a number by 585, a student employed = 28M ñ 1 + 27
the method of short division. He divided the = 28M + 26
number successively by 5, 9 and 13 (factors of 585) When 28M + 26 divided by 28, the remainder is 26.
and got the remainders 4, 8 and 12. If he had divided Hence, the required remainder is 26.
number by 585, then find out the remainder. Ex.38 What is the remainder when 82361 + 83361 + 84361
Sol.
5 x + 85361 + 86361 is divided by 7?
9 y 4 Sol. 82361 + 83361 + 84361 + 85361 + 86361 = [(84 ñ 2)361
13 z 8 + (84 ñ 1)361 + 84361 + (84 + 1)361 + (84 + 2)361]
1 12
Since, 84 is a multiple of 7, then the remainder will be
Now, 1169 when divided by 585 gives remainder when, (ñ 2)361 + (ñ1)361 + 1361 + 2361 is divided by 7 is
= 584. (ñ 2)361 + (ñ1)361 + 1361 + 2361 = 0. So the remainder is
To find the remainder of big number zero.
NOTE :
CYCLICITY
(i) Binomial Expansion :
n n(n We are having 10 digits in our number systems and
(a + b)n = an + anñ1b + 1) an ñ 2b2 +......+ bn, or some of them shows special characteristics like they,
1!
2!
n
repeat their unit digit after a cycle, for example 1 repeat
n(n
(a ñ b)n = an a bnñ1
1) anñ 2b2 ñ......+ (ñ 1)nbn. its unit digit after every consecutive power. So, its
ñ + cyclicity is 1 on the other hand digit 2 repeat its unit
1! 2!
Hence, first term is purely of a i.e an and last digit is is (n + 1).
purely of b, i.e. bn.
Ex.33 What is the remainder when 738 is divided by 48.
(ii) Total number of terms in the expansion of (a + b) n
digit after every four power, hence the cyclicity of 2 is four. The cyclicity of digits are as follows :
Digit Cyclicity
Sol.
738
72 49 1
48 0, 1, 5 and 6 1
1 so by using
9 19
48 4 and 9 2
=
19 =
48 48
= 2, 3, 7 and 8 4
48
binomial expansion, we can say that 18 terms are So, if we want to find the last digit of 245, divide 45 by
completely divisible by 48 but the last term which is 4. The remainder is 1 so the last digit of 2 45 would be
119 same as the last digit of 21 which is 2.
is not divisible. So, 119 = 1 is the remainder.
48 To Find the Unit Digit in Exponential
Ex.34 What is the remainder if 725 is divided by 4? Expres s ions :
Sol. 725 can be written (8ñ1)25. There are 26 terms in all (i) When there is any digit of cyclicity 4 in unitís
and first 25 terms are divisible by 8, hence also by 4. place. Since, when there is 2 in unitís place then in 2 1
The last term is (ñ1)25. Hence, (8 ñ1)25 can be unit digit is 2, in 22 unit digit is 4, in 23 unit digit is 8, in
written 8X ñ 1 or 4Y ñ1 ( where Y = 2X). So, 4Y ñ 1 24 unit digit is 6, after that the unitís digit repeats. e.g.
divided by 4 leaves the remainder 3. unit digit (12)12 is equal to the unit digit of, 24 i.e.6.
Ex.35 What is the remainder if 345 is divided by 8 ?
Ex.39 In (32)33 unit digit is equal to the unit digit of 2 1 i.e. 2.
Sol. 345 can be written as 922 7 3. 9 can be written as (8 +
1). Hence, any power of 9 can be written as 8N + 1. In Ex.40 In (23)15 unit digit is equal to the unit digit of 3 3 i.e. 7.
other words, any power of 9 is 1 more than a multiple
Ex.41 In (57)9 unit digit is equal to the unit digit of 7 1 i.e. 7.
of 8. Hence, (8N + 1) 7 3 leaves remainder 3 when
divided by 8. Ex.42 In (678)22 unit digit is equal to the unit digit of 82 i.e.
4.
Ex.46 In (25)15 unit digit is 5. Ex.49 Find unitís digit in y = 717 + 734
Sol. 717 + 734 = 71 + 72 = 56, Hence the unit digit is 6
Ex.47 In (46)13 unit digit is 6.
Ex.50 What will be the last digit of (73)756476
Ex.48 Find the last digit of
(i) 357 (ii) 1359
57
Sol. (i) The cyclicity of 3 is 4. Hence, gives the remainder
4
1. So, the last digit of 357 is same as the last digit of 31,
i.e. 3.
we need to find the sum of the powers of all 2 in this product, i.e 2 = 5. Hence, 5 numbers contribute an
2
extra 1 to exponents. Similarly, there are 2 numbers
3
that are divisible by 2 and 1 number that is divisible
64 (In this case we need not have checked power of 2 number of the base to which we are converting the
as it would definitely be greater than that of 3). decimal number. Then list down all the remainders in
the reverse sequence to get the number in that base.
Ex.56 What is the largest power of 12 that would divide 49!
? So, here (122)10 = (172)8.
Sol. To check the highest power of 12 in 49!, we need to
(1987.725)10 = (3703.56314...)8
(ii) Conversion from any other base to decimal
Ex.68 The sum of first n natural numbers is a three-digit
system :
number, all of whose digits are the same. What is the
Ex.62 Convert (231)8 into decimal system.
value of n?
Sol. (231)8 , the value of the position of each of the
numbers ( as in decimal system) is : Sol. In 5 seconds, you can solve the equation
1 = 80 7 1 n(n 1)
3 = 81 7 3 = aaa (111, 222, etc) . How do you proceed
2
2 = 82 7 2 next ? If you think it's hit-and-trial from this point, you
Hence, (231) 8 = (80 7 1 + 81 7 3 + 82 7 2) 10 are wrong. Here goes the simple logic. It might strike
(231)8 = (1 + 24 + 128)10 you instantly if you have been working with numbers:
(231)8 = (153)10
n(n 1) = aaa = a 7 111 = a 7 3 7 37
Ex.63 Convert (0.03125)10 to base 16.
2
Sol. 16 0.03125 = 0.5 0 n(n + 1) = 6a x 37
16 0.5 = 8.0 8
So (0.03125)
a product of two consecutive natural
10
= (0.08)
numbers.16
Therefore, R.H.S. should also be a product of two consecutive natural numbers. One of the numbers is 37. Therefore
um is equal Ex.64 Convert (761.56) (......)
8 16
Sol. In such conversion which are standard form
conversions, it is easier to
(761.56) (.....) (.....)
8 2 16
Converting every digit in base 8 to base 2,
(111110001.101110)2 (1F1.B8)16
Now for the value of D looking at the first and last 6. How many numbers between 200 and 600 are
digits of the multiplicand, we can see that 4 x D gives divisible by 14?
the unit digit of 2 and 4 x 2 gives the first digit of D. (A) 28 (B) 29
Yes, you got it right D = 8. Writing the multiplication (C) 27 (D) None of these
again with the value of D we get 2BC8 x 4 = 8CB2. 7. The number of prime factors of (3 7 5)12 (2 7 7)10 (10)25
Now for the value of B. A number is divisible by 4 if the is :
(A) 47 (B) 60
number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.
(C) 72 (D) 94
Since the number 8CB2 is a multiple of 4, the number
B2 should be divisible by 4. Or, the number B2 = 12, 8. How many three-digit numbers would you find, which
when divided by 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 leave the remainders 1,
32, 52, 72 or 92. Hence the original number ABCD is
2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively ?
21C8, 23C8, 25C8, 27C8 or 29C8. But the last 4
(A) 4 (B) 3
numbers when multiplied by 4 will not give you the (C) 2 (D) 1
first digit of 8 in the product. Therefore B = 1 and the
9. Six strings of violin start vibrating simultaneously and
original number is 21C8. We write the multiplication they vibrate at 3, 4, 5, 6,10 and 12 times in a minute,
again 21C8 x 4 = 8C12. find :
Now for the value of C notice that when you multiply i. After how much time will all six of them vibrate
together ?
8, the unit digit of 21C8, by 4 you write 2 in the unit
ii. How many times will they vibrate together in 30 min ?
digit of the product and carry 3. The tenth digit of the
(A) 60 min, 31 times (B) 60 sec, 31 times
product is (C) 120 sec, 15 times (D) None of these
1. Therefore, 4 x C + 3 (carry over) gives a unit digit of
10. The HCF of 2 numbers is 11 and their LCM is 693.
1. Hence, C is 2 or 7. You can easily check by the
If their sum is 176, find the numbers.
hundreds digit in the product (which is C again) that C (A) 99,77 (B) 110, 66
= 7. Therefore, our answer is 2178 x 4 = 8712. (C) 88,77 (D) 121, 44
43. Anita had to do a multiplication. Instead of taking 35 51. Convert the number 1982 from base 10 to base 12.
as one of the multipliers, she took 53. As a result, the The results is :
product went up by 540. What is the new product? (A) 1182 (B) 1912
(A) 1050 (B) 540 (C) 1192 (D) 1292
(C) 1440 (D) 1590 52. If n2 = 12345678987654321, find the value of n ?
44. Three friends, returning from a movie, stopped to eat (A) 12344321 (B) 1235789
at a restaurant. After dinner, they paid their bill and (C) 11111111 (D) 111111111
noticed a bowl of mints at the front counter. Sita took
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1/3 of the mints, but returned four because she had a 53 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
monetary pang of guilt. Fatima then took 1/4 of what is equal to :
was left but returned three for similar reasons. Eswari (A) 9 (B) 8
then took half of the remainder but threw two back (C) 4.5 (D) None of these
into the bowl. The bowl had only 17 mints left when
54. The LCM of two numbers is 567 and their HCF is 9. If
the raid was over. How many mints were originally in
the difference between the two numbers is 18, find
the bowl? (A) 38 (B) 31
the two numbers :
(C) 41 (D) 48
(A) 36 and 18 (B) 78 and 60
(C) 63 and 81 (D) 52 and 34
55. If a, a + 2, and a + 4 are prime numbers, then the 64. Which of the following surds is greatest in magnitude
number of possible solution for a is :
(A) three (B) two
6
17, 2,12 25,3 4 .
