{ DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2}

Supervisor : Dr. Shilan

Prepared by ; 1- mohammed Karim
2-Youns Khalel
3-Aysha Safar
4- Gashaw Mustafa

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CONTENT

Introduction………………….3
Check if you have diabetes( type 2)…………………..4
Diagnose and tests……………….. 5&6
Medicine………..7&8
Health problem…….9
Support gruops for type 2 Diabetes ………….. 9&10
For managinf type 2 diabetes……….. 11

Regular check-ups for Type 2 diabetes………….12

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INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic condition that affects how your body uses
insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate your blood sugar levels. With type
2 diabetes, your body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or becomes resistant to
its effects. This can lead to high blood sugar levels, which can have long-term
health complications if not managed properly.

Type 2 diabetes is often associated with lifestyle factors such as being overweight,
having an unhealthy diet, and being physically inactive. Genetics and family
history can also play a role. The good news is that there are ways to manage type 2
diabetes and live a healthy life.

Managing type 2 diabetes usually involves making lifestyle changes. This includes
adopting a balanced and nutritious diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and
maintaining a healthy weight. Sometimes, medication or insulin injections may be
prescribed to help control blood sugar levels.

It’s important to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly, as well as keep an eye
on other health factors like blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Regular check-
ups with your healthcare provider are crucial for managing type 2 diabetes
effectively.

Remember, you’re not alone in this journey. There are support groups, educational
resources, and healthcare professionals who can provide guidance and help you
navigate through the challenges of living with type 2 diabetes.

Let me know if you need more information or if there’s anything else I can help
you with!

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Check if you have type 2 diabetes
Many people have type 2 diabetes without realising. This is because symptoms do
not necessarily make you feel unwell.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:

1.peeing more than usual, particularly at night
2.feeling thirsty all the time
3.feeling very tired
4.itching around your penis or vagina, or repeatedly getting thrush
5.cuts or wounds taking longer to heal
6.blurred vision
You’re more at risk of developing type 2 diabetes if you:
1.are over 40 (or 25 for south Asian people)
2.have a close relative with diabetes (such as a parent, brother or sister)
3.