(C) one (D) more than three (A) 6 17 (B) 12 25
(D)
56. Find the square root of 7 ñ 4 3 . (C) 34
2
(A) 2 ñ 3 (B) 5 ñ 3
65. If log 10N 2.5 then, find out total number of digits in N.
(C) 2 ñ 5 (D) None of these (A) 3 (B) 4
57. How many even integers n, where 100 n 200, are (C) 5
divisible neither by seven nor by nine ? (D) cannot be determine
(A) 40 (B) 37
66. If log x = n then 2n is equal to :
(C) 39 (D) 38
(A) log (x ) (B) (logx)2
2
58. The number of positive n in the range 12 n 40 (C) log (x+2) (D) log 2x
such that the product (n ñ1) (n ñ 2) 3.2.1 is not
67. Given log2 = 0.3010, then log 16 is :
divisible by
(A) 2.4080 (B) 1.2040
n is :
(C) 0.2408 (D) 1.9030
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 13 (D) 14 68. The value of [log10 (5 log10 100)] 2is :
(A) 0 (B) 1
59. A rich merchant had collected many gold coins. He
(C) 2 (D) 10
did not want any body to know about him. One day,
his wife asked, ìHow many gold coins do we have?î 69. If log10 [log10(log10x)] = 0.
After pausing a moment he replied, ìWell ! if divide the (A) x = 103 (B) x = 1010
coins into two unequal numbers, then 48 times the (C) x = 155 (D) None
difference between the two numbers equals the
70. If n = 67 then find the unit digit of [3n + 2n ].
difference between the square of the two numbers. ì
(A) 1 (B) 10
The wife looked puzzled. Can you help the
(C) 5 (D) None
merchantís wife by finding out how many gold coins
71. What is the decimal equivalent of the 25 digits of
the merchant has ? (A) 96 (B) 53
hexadecimal number (100.....001)16 ?
(C) 43 (D) 48
(A) 223 + 1 (B) 224 + 1
60. 76n ñ 66n, where n is an integer > 0, is divisible by : (C) 292 + 1 (D) 296 + 1
(A) 13 (B) 127
(C) 559 (D) All of these 72. If the decimal number 2111 is written in the octal
system, then what is its unit place digit ?
61. The value of 10 25 108 154 225 is : (A) 0 (B) 1
83. The biggest among the following is :[IJSO-2009]90. If the eight digit number 2575d568 is divisible by 54
(A) 21/2 (B) 31/3 and 87, the value of the digit ëdí is : [IJSO-2011]
(C) 61/6 (D) 81/8 (A) 4 (B) 7
(C) 0 (D) 8
84. If a, b 1, ab > 0, a b and log ab = log b,a then ab = ?
[IAO- 2009]
91. If x < 0 and log (x2 ñ 5x ñ 65) = 0, then x is :
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 7
TRIGONOMETRY
QUADRANTS
D G 2R
90 100
NOTE :
2x
Ex.7 The radius of a certain circle is 30 cm, find the
Ex.4 One angle of a triangle is grades another is
3 approximately length of an arc of this circle ; if the
length
3x x of the chord of the arc be 30 cm.
degrees, whilst the third is radians ; express Sol. Let ABC be the circle whose centre is O and AC is
2 75
all angles in degrees. chord.
2 2
g
9º 3 In AOC, AO = OC = AC = 30 cm.
Sol. x = x xº
3 3
10 5 AOC = 60º =
3
xc x 12xº Hence,
And 75 75 180º = 5
3 3 12
arc AC = radius = 30 5 = 10 = 31.4159 cm.
5
But xº +
xº + xº = 180º 3 3
5 2 5
6xº + 15xº + 24xº = 1800 x = 60º
45xº = 1800 According to the question.
x = 40º
Hence, three angles of the triangle are 24º, 60º and
96º.
Ex.5 The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number of
degrees in the least is to the number of radians in the
greatest is 60 to c. Find the angles in degrees.
Sol. The three angles in A.P. ; if y is common difference,
let these angles be (x ñ y)º, xº and (x + y)º.
x + y + x + x ñ y= 180º 75 180
TRIGONOMETRY the measurement of triangles.
cos = sec = 12 13
sec cos
25 A
25 ñ C 12
1 1 = 144 169
sin = cosec cosec =
sin 25(169 144)
=
144 169
We also observe that
sin cos 25 25
tan = and cot =
cos sin 144 169
=
m R.H.S. sin4A 5 sec2 A
Ex.8 If tan = , then find sin
= 5 5 13
4 2
n
13 12
Sol. Let P = m and B = n
= 5 13
4 2
P m 134 122
tan = = 54
25 25
B n = =
13 122
2 144 169
So, L.H.S = R.H.S Hence Proved.
cot(90º36º )
= tan(90º70º )
tan 36º + ñ2
cot 70º
Ex.12 A Rhombus of side of 10 cm has two angles of 60º 2 sin 68º 2 cot
each. Find the length of diagonals and also find its
Sol. 15º cos 22º
5 tan
area. 75º
Sol. Let ABCD be a rhombus of side 10 cm and
3 tan 45º tan 20º tan 40º tan 50º tan 70º
BAD = BCD = 60º. Diagonals of parallelogram
ñ
5
2 sin(90º22º ) 2 cot(90º75º )
=
bisect each other. cos 22º 5 tan 75º
So, AO = OC and BO = OD 3(1)(tan 20º tan 70º )(tan 40º tan 50º )
In right triangle AOB ñ
D C 5
OB
sin 30º = AB 2 cos 22º 2 tan 75º
=
1 OB cos 22º 5 tan 75º
= O
2 10 3[tan(90º70º ) tan 70º ][tan(90º50º ) tan
ñ 50º ] 5
OB = 5 cm 30º
BD = 2(OB) A 2 3
B =2ñ (cot 70º tan 70º) (cot 50º tan 50º)
BD = 2 ( 5 ) 5 5
BD = 10 cm [ tan ( 90 º ñ ) = cot, cot ( 90 º ñ ) = tan &
OA sin (90º ñ ) = cos]
cos 30º =
AB 2 3
3 OA
= =2ñ = 2 ñ 1 = 1.
2 10 5 5
= 3 .x + 8 = 3 3 +8 = 32 m.
8
observerís eyes, he has to look downwards to have a
view of the
ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
x + y = 3000
3 .......(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
x + 3000 = 3000 3
In DCE a 1
DE (C) (D)
sin = a2 b2 a2 b2
CD
DE 7. If tan 15º = 2 ñ 3 , then the value of cot2 75º is :
CD =
sin
(A) 7 + 3 (B) 7 ñ 2 3
H
CD = (C) 7 ñ 4 3 (D) 7 + 4 3
sin
Substituting the value of H from (iii) 4 3
8. If a = cot2 30º + 3 sin2 60º ñ 3 cosec2 60º ñ tan2 30º
3 4
2htan
CD =
tan tansin and b = 3 tan2 45º + cos 0º ñ cot 90º then log (a)
b
is :
sin (A) 2 (B) ñ1
CD = 2h 1 1
cos (C) (D)
tan tan sin
2 2
CD = 2hsec
9. The angles of the triangles ABC and DEF are given
tan tan
as follows : A = 900, B = 300, D = 900 and E = 300. If
the side
Hence, the distance of the cloud from the point of
BC is twice the side EF, which of the following
2hsec
observation is . Hence Proved. statement is true?
tan tan
(A) Sin B = 2 Sin E (B) Sin E = 2 Sin B
(C) Sin B = Sin E (D) Sin A = Sin B
700 4 3
(A) 720 703 tan2 30º is :
(B) 720 cot 30º + 3sin 60º ñ 2cosec 60º ñ
2 2 2
4
3
a 1 c
s 4
2. u
705 r
(C) 720 e
De of
gre
e
me
is : 720 20
(A) 1 (B) ñ
3
(D 10
) (C) (D) 5
71 3
0
11. The value of the expression
5 sin2 30º cos2 45º4 tan2 60º
(A) 15º 19í5î (B) 14º 19í 5î is :
2 sin30º cos 60º tan
(C) 15º 18º 6î (D) 14º 18º 6î 45º
(A) 4 (B) 9
3. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves
along a circular path always keep the rope tight and 55
(C) 53 (D) 6
describes 88 metres when it has traced out 72º at the 12
centre, then the length of rope is : 12. The value of tan 5º tan 10º tan 15º tan 20º...tan 85º is :
(A) 60 m (B) 65 m (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 70 m (D) 72 m (C) 3 (D) None
1 21. If each of , and is a positive acute angle such that
13. If + = and sin = , then sin is : 1 1
2 3
sin ( + ñ ) = , cos( + ñ ) = and
2 2
(A) 2 22 tan ( + ñ ) = 1, then the values of , and is :
3 (B) 3
(A) 45º, 45º & 90º (B) 60º, 45º & 75º
2 3
(D) 1 1
(C) 4 (C) 37 , 45R & 52 (D) none
3
2 2
14. If 7 sin = 24 cos ; 0 < < , then value of 1
2 22. If tan (A ñ B) = and tan (A + B) = 3 ,
3
14 tan ñ 75 cos ñ 7 sec is equal to :
0º < A + B 90º, A > B. Then the value of A and B is
(A) 1 (B) 2
: (A) 45º, 30º (B) 45º, 15º
(C) 3 (D) 4
(C) 60º, 30º (D) none
15. If tan = 4, then tan is equal to :
23. If A, B, C are the interior angles of a triangle ABC, then
AB
sin 3 cos equals to :
cos sincos 2
(A) 0 (B) 2 C C
2 (A) cos (B) sec
2 2
(C) 2 (D) 1
16. Find the value of x from the equation : C C
(C) cosec (D) sin
2 2
2 sec tan 24. An aeroplane when flying at a height 2500 m from the
x cot
sin cos2 6 3 4 ground, passes vertically above another aeroplane. At
6 4
cosec 2 cosec an instant when the angles of elevation of the two
4 6
aeroplanes from the same point on the ground are 45º
(A) 4 (B) 6 and 30º respectively, then the vertical distance between
(C) ñ 2 (D) 0 the two aeroplanes at that instant is :
(A) 1158 m (B) 1058 m
17. The area of a triangle is 12 sq. cm. Two sides are 6
(C) 1008 m (D) none
cm and 12 cm. The included angle is :
25. The shadow of a tower is 30 metres when the sunís
(A) 1 1
cos (B) 6 altitude is 30º. When the sunís altitude is 60º, then the
ñ1 3 cos
ñ1
29. When a eucalyptus tree is broken by strong wind, its 35. The trigonometric expression
top strikes the ground at an angle of 30º to the ground
and at a distance of 15 m from the foot. What is the sec ñ 1 sin ñ 1
height of the tree? cot2 1 sin + 1 sec has the value
sec2
(A) 15 3 m [IJSO-2009]
(B) 10 3 m
(A) ñ1 (B) 0
(C) 20 m (D) 10 m (C) 1 (D) 2
30. A man at the top of a vertical lighthouse, observes a 36. (1 + tan2 ) / (1 + cot2 ) = [IJSO-2009]
boat coming directly towards it.If it takes 20 minutes (A) tan (B) cot2
2
for the angle of depression to change from 30º to 60º, (C) sec2 (D) cosec2
the time taken by the boat to reach the lighthouse
from the point when the angle of depression was 30º, 37. If cos + sin = 2 cos, then cos ñ sin = ?
is :
[NSTSE 2009]
(A) 30 minutes (B) 20
minutes (A) 2 tan (B) 2 sin
(C) 10 minutes (D) 5 minutes
2
31. In a triangle ABC, the internal bisector of the angle
A meets BC at D. If AB = 4, AC = 3 and A = 60º,
then
the length of AD is : (C) (D) none of these.
cos sin
12 3
(A) 2 (B) 38. The tops of two poles of heights 20m and 14m are
3 7
connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle of 30º
15 3 (D) None of these with the horizontal, then the length of the wire is :
(C) 8
[NSTSE 2009]
32. The expression (1 ñ tan A + sec A) (1 ñ cot A + cosec (A) 40 m (B) 12 m
A) has value : [IJSO-2008] (C) 28 m (D) 68 m
(A) ñ 1 (B) 0
(C) + 1 (D) + 2 23 4 x1
39. If sin 2 . . ......
1 2 3 = 1, 0º < x < 100º, then the
33. A person on the top of a tower observes a scooter x 2
moving with uniform velocity towards the base of the value of x is equal to : [NSTSE 2010]
tower. He finds that the angle of depression changes (A) 91º (B) 80º
from 30º to 60º in 18 minutes. The scooter will reach (C) 49º (D) 46º
the base of the tower in next : [IJSO-2008]
1ñ sinx 1ñ sinx , r = cos x , then
(A) 9 minutes 40. If p 1 sinx , q = cos x 1 sinx
=
(B) 18 / ( 3 ñ 1) minutes Which one of the following statement is correct ?
[NSTSE-2010]
(C) 6 3 minutes
(A) p = q r (B) q = r p
(D) the time depends upon the height of the tower
(C) r = p q (D) p = q = r
34. In the diagram, PTR and QRS are straight lines. Given
41. If sin + cosec = 2, then [sin8 + cosec8 ] will have
4
that, tan xº = and "T" is the midpoint of PR, calculate the value : [IJSO-2010]
3
(A) 2 (B) 24
the length of PQ, in cm. [NSTSE 2009]
(C) 26 (D) 28
S
42. An aeroplane is flying horizontally at a height of
xº
3 cm
PAGE #
therefore these are also termed as hydrates of carbon.
ï Carbohydrates have general formula as Cn H2n On. ï Galactose : It is found in milk sugar or lactose along
ï Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plant tissues with glucose. It is synthesized in the mammary
and in animal tissues. In animals they are in the form glands and combines with glucose to make the
of glucose and glycogen. In plants they are in the lactose of milk. In the liver it can be changed to
form of cellulose and starch. glucose and thus used in the body. It is a part of
glycolipids and glycoproteins.
ï One gram of carbohydrate yields about 4 kilocalories
of energy. (B) Disaccharides : The disaccharides are sugars
composed of two molecules of the same or different
ï Carbohydrates can be defined chemically as monosaccharides, united by a glycosidic linkage.
aldehyde or ketone derivatives or the poly hydric They have a general formula Cn (H2O)nñ1 . These
(more than one ñ OH group) alcohol and their include maltose, lactose , sucrose.
derivatives. Carbohydrates can be further divided
ï Maltose: They consist of two glucose residues. It's
as :
occurrence have been reported in germinating
(A) Monosaccharides (B) Disaccharides
cereals and malt. It is the major product of
(C) Polysaccharides
enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.
(A) Monosaccharides : These sugars cannot be ï Lactose: It is found in milk to the extent of about 5%.
hydrolyzed into simpler forms. They have the general Upon hydrolysis it yields a mixture of galactose and
formula C n H 2n On. The simplest types of glucose.
monosaccharides are glyceraldehyde and
ï Sucrose : A single molecule of sucrose consists of
dihydroxyacetone. Depending upon the number of
one glucose and one fructose molecule. It is the
carbon atoms present, these can be further common sugar of commerce and the kitchen. It is
subdivided into trioses (e.g. Glyceraldehyde), derived commercially from either cane sugar or
tetrose (e.g. Erythrose), pentoses (e.g. Ribose, occurs in varying amount in a variety of fruits, seeds,
Deoxyribose ) etc. Generally if free ñH is present at leaves , flowers, roots and in maple sugar.
carbon 1 the sugar is an aldose but if a CH2OH
ï On hydrolysis it yields an equimolar mixture of
group is substituted, glucose and fructose.
the sugar is a ketose. They have reducing property
due to the presence of aldehyde or ketone group (C) Polysaccharides : Polysaccharides (Glycans)
present in them. Some examples are as follows : are those which yield more than six molecules of
monosaccharides on hydrolysis. It's general formulae
ï Glucose : It is a hexose. It 's formula is C 6 H12 O6 . It is is (C6 H10 O5)n. It's examples are as follows :
normally found in fruit juice and formed in the body
ï Cellulose : It is the chief constituent of the frame
by
work of plants, constituting 50% or more of all carbon
the hydrolysis of starch, cane sugar, maltose and
in vegetation. It is a linear and unbranched
lactose. Glucose is said to be the sugar of the body. homopolysaccharide of about 6000 to 10,000 - D
It is a principal sugar in blood, serving the tissue as a Glucose molecules.
major metabolic fuel. Normal level of blood glucose
ï Mammals do not have cellulase enzyme and
is 80 ñ120 mg / 100 ml of blood. When the blood
therefore cannot digest wood & vegetable fibers.
sugar level exceeds the threshold value i.e. 180 mg /
100 ml, glucose begins to appear in the urine. This ï Purest form of cellulose is found in cotton which is
condition is called as glycosuria. about 90%.
PAGE #
starch, which occurs in significant amount in liver Glucose molecules.
and muscles. Glycogen is non ñ reducing sugar
which gives red colour with iodine. It is a branched ï Note : Glycosidic linkage: The linkage between the
homopolysaccharide formed of about 30,000 - D- hydroxyl groups of two monosaccharide molecules
with the release of one molecule of water.
ï Biological significance of carbohydrates :
Essential Non-Essential Semi-Essential
ï Carbohydrates serve as an important structural
Amino acids Amino acids Amino acids
material in some animals and in all plants, where
they constitute the cellulose framework. Is oleucine Alanine Arginine
ï Carbohydrates are essential for life. Almost all Leucine As pargine His tidine
animals use them as respiratory fuel. In animal Methionine As partic acid ñ
cells, carbohydrates are in the form of glucose and Phenylalanine Cys teine ñ
glycogen, which serve as an important source of
Threonine Glutam ic acid ñ
energy for the vital activities.
Tryptophan Glutam ine ñ
ï Carbohydrates play a key role in the metabolism of Valine Glycine ñ
amino acids and fatty acids.
Lys ine Proline ñ
ï Some carbohydrates have highly specific functions ñ Serine ñ
e.g. ribose in the nucleoprotein of the cells, ñ Tyros ine ñ
galactose
in certain lipids and the lactose of milk. ï Note : Peptide bond : Polypeptide and simple
protein consist entirely of long chain of amino acids
(ii) Protein : The name protein is derived from the
linked together by peptide bonds formed between
Greek word proteios, which means"Of the first
the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino
rank". This was coined by Berzelius in 1838. group of other amino acid. A molecule of water is
Proteins are the complex nitrogenous substances released out during bond formation.
found in the cells of animals and plants. Chemically
proteins are polymers of molecular units called as
amino acids.
These polymers contain carbon, oxygen, nitrogen H HO H H O
I I II I I II
and hydrogen atoms. Usually sulphur atoms are H ó N ó C ó C ó H ó N ó C ó C ó OH
also present .Certain proteins contain phosphorus or OH I
some trace metal elements, such as copper, iron etc. I R2
R1
in addition to the other elements. The proteins have H H O
high molecular weight. One gram of protein yields H H O I I II
4 kilocalories of energy. The amino acids found in a I I II N ó C ó C ó OH
Hó Nó Có C I
molecule of protein are linked together by peptide ó R2
I
R1
bonds. The general structure of a amino acid is are termed as non ñ essential amino acids.
represented by the following formula :
ï Semiñessential amino acids : They are two in
number and needed by growing children and lactating
and pregnant women.
PAGE #
Peptide bond formation (iii) Lipid : Term lipid was coined by Bloor. Fats and
their derivatives are collectively known as lipids (In
ï Biological significance of proteins
greek Lipas = fat). The principal component
:
associated with most lipids are the fatty acids. The
ï They act as a structural components of cell. They lipids are a heterogenous groups of substances
are essential for growth and repair of the body. which have the common property of being relatively
ï All the enzymes are made up of proteins. They help insoluble in water and soluble in non ñ polar solvents
to catalyze various reactions occurring in our body. such as ether, chloroform and benzene. They
consist of comparatively less oxygen. One gram of
ï They play important roles as hormones, antibodies, etc. fat yields 9 kilocalories of energy. Similar or different
ï Haemoglobin , the respiratory pigment of animals is fatty acids participate in the composition of a fat
a conjugated protein composed of colourless basic molecule. The lipids include fats, oils, ghee, waxes
protein the globin and haem. and related compounds.
ï Note : Lipids generally consist of a single molecule (B) RNA : (Ribonucleic acid) Structure of RNA is
of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids fundamentally the same as DNA but there are some
joined together by ester bonds. Therefore these are differences. The differences are as follows.
also termed as triglycerides. Three molecules of
ï In place of deoxyribose sugar of DNA, there is a
water are released during the formation of
presence of ribose sugar in RNA.
triglycerides.
ï In place of nitrogen base, thymine present in DNA
ï Biological significance of lipids :
there is a nitrogen base uracil in RNA.
ï They takes part in the synthesis of steroids,
ï RNA is made up of only one polynucleotide chain i.e.
hormones, vitamin D, bile salts etc.
RNA is single stranded.
ï They act as a solvent for fat soluble vitamins i.e.
ï In RNA, polynucleotide chain runs in 3' 5' direction.
vitamin A , D, E and K.
ï Exception : RNA found in Reoñvirus is double
ï They act as storage compounds in animals, in the
fruits and seeds of plants and in other organism.
ï They act as structural cellular components
particularly in cell membranes. They are found in the
form of phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols.
ï They act as insulators. They provide electrical and
thermal insulation. They are deposited beneath the
skin and other internal organs to reduce the heat
loss. They also work as shock absorbers and
other mechanical impacts.
(iv) Nucleic acids : These are the hereditary
materials of living organisms. There are two types of
nucleic acids :
(A) DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acids) : DNA is
coiled macromolecule made of two antiparallel
chains held together by hydrogen bonds. DNA has
diameter of 20
?. One turn of spiral has a distance of 34 ? and
distance
between two adjacent nucleotides is 3.4 ?.
ï Nucleotides : A single nucleotide consist of following
parts :
ï Pentose sugar : It is a 5 - carbon containing sugar
which is ribose is RNA and deoxyribose in DNA.
ï Nitrogen bases : There are two types of purines
which include adenine (A), and guanine (G) and
pyrimidines which include thymine (T), uracil (U) and
cytosine (C). In DNA adenine, thymine, guanine
and cytosine present while in RNA uracil is present
in place of thymine.
ï Phosphate group : PO4-3 group in the form of H 3PO 4
PAGE #
stranded i.e. it has two polynucleotide chains. catalyst and the phenomenon is called as catalysis.
The term enzyme is derived from Greek word which
ï Types of RNA- A cell contains three types of RNA :
means 'in yeast' because the yeast cells were the
1. Ribosomal RNA (r ñ RNA) : This RNA is 80% of first to reveal enzyme activity in living organisms.
the cell's total RNA. It is the most stable form of Enzyme was first introduced by W. Kuhne in 1878.
RNA. It is found in ribosomes and it is produced in Berzelius was the first to define and recognize the
nucleolus. They are present as 80 ñ S type of nature of catalyst. In 1926 J.B Sumner isolated the
ribosome in eukaryotic cells and 70 ñ S type of enzyme urease as a crystalline protein for the first
ribosome in prokaryotic cells. It is the site of protein time. Enzymes could be intracellular and extracellular
synthesis. enzymes. When the enzymes remain and function
2. Transfer RNA (t ñ RNA) : inside the cells, they are called as endoenzymes or
intracellular enzymes. The enzymes which leave
ï It is 10 ñ 15% of total RNA the cell and function outside the cell are called
ï It is synthesized in the nucleus by DNA. extra cellular enzymes.
ï It is the smallest RNA. At the time of protein ï They are required in small quantities.
synthesis it acts as a carrier of amino acids. ï They accelerate the rate of reaction.
ï It has the most complex structure. ï They are proteinaceous in nature.
3. Messenger RNA (m ñ RNA) : The m ñ RNA is 1 ñ ï Enzymes are highly specific towards substrate.
5 % of the cells total RNA. The m ñ RNA is ï Certain enzymes exhibit the property of reversibility.
produced by genetic DNA in the nucleus. This
(vi) Pigments :
process is called as transcription, m ñ RNA is also
called as template RNA. It acts as the template for The coloured substance found in the living being is
protein synthesis. called as pigment. The beauty of nature is due to
animals, birds and flowers having different pigments.
(v) Enzymes : Enzymes are protein catalysts for
The living beings depend on sun for energy. The
biochemical reactions in the living cells. The
green
substance which increases reaction rate is called as
pigment in nature is called as chlorophyll, can only
store light energy obtained from the sun, in the form 2. Nucleic acids are made up of
of chemical energy. Thus, chlorophyll is the (A) amino acids (B) pentose sugars
nutritional basis of life on earth. The colour of our (C) nucleosides (D) nucleotides
skin is due to the pigment melanin. Haemoglobin &
3. Which of the following is not a carbohydrate ?
haemocyanin pigments play an important role in
(A) Starch (B) Glycogen
transportation of oxygen in the body of living beings.
Pigments belong to the group carotenoid are found (C) Wax (D) Glucose
in both plants and animals. 4. To get quick energy one should use
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS (A) carbohydrates (B) fats
(C) vitamins (D) proteins
The reactions undergoing inside a living cell to
5. Circular and double stranded DNA occurs in
sustain life are called as biochemical reactions. The
(A) golgi body (B) mitochondria
biological system can't use heat liberated in
(C) nucleus (D) cytoplasm
biological reactions directly as they are isothermic
so the biological systems use chemical energy 6. The most abundant protein in human body is
(ATP) to perform various living processes. (A) collagen (B) myosin
Biochemical reactions are catabolic (C) actin (D) albumin
(breakdown/exergonic reactions) and anabolic
7. Which is not a polysaccharide ?
(synthetic reactions), collectively they are called as
(A) Sucrose (B) Starch
metabolic reactions.
(C) Glycogen (D) Cellulose
PAGE #
9. Term protoplasm was introduced by
(A) Purkinje (B) Schultze 10. Which of the following is a monosaccharide ?
(C) Sutton and Boveri (D) Van Mohl (A) pentose sugar (B) hexose sugar
(C) glucose (D) all of the above
11. The process of m-RNA synthesis on a DNA template
is known as
(A) translation (B) transcription
(C) transduction (D) transformation
12. Which amino acid is non essential for a human body ?
(A) Glycine (B) Phenylalanine
(C) Arginine (D) Methionine
13. Double helix model of DNA was proposed by
(A) Watson and Crick
(B) Schleiden and Schwann
(C) Singer and Nicholson
(D) Kornberg and Khurana
14. Which of the following nitrogen base is not found in
DNA ?
(A) Thymine (B) Cytosine
(C) Guanine (D) Uracil
15. Glycogen is a / an
(A) polymer of amino acids
(B) polymer of fatty acids
(C) unsaturated fat
(D) polymer of glucose units
16. Carbohydrate is a
(A) polymer of fatty acids
(B) polymer of amino acids
(C) polyhydric aldehyde or ketone
(D) none of the above
17. In which form, food stored in animal body ?
(A) Glucose (B) Glycogen
(C) Cellulose (D) ATP
PAGE #
SERIES COMPLETION
Series completion problems deals with numbers, Ex 5. 8, 12, 21, 46, 95, ?
alphabets and both together. While attempting to (A) 188 (B) 214
solve the question, you have to check the pattern (C) 148 (D) 216
of the series. Series moves with certain Sol. (D) The pattern is + 2 , + 3 , + 52, + 72, .......
2 2
mathematical operations. You have to check the missing number = 95 + 112 = 216
pattern.
Ex 6. 3, 9, 36, 180, ?
Type of questions asked in the examination :
(A) 1080 (B) 900
(i) Find the missing term(s).
(C) 720 (D) None of these
(ii) Find the wrong term(s).
Sol. (A) Each term is multiplied by 3, 4, 5 and so on
respectively. Therefore, the next term would be
NUMBER SERIES
180 9 6 = 1080.
Sol. (A)
Therefore, number 12 is wrong and should be
replaced by 13. Similarly (P) (Q) (R)(S)(T)
78 164 3406961412
Ex 12. 1, 3, 8, 19, 42, 88, 184 37
92+4
(A) 3 (B) 8 92+8 92+1292+16 92+20
(C) 19 (D) 88 Therefore, the number 1412 will come in place of (T).
Sol. (D)
Ex 14.
2 9 57 337
1 3 8 19 42 89 184
3 (P) (Q) (R)(S)(T)
2 5 11 23 47 95
Which number will come in place of (Q) ? (A) 113(B) 17
3 6 12 24 48 (C) 3912(D) 8065
Hence, number 88 is wrong and should be
replaced by 89. (A)
or 1 9 2 + 1, 3 9 2 + 2, 8 9 2 +3, 19 9 2 + 4, 42 9 2 Sol.
+ 5, Similarly,
89 9 2 + 6 (P)(Q)(R)(S)
in the next line, a number is given followed by (P), 98ñ7 97ñ6 96ñ5 95ñ4
(Q),
(R), (S) and (T). You have to complete the series
Therefore, the number 113 will come in place of (Q).
starting with the number given following the
sequence of the given series. Then answer the
question given below it.
ALPHABET SERIES
Ex 31. a _ c _ abb _ ca _ a
(A) baca (B) bbca
(C) bacc (D) bacb
Sol- (A) Series is abc/ aabbcc/ aaa
Ex 32. bc _ b _ c _ b _ ccb
(A) cbcb (B) bbcb
(C) cbbc (D) bcbc
Sol- (A) Series is bccb / bccb / bccb. So, pattern bccb is
Ex 35. a _ h _ _ c _ n e _ h _ e a c _ _ _ _ _ Sol. (B) In the first row, 6 + 9 = 15
21_43_5__254________ In the second row, 8 + 12 = 20
The last five terms in the series are In the third row, missing number = 4 + 6 = 10.
(A) 32524 (B) 43215
(C) 25314 (D) 32541
Sol. (B) By taking a = 2, c = 1, n = 4, h = 5 and e = 3, the
numbers series runs as 21543 15432 54321
43215. If first digit of a group of five digits is
placed as the last digit, we obtain the second
group of five digits and so on.
Ex 36. _ m y e _ _ y l x _ y l m _ _ l _ _ _ _
46_5 86 ___5 7_6 58 __ __ _
The last five terms of the number series are
(A) 46758 (B) 74658
(C) 76485 (D) 46785
Sol. (D) By taking e = 5, l = 4, m = 6, y = 7 and x = 8 the
number series runs as 46758 67485 74658
46785. By taking the digits in the groups of five,
we find that first digit of the first group (i.e. 4) is
the third digit of the second group and the last
two digits have interchanged their positions. The
same rule applies in others groups also.
Ex 37. C B _ _ D _ BAB C C B
_ _235 4__? ?? ?
p _ p q _ r _ q _ _ _
_
(A) 4 5 5 4 (B) 4 3 3 4
(C) 4 2 2 4 (D) 2 5 5 2
Sol. (C) Comparing the positions of the capital letters,
numbers and small letters, we find p
corresponds to C and 2 corresponds to p. So, p
and 2 correspond to C. q corresponds to A and 3
corresponds to q. So, q and 3 corresponds to A.
Also, 5 corresponds to D. So, the remaining
number i.e., 4 corresponds to B. So, BCCB
corresponds to 4, 2, 2, 4.
6 9 15
8 12 20
Ex 38.
4 6 ?
(A) 5 (B) 10
(C) 15 (D) 21
3 5 5
Ex 39. 10 30 ?2
Ex 43. 6 2 9 3 6 5
4 5
1. 2, 8, 18, 32, ?
(A) 62 (B) 60
(C) 50 (D) 46
5. 2, 3, 6, 18, ?, 1944
(A) 154 (B) 180
(C) 108 (D) 452
7. 1, 2, 9, 4, 25, 6, ?
(A) 51 (B) 49
(C) 50 (D) 47
26. 2 3 8 27
5 (P) (Q) (R) (S) (T)
Which of the following numbers will
come in place of (T) ?
(A) 184 (B) 6
(C) 925 (D) 45
27. 5 18 48 112
7 (P) (Q) (R) (S) (T)
Which number will come in place of (S) ?
(A) 172 (B) 276
(C) 270 (D) 376
_
1
A
_
C
1
_
4
B
_
D
_
_
_
C
_
D
C
(A) 18
4
(C) 9
rs_qr_p? 6 4 8
??? 6. ? 1
2 0 7.
(A) p q p q
12
(B) p r p r 1 (A) 14
6
7 (A) 12
(C) r q r q B D C C (C) 32
(C) 16
24__23
53___ 5 9 8
25. A_BAC_
_
D _ B C D EXERCISE-4 5 15 ?
p__q__rs??? 8.
C
? 3 5 6
_
(A) p r s s Directions : (1 to 39)
(C) r p s s Find the
4 (A) 72 (B) 18
p missing term
in the given (C) 9 (D) 19
_
figures
3
_ 1.
9.
2
(A)
_
36
(A) 1
5 (C) 90
9
225
(C)
? 25
? 64
?
2. 10.
?
d (A)
(A) 20
14
22
c
(C) 24
18
12
_ (C)
11
_
13
b
_
(A) 2 4 5 4
(C) 3 4 5 4
26. _A
D
A
C
B_
_
7 11 49
11. 12 8 54
15 4 ?
18.
(A) 36 (B) 7
(C) 25 (D) 0
18 24 32
12 14 16 (A) 28 (B) 36
3 ? 4 (C) 81 (D) 49
12.
72 112 128
6 2 5
(A) 2 (B) 3 2 ? 8
6 8 6
(C) 4 (D) 5 19. 72 6 140
4 12 3 1 4 3 4 10 7
2 4 8
(A) 16 (B) 14
13. 4 C26 3 10 H70 5 6 J90 ? (C) 20 (D) 22
5 4 6
(A) 1 (B) 3 5 3 8 9 4
20.
(C) 4 (D) 5 24 11 ? 13
4
20 9 (B) 36
(A) 117
29 27 29 30 59 40 (C) 32 (D) 26
14. 39803342 7031 ?8010
454343 44 3920
(A) 69 (B) 49
(C) 50 (D) 60 21.
30 44 ?
1 7 6 (A) 48 (B) 9
16.
3 3 ? (C) 44 (D) 64
5 4 8
35 74 104
5 21 51
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4 16 109 2 22 53 19 17 ? 48
23.
6 15 13
2 3 6
PAGE # 74
2 5 1 3 8 10 2 ? 1
28 38 ? 34.
25. 4 5 7 4 2 3 6 56 90 2 20 0
3 3 7 (A) 0 (B) 3
(A) 14 (C) 5
7
(C) 11
3
(A) 9 5
2 .
6 (C) 10
.
2
5
(A) 40.
1 01 4 8 34
( 25 (B) Find the 15 2 9 7 13 16
38 (B) 23 37.
A (A) 19 (C) value of X 80 65 ?
) (C) 25 (D) 31 35 in the 5 6 4 6 11 8
4 (D) following
8 2 3 6 15 figure
( 3 2 8 4 1 6 12 ? 8
B 56
6 8 4 32. 15 4
)
(A) 3 (B) 4 33 2
7 184
(C) 5 (D) 6
2 27 2
(A) 127 (A)
( 12 36 8
C
) (B) 142 32 X
(C) 158 (B) 9
3 18 9
(C)
5 22 11
(D) 198 14
29. 12 3
(
(D)
D
10
) 12 18 30
1 1 36 33
2 6 18
0 3 27 Fin
2 d
4 the
0 mis
sin
g
38 lett
29 29 59. 6 ers
( ? fro
A 27 30 40 m
) 3 3 4 ? (A) 18 left
3 0. 9 2 12 to
8 8 (C) 9 rig
8 7 0 ht.
( 0 0
B 1
) 3 3 0
6 3 1
4 3
4 4 9 (A)
(
C 5 3
) 2
4 4 4 0
3 4
( (A
D ) 9 1
) 69 6 (C)
1 1 ? JRS
(B 3 6
6 3 9
) . (D)
28. 1 49 2
4 . KRS
(C 1 0
96
)
50
2
6 (D
)
6 60
4 (C) 3
1
(
8 A
1 )
2 0
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B
2 )
5
2
PUZZLE TEST
Ex 1. Who teaches geology ? Ramesh is taller than Vinay who is not as tall as
Ex 6.
(A) Dr Natrajan (B) Dr. Zia Karan. Sanjay is taller than Anupam but shorter
(C) Dr. Davar (D) Dr. Joshi than Vinay. Who among them is the tallest ?
Ex 2. Which university is Dr. Zia from ? prepare the following table.
(A) Gujarat (B) Mumbai
(C) Delhi (D) Osmania
PAGE # 76
(A) Ramesh (B) Karan E and Q have to be
(C) Vinay (D) Cannot be determined together. C and T have to be
Sol. (D) In this question ranking of Karan is not defined. together. D and P cannot go
Consequently, either Ram or Karan occupies the together. C cannot go with
top position with regard to height. Hence, Q.
option (d) is the correct choice.
Ex 7. If the team is to consist of two male advocates, two
Directions : (7 to 11) Read the following information lady doctors and one teacher, the members of the
carefully and answer the questions given below team are
it : (A) A B P Q U (B) A B P U S
There are five men A, B, C, D and E and six (C) A P R S U (D) B E Q R S
women P, Q, R, S, T and U. A, B and R are Sol. (B) The male advocates are A and B, lady doctors
advocates; C, D, P, Q and S are doctors and the are P, Q and S ; teachers are E, T and U.
rest are teachers. Some teams are to be Now, A and B will be selected.
selected from amongst these eleven persons A, P and U have to be together. Now, we have to
subject to the following conditions : select one lady doctor more. It can be Q or S. But
A, P and U have to be Q and E have to be together. Since E is not
together. B cannot go with D selected, so S will be selected. Thus, the team is
or R. A B P U S.
Ex 8. If the team is to consist of one advocate, two doctors, and Q cannot be together. So, C will not be
three teachers and C may not go with T, the selected. P also cannot be selected because U is
members of the team are : not selected. So, two other doctors D and S will be
(A) A E P Q S U (B) A E P Q T U selected. P is not selected, so A will not be
(C) B E Q S T U (D) E Q R S T U selected. D is selected, so B cannot be selected.
Sol. (B) The advocates are A, B and R ; doctors are Thus, the team is D E Q R S.
C, D, P, Q, S ; teachers are E, T and U. The team
consists of 3 teachers i.e. E, T, U. Now, A, P and
U have to be together. E and Q have to be
together. Thus, the team is A E P Q T U.
PAGE # 77
Directions : (12 to 15) Read the following paragraph (A) A (B) B
carefully : (C) C (D) D
Four women A, B, C and D and three men E, F
and G play bridge, a game for four players. Sol. : (12 to 15)
(i) The group consists of three married couples From (iv), is married either to A or to C. If F is
and a widow. married to A, then G is married to B or to C. If G is
(ii) Spouses are never partners in a game. married to B, then E is married to D ; if G is
(iii) No more than one married couple ever plays married to C, then E is married to B or to D. If F is
in the same game. married to C, then G is married to B ; then E is
(iv) One day they played four games as married to D. Hence, the married couples are :
follows. A and E versus B and F. FA, GB, ED or FA, GC, EB or FA, GC, ED or FC,
A and G versus D and GB, ED. Of these, only FA, GB, ED does not
F. B and C versus F contradict any of the statements.
and G. C and E versus 12. (D) E is married to D.
D and G.
13. (A) F is married to A.
Ex 12. Whom is E married to ?
(A) A (B) B 14. (B) G is married to B.
(C) C (D) D 15. (C) C is a widow.
Ex 13. Whom is F married to ? Ex 16. A vagabond runs out of cigarettes. He searches for
(A) A (B) B the stubs, having learnt that 7 stubs can make a
(C) C (D) D new cigarette, good enough to be smoked, he
gathers 49 stubs, If he smokes 1 cigarette every
Ex 14. Whom is G married to ?
three - quarters of an hour, how long will his
(A) A (B) B
supply last ?
(C) C (D) D
(A) 5.25 hr (B) 6 hr
Ex 15. Which of the following is a widow ? (C) 4.5 hr (D) 3 hr
PAGE # 78
legal. One businessman and the lawyer stay in 1. Who stays in locality Q ?
the same locality S, while the other three stay in
(A)A (B) B
three different localities P, Q and R. Two of these
(C) C (D) E
five persons are Hindus while the remaining three
come from three different communities viz.
2. What is Eís occupation ?
Muslim, Christian and Shikh. The lawyer is the
(A) Business (B) Engineer
oldest in age while one of the businessmen who
runs a factory is the youngest. The other (C) Lawyer (D) Doctor
businessman is a cloth merchant and agewise lies
3. Agewise who among the following lies between A
between the doctor and the lawyer. D is a cloth
merchant and stays in locality S while E is a and C ?
Muslim and stays in locality R. The doctor is a (A) Lawyer (B) Doctor
Christian and stays in locality P, B is a Shikh while (C) Cloth merchant (D) Engineer
A is a Hindu and runs a factory.
4. What is Bís occupation ?
(A) Business (B) Engineer
(C) Lawyer (D) Doctor
PAGE # 79
(C) Japanese (D) Cannot say
Directions : (11 to 15) Read the following information (D) A is older than C
carefully and answer the questions that follow.
I. There are six students ( A, B, C, D, E and F) in
a group. Each student can opt for only three
choices out of the six which are music, reading,
painting, badminton, cricket and tennis.
II. A, C and F like reading.
III. D does not like badminton, but likes music.
IV. Both B and E like painting and music.
V. A and D do not like painting, but they like
cricket.
VI. All student except one like badminton.
VII. Two students like tennis.
VIII. F does not like cricket, music and tennis.
PAGE # 80
Directions : (19 to 23) Read the information given below (A) A, C, D, B, E, F (B) F, D, E, C, A, B
and answer the questions. (C) D, C, A, B, E, F (D) C, D, A, B, E, F
The age and height of six children in a class are
as follows : 23. Whose Rank in height cannot be positioned
(i) A is taller and older than B but shorter and definitely ?
younger than C. (A) B (B) D
(ii) D is taller than E who is not as tall as B. (C) C (D) E
(iii) The oldest is the shortest. Directions : (24 to 28) Study the information given below
(iv) The youngest would be fourth if the children and answer the questions that follow.
stood in a line according to their height and one (i) Six Plays P, Q, R, S, T and U are to be
started counting from the tallest. organised from Monday to Saturday i.e. 10 to 15
(v) D is younger than F but older than E who is one play each day.
older than C. (ii) There are two plays between R and S and one
19. Who among them is the tallest ? play between P and R.
(A) B (B) E (iii) There is one play between U and T and T is to
(C) C (D) Data inadequate be organised before U.
(iv) Q is to be organised before P, not necessarily
20. Who is older than B but younger than C ? immediately.
(A) F (B) D (v) The organisation does not start with Q.
(C) A (D) Data inadequate
24. The organisation would start from which play ?
21. Which of the following statements is definitely (A) P (B) S
true? (C) T (D) None
(A) D is the most old person
(B) B has the max. height 25. On which date is play T to be organised ?
(C) A is older than D (A) 10th (B) 11th
(D) F is the shortest (C) 12 th
(D) None
22. Which of the following is the correct order of 26. The organisation would end with which play ?
height in descending order? (A) P (B) Q
(C) S (D) None
27. Which day is play Q organised ? (D) The civics book is placed before two books
(A) Tuesday (B) Wednesday above the economics book.
(C) Thursday (D) None
30. To know which three books are kept above the
28. Which of the following is the correct sequence of English book, which of the following additional
organising plays ? pieces of information, if any, is required?
(A) PTRUQS (B) QSTURP (A) The economics book is between the English
(C) SUTRQP (D) None and the science books.
(B) There are two books between the English and
Directions : (29 to 30) Read the following information the history books.
carefully and answer the questions given below it. (C) The geography book is above the English book.
I. Seven books are placed one above the other in (D) No other information is required.
a particular way .
II. The history book is placed directly above the Directions : (31 to 32) A five-member team that includes
civics book. Rama, Shamma, Henna, Reena, and Tina, is
III. The geography book is fourth from the bottom planning to go to a science fair but each of them
and the English book is fifth from the top. put up certain conditions for going .They are as
IV. There are two books in between the civics and follows.
economics books. I. If Rama goes, then at least one amongst
Shamma and Henna must go.
29. To find the number of books between the civics II. If Shamma goes, then Reena will not go.
and the science books, which other extra piece of III. If Henna will go, then Tina must go.
information is required, from the following ? IV. If Reena goes, then - Henna must go.
(A) There are two books between the geography V. If Tina goes, then Rama must go but Shamma
and the science books. cannot go.
(B) There are two books between the VI. If Reena plans not to go the fair, then Rama will
mathematics and the geography books . also not go.
(C) There is one book between the English and
the science books.
PAGE # 81
31. If it is sure that Henna will go to the fair, then
who among the following will definitely go ? 33. If A is chosen to be moved, which of the following
(A) Rama (B) Shamma cannot be a team ?
(C) Reena (D) Rama and Reena (A) ABDEH (B) ABDGH
(C) ABEFH (D) ABEGH
32. If Tina does not go to the fair, which of the
following statements must be true ? 34. If C and F are to be moved to the new office, how
(i) Henna cannot go many combinations are possible ?
(ii) Shamma cannot go (A) 1 (B) 2
(iii) Reena cannot go (C) 3 (D) 4
(iv) Rama cannot go
35. If C is chosen to the new office, which number of
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (iii) and (iv)
the staff cannot be chosen to go with C ?
(C) (i), (iii) and (iv) (D) (i) and (iv)
(A) B (B) D
Directions : (33 to 37) Read the following paragraph (C) F (D) G
carefully and choose the correct alternative.
36. Under the guidelines, which of the following must
The office staff of XYZ corporation presently
be chosen to go to the new office ?
consists of three females A, B, C and five males
(A) B (B) D
D, E, F, G and H. The management is planning
(C) E (D) G
to open a new office in another city using three
males and two females of the present staff. To 37. If D goes to the new office, which of the following
do so they plan to separate certain individuals is/are true ?
who do not function well together. The following I. C cannot be chosen
guidelines were established II. A cannot be chosen
I. Females A and C are not to be together III. H must be chosen.
II. C and E should be separated (A) I only (B) II only
III. D and G should be separated (C) I and II only (D) I and III only
IV. D and F should not be part of a team.
Directions : (38 to 42) Study the following information (A) P Q B C (B) P Q C E
carefully and answer the questions that follow : (C) P S A B (D) P S C E
A team of five is to be selected from amongst five
boys A, B, C, D and E and four girls P, Q, R and 41. If A and C are members, the other members of the
S. Some criteria for selection are : team cannot be :
A and S have to be (A) B E S (B) D E S
together P cannot be put (C) E S P (D) P Q E
with R.
42. If including P at least three members are girls, the
D and Q cannot go together.
members of the team other than P are :
C and E have to be
(A) Q S A B (B) Q S B D
together. R cannot be put
(C) Q S C E (D) R S A D
with B.
Unless otherwise stated, these criteria are Directions : (43 to 44) Read the given information carefully
applicable to all the questions below : and answer the questions that follow :
Ratan, Anil, Pinku and Gaurav are brothers of
38. If two of the members have to be boys, the team
Rakhi, Sangeeta, Pooja and Saroj, not necessarily
will consist of :
in that order. Each boy has one sister and the
(A) A B S P Q (B) A D S Q R
names of bothers and sisters do not begin with the
(C) B D S R Q (D) C E S P Q
same letter. Pinku and Gaurav are not Sarojís
39. If R be one of the members, the other members of or Sangeetaís brothers. Saroj is not Ratanís
the team are : sister.
(A) P S A D (B) Q S A D
43. Poojaís brother is
(C) Q S C E (D) S A C E
(A) Ratan (B) Anil
40. If two of the members are girls and D is one of the (C) Pinku (D) Gaurav
members, the members of the team other than D
44. Which of the following are brother and sister ?
are :
PAGE # 82
(A) Ratan and Pooja (B) Anil and Saroj Directions : (45 to 49) Read the following information
(C) Pinku and Sangeeta (D) Gaurav and Rakhi carefully and answer the questions given below.
(i) There is a family of six persons- L, M, N, O, P
and Q. They are professor, businessman,
chartered account, bank manager, engineer and
medical representative, not necessarily in that
order.
(ii) There are two married couples in the family.
(iii) O, the bank manager is married to the lady
professor.
(iv) Q, the medical representative, is the son of M
and brother of P.
(v) N, the chartered accountant, is the daughter -
in law of L.
(vi) The businessman is married to the chartered
acconuntant.
(vii) P is an unmarried engineer.
(viii) L is the grandmother of Q
PAGE # 83
(C) Jeweller (D) Manager
III. Two persons from the same side of the roads
54. Which of the following is one of the pairs of cannot move in consecutive ìmovementsî.
couples in the family ? IV. If one person crosses the road in a particular
(A) PQ (B) PR movement, he or she cannot immediately move
(C) PS (D) Cannot be back to the other side.
determined
V. Jai and Reema did not take part in first 3
Direction : (55) The ages of Mandar, Shivku, Pawan and movements.
Chandra are 32, 21, 35 and 29 years, not in order,
Whenever asked they lie of their own age but tell 56. What is the minimum possible number of
the truth abut others. movements that took place in the entire game ?
(i) Pawan says, ìMy age is 32 and Mandarís age (A) 3 (B) 4
is not 35î
(C) 5 (D) 6
(ii) Shivku says, ìMy age is not 2 9 and Pawanís
age in not 21î 57. If number of movements are minimised in the
(iii) Mandar says, ìMy age is 32.î
game, then which of the following combination of
55. What is Chandraís age ? friends can never be together on one particular
(A) 32 years (B) 35 years side of the road during the course of the game ?
(C) 29 years (D) 21 years (A) Nitin, Reema amd Deepti
Directions : (56 to 57) Answer the questions on the basis (B) Nitin, Jai and Deepti
of the information given below. 5 friends Nitin, (C) Deepti, Jai and Ashutosh
Reema, Jai, Deepti and Ashutosh are playing a (D) Ashutosh, Nitin and Deepti
game of crossing the roads. In the beginning,
Nitin, Reema and Ashutosh are on the one side of 58. You have 12 similar looking coins. 11 of them
the road and Deepti and Jai are on the other side. weigh the same. One of them has a different
At the end of the game, it was found that Reema weight, but you donít know whether it is heavier or
and Deepti are on the one side and Nitin, Jai lighter. You also have a scale. You can put coins
and Ashutosh are on the other side of the road.
on both sides of the scale and itíll tell you which
Rules of the game are as follows :
side is heavier or will stay in the middle if both
I. One ìmovementî means only one person crosses
the road from any side to the other side. sides weigh the same. What is the minimum
II. No two persons can cross the road number of weighing required to find out the odd
simultaneously from any side to the other side. coin.
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
PAGE # 84
CALENDAR AND CLOCK TEST
In a leap year, February is of 29 days but in an Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
The day on which calendar started (or the very first January 31 3 January 31 3
day ) i.e., 1 Jan, 0001 was Monday. February 28 0 February 29 1
March 31 3 March 31 3
Calendar year is from 1 Jan to 31 Dec. Financial April 30 2 April 30 2
year is from 1 April to 31 March. May 31 3 May 31 3
June 30 2 June 30 2
ODD DAYS Total 181 days 6 Total 182 days 0
July 31 3 July 31 3
The no. of days exceeding the complete no. of August 31 3 August 31 3
weeks in a duration is the no. of odd days during September 30 2 September 30 2
that duration. October 31 3 October 31 3
November 30 2 November 30 2
COUNTING OF ODD DAYS December 31 3 December 31 3
Total 184 days 1 Total 184 days 2
Every ordinary year has 365 days = 52 weeks +1
day. Table : 3 (Odd days for every quarter)
Ordinary year has 1 odd day.
Ist three IInd three III rd three Iv th three
M onths Total year
Every leap year 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days. of
months m onths months months
1 Jan to
1 Jan to 1 Apr to 1 July to 1 Oct. to
Leap year has 2 odd days. years
31 March 30 June 30 Sep. 31 Dec.
31 Dec.
HANDS COINCIDE Case-II When the time taken (20 + 15) = 35 min.
Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour hand in
Ex.8 At what time between 3 OíClock and 4 OíClock 60 min.
will Minute hand is 35 min. ahead of hour hand in
the two hands coincide ?
Sol. At 3 Oíclock the distance between the two hands 60 420 2
= = 38 min.
is 35
15 minutes when they coincide with each other Minute hand is 15 min. ahead of hour hand in
the 55 11 11
distance between the two hands will be 0 min. 2
Hence, the right time is 38 min. past 4.
So, the time taken (15 + 0 ) = 15 minutes. 11
Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour hand in
60 min. MIRROR IMAGE OF CLOCK
Minute hand is 1 min. ahead of hour hand in
60
min.
55 If the time is between 1 Oíclock to 11 Oíclock, then
to find the mirror image, time is subtracted from
60 15 4 11 : 60.
180
55 = 11 = 16 min.
11 If the time is between 11 Oíclock to 1 Oíclock, then
4
Hence the right time is 16 minute past 3. distance, they are opposite to each other. The time
11 taken (30 + 10 ) = 40 min.
Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour hand in 60
HANDS ARE OPPOSITE min.
Minute hand is 1 min. ahead of hour hand in
Ex.9 At what time between 2 Oíclock and 3 Oíclock will 60
the two hands be opposite ? min.
55
Sol. At 2 Oíclock the distance between the two hands is Minute hand is 40 minutes ahead of hour hand
10 minutes. When they are at 30 minutes
to find the mirror image, time is subtracted from
23 : 60. TO FIND THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO HANDS
Ex.11 The time in the clock is 4 : 46, what is the mirror
image ? Angle are of two types :
Sol. (11 : 60) ñ (4 : 46) = 7 : 14. Positive angle : It is obtained by moving from
hour hand to minute hand moving in clockwise
Ex.12 The time in the clock is 12 : 35, then find its direction. Negative angle : It is obtained by
mirror image. moving from minute hand to hour hand.
Sol. (23 : 60) ñ (12 : 35) = 11 : 25.
60 40 480 7
in min. Both types of angles are 360: in total. If one angle
= = 43
55 11 11 is known, other can be obtained by subtracting from
7
Hence, the right time is 43 360:.
11 min. past 2.
Ex.13 At 4 : 30, what is the angle formed between hour
HANDS ARE PERPENDICULAR hand and minute hand ?
Sol. At 4 Oí clock angle between hour and min. hand is
Ex.10 At what time between 4 Oíclock and 5 Oíclock will of 120:.
the hands are perpendicular ? In 30 min. minute hand make an angle of 180:.
Sol. At 4 Oíclock the distance between the two hands is
So, the resultant angle is 180: ñ 120: = 60:.
20 min. When they are at 15 minutes distance,
But in 30 min. hour hand will also cover an angle of
they are perpendicular to each other.
15:. Hence, the final angle between both hands
Case-I When the time taken (20 ñ 15) = 5 min. is 60: ñ 15: = 45:.
Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour hand in
60 min. Short trick
Minute hand is 5 min. ahead of hour hand in
60 5 60
5 min.
= = 5
55 11 11
5
Hence, the right time is 5 min. past 4.
11
EXERCISE
day of the month ?
1. Find the day of the week on 26 January, 1950. (A) Sunday (B) Monday
(A) Tuesday (B) Friday (C) Wednesday (D) Friday
(C) Wednesday (D) Thursday
12. Mohini went to the movies nine days ago. She
2. Which two months in a year have the same
goes to the movies only on Thursday. What day
calendar ?
of the week is today ?
(A) June, October (B) April, November
(A) Thursday (B) Saturday
(C) April, July (D) October,
(C) Sunday (D) Tuesday
December
between 5 and 6 ?
13. At what time are the hands of a clock together
3. Are the years 900 and 1000 leap years ?
(A) Yes (B) No 3 3
(A) 33 min. past 5 (B) 28 min. past 5
(C) Can't say (D) None of these 11 11
3 3
4. If it was Saturday on 17th November, 1962 what (C) 27 min. past 5 (D) 26 min. past 5
11 11
will be the day on 22nd November, 1964 ?
(A) Monday (B) Tuesday 14. At what time between 9 and 10 will the hands of a
(C) Wednesday (D) Sunday clock be in the straight line, but not together ?
5. Sangeeta remembers that her father's birthday (A) 16 minutes past 9
4
was certainly after eighth but before thirteenth of (B) 16 minutes past 9
11
December. Her sister Natasha remembers that 6
their father's birthday was definitely after ninth but (C) 16 minutes past 9
11
before fourteenth of December. On which date of
December was their father's birthday ? 9
(D) 16 minutes past 9
(A) 10th (B) 11th 11
(C) 12th (D) Data inadequate 15. At what time between 5 & 5 : 30 will the hands of
a clock be at right angle ?
6. Find the day of the week on 15 August, 1947. 10
(A) Tuesday (B) Friday (A) 10 minutes past 5
11
(C) Wednesday (D) Thursday 5
(B) 11 minutes past 5
7. Karan was born on Saturday 22nd March 1982. 11
On
what day of the week was he 14 years 7 months 10
(C) 9 minutes past 5
and 8 days of age ? 11
9
(A) Sunday (B) Tuesday (D) 10 minutes past 5
(C) Wednesday (D) Monday 11
16. Ajay left home for the bus stop 15 minutes earlier
8. If on 14th day after 5th March be Wednesday, what than usual. It takes 10 minutes to reach the stop.
day of the week will fall on 10th Dec. of the same He reached the stop at 8.40 a.m. What time does
year ? he usually leave home for the bus stop ?
(A) Friday (B) Wednesday (A) 8.30 a.m. (B) 8.45 a.m.
(C) Thursday (D) Tuesday (C) 8.55 a.m. (D) Data inadequate
17. The priest told the devotee, "The temple bell is 19. A tired worker slept at 7.45 p.m.. If he rose at 12
rung at regular intervals of 45 minutes. The last noon, for how many hours did he sleep ?
bell was rung five minutes ago. The next bell is (A) 5 hours 15 min. (B) 16 hours 15 min.
due to be rung at 7.45 a.m." At what time did the (C) 12 hours (D) 6 hours 45 min.
priest give this information to the devotee ?
(A) 7.40 a.m. (B) 7.05 a.m. 20. How many times are the hands of a clocks
(C) 6.55 a.m. (D) None of these perpendicular in a day ?
(A) 42 (B) 48
18. There are twenty people working in an office. The (C) 44 (D) 46
first group of five works between 8.00 A.M. and
2.00 21. If a clock shows 04: 28 then its mirror image will be
P.M. The second group of ten works between ?
10.00 (A) 07: 42 (B) 07: 32
A.M. and 4.00 P.M. And the third group of five (C) 08: 32 (D) 08: 42
works between 12 noon and 6.00 P.M. There are
22. A watch, which gains uniformly, is 3 minutes slow
three computers in the office which all the
at noon on Monday and is 3 minutes 48 seconds
employees frequently use. During which of the
fast at 2 p.m. on the following Monday. What time it
following hours the computers are likely to be
was correct ?
used most ?
(A) 2 p.m. On Tuesday
(A) 10.00 A.M. ññ 12 noon
(B) 2 p.m. On Wednesday
(B) 12 noon ññ 2.00 P.M.
(C) 3 p.m. On Thursday
(C) 1.00 P.M. ññ 3.00
(D) 1 p.m. On Friday.
P.M. (D) 2.00 P.M. ññ
4.00 P.M. 23. How many times are the hands of a clocks coincide
in a day ? 26. The train for Lucknow leaves every two and a half
(A) 10 (B) 11
hours from New Delhi Railway Station. An
(C) 12 (D) 22
announcement was made at the station that the
24. At what time between 2 and 3 Oí clock the hands train for Lucknow had left 40 minutes ago and the
of next train will leave at 18. 00 hrs. At what time
a clock will make an angle of 160: ? was the announcement made ?
(A) 20 minutes past 2 (B) 30 minutes past 2 (A) 15.30 hrs (B) 17.10 hrs
(C) 40 minutes past 2 (D) 50 minutes past 2 (C) 16.00 hrs (D) None of these
25. Ashish leaves his house at 20 minutes to seven in
27. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the beginning of each
the morning, reaches Kunalís house in 25
hour and rests for a while when he slips back 20
minutes, they finish their breakfast in another 15
feet before he again starts climbing in the
minutes and leave for their office which takes
another 35 minutes. At what time do they leave beginning of the next hour. If he begins his ascent
Kunalís house to reach their office ? at 8.00 a.m., at what time will he first touch a flag
(A) 7.40 am (B) 7.20 am at 120 feet from the ground ?
(C) 7.45 am (D) 8.15 am (A) 4 p.m. (B) 5 p.m.
(C) 6 p.m. (D) None of these
37. Out of the following four choices which does not 41. If the actual time is 10 : 10, what is the position of
show the coinciding of the hour hand and minute-
the hour hand in that defective clock ?
hand :
(A) Between 2 and 3 (B) Between 4 and 5
(A) 3 : 16 : 2 (B) 6 : 32 : 43
(C) 9 : 59 : 05 (D) 5 : 27 : 16 (C) Between 10 and 11 (D) Between 3 and 4
CUBE AND DICE-TEST
CUBES
TYPE I
TYPE II
If a cube is painted on all of its surfaces with
single colour and then divided into various smaller If a cube is painted on all of its surfaces with
cubes of equal size.
different colours and then divided into various
Directions : ( 1 to 4) A cube of side 4 cm is painted black smaller cubes of equal size.
on all of its surfaces and then divided into various
smaller cubes of side 1 cm each. The smaller Directions : ( 5 to 7 ) A cube of side 4 cm is painted black
cubes so obtained are separated. on
444 the pair of one opposite surfaces, blue on the pair
of another opposite surfaces and red on
remaining
Total cubes of obtained =
64 r of opposite surfaces. The cube is now divided
111 pai
into smaller cubes of equal side of 1 cm each.
Sol. (A) Number of smaller cubes with three surfaces
painted = 0 (Because each smaller cube at the
corner is attached to a surface which is unpainted.)
TYPE III
If a cube is painted on its surfaces in such a way
that one pair of opposite surfaces is left
unpainted.
Directions : ( 8 to 11 ) A cube of side 4 cm is painted red
on the pair of one opposite surfaces, green on the
pair of another opposite surfaces and one pair of
opposite surfaces is left unpainted. Now the cube
is divided into 64 smaller cubes of side 1 cm
each.
Type-III
(A) (B)
(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 2 (D) 3
Sol. (D) If the above dice is unfolded, it will look like as Now the number in place of ë?í can be obtained by
the figure (i) given below. making a slight change in the figure as given here.
Now comparing figure (ii) with third dice as above,
we get that number in place of ? is 3.
Figure (i)
(C) (D)
Figure (ii) Sol. (A) From the unfolded figure of dice, we find that
number opposite to 2 is 4, for 5 it is 3 and for 1 it
Type-IV is
6. From this result we can definitely say that figure
Ex 20. A dice has been thrown four times and produces (B), (C) and (D) can not be the answer figure as
following results. numbers lying on the opposite pair of surfaces are
present on the adjacent surfaces.
EXERCISE
29. How many cubes have at least one of their faces 39. How many cubes will have 4 coloured sides and
painted yellow or blue ? 2 sides without colour?
(A) 36 (B) 32 (A) 8 (B) 4
(C) 16 (D) 0 (C) 16 (D) 10
30. How many cubes have no face painted ? 40. How many cubes will have two sides with green
(A) 8 (B) 4 colour and remaining sides without any colour?
(C) 1 (D) 0 (A) 12 (B) 10
(C) 8 (D) 4
31. How many cubes have two faces painted yellow
and black respectively ?
(A) 0 (B) 8 41. Which alphabet is opposite D ?
(C) 12 (D) 16
35. How many cubes have only three faces painted ? (i) (ii)
(A) 4 (B) 12
(C) 6 (D) 20
Directions : (36 to 40) A cuboid of dimensions
(6 cm 4 cm 1 cm) is painted black on both the
surfaces of dimensions (4 cm 1 cm), green on (iii) (iv)
the surfaces of dimensions (6 cm 4 cm). and red
Which letter will be opposite to letter D ?
on the surfaces of dimensions (6 cm 1 cm). Now
(A) A (B) B
the block is divided into various smaller cubes of
(C) E (D) F
side 1 cm. each. The smaller cubes so
obtained are
separated.
Directions : (44 to 45) The figure (X) given below is the
36. How many cubes will have all three colours black, unfolded position of a cubical dice. In each of the
green and red each at least on one side? following questions this unfolded figure is followed
(A) 16 (B) 12 by four different figures of dice. You have to select
(C) 10 (D) 8 the figure which is identical to the figure (X).
50. Which symbol will appear on the opposite surface
to the symbol x?
44. (X)
(A) (B) =
(A) (B)
(C) (D) O
1
3 4
6 3 4
5 2 ?
(i)
(ii) (iii)
45. (X)
(A) 1 (B) 6
(C) 3 (D) 5
(i) (ii)
53. (X)
46. Which number will come opposite to number 2?
(A) 5 (B) 1
(C) 6 (D) 3
(A) (B)
(i) (ii)
+
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 6 (C) (D)
59.
55. (X)
(i) (ii)
(A) (B)
(iii) (iv)
Which number is opposite to number 5?
(C) (D) (A) 6 (B) 5
(C) 1 (D) 3
56.
M X M
M X
(A) (B)
4 1 8
61. 3
7
9
(C) (D)
9 7 8
1 8 4 1 8
7 7 74
57. Which number is opposite 3 in a standard dice
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
given below ?
62.
(A) 1 (B) 4 8
(C) 5 (D) Canít be determined
D
8 8 D
(A) 5 (B) 3
(C) 2 (D) 1 63.
64. 3 I C
A
B
2
J J
ANSWER KEY
FORCE AND NEWTONíS LAW OF MOTION(PHYSICS)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B C C B A B D A ACD B C C C C C
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B D A A A C C D B B B B A D C
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. B C B A A C B D A C A B D A A
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. D D CD D A D D C B A,C C A,B,C B B B
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
Ans. B A C C D C B B C
CARBON(CHEMISTRY)
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C C B B B A D A C B C D C B B
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B A C B C B B A C C D C A B C
Ques. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Ans. C B C A B D C B C A A
NUMBERSYSTEM(MATHEMATICS)
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A B A D A D C B A
Q. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A A D A B A D B C C
Q. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B C A C C A B D B B
Q. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C B A A B D C C D C
Q. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. C A D D A A C C C D
Q. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. C D C C C A C B D D
Q. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans. A B B A A A B B B C
Q. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. D A B C A A,D B D B A
Q. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. D A B B B B B D D B
Q. 91
Ans. C
TRIGONOMETRY(MATHEMATICS)
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B B C B A A C C C C
Q. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D A B B D B D A D B
Q. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B D B C C D C A A
Q. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. B D A D B A B B D D
Q. 41 42
Ans. A B
PROTOPLASM(BIOLOGY)
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A. C D C A B A A C A D B A A D D
Q. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A. C B D B B C D A D A C A A A B
Q. 31 32 33 34
A. A B D A
SERIES COMPLETION(MENTALABILITY)
EXERCISE-1(Number Series)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C D D A C D B C C C D C C B D
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B C C C B A B D D A C B B C A
Que. 31 32 33 34 35
Ans. C C C D D
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A B D C A D C C C C C D C C B
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C C D D C D D B B C A A D C D
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. D C B A B A D A D C D A C B D
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Ans. C A D B D D D A C A A D B
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D C C D A C C D B B C A C D B
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C D C B A B D D A D C A D C B
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. C D C D C A D C B C B B A D B
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. D A B C D A B D B D C B A C C
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Ans. A D E D C A B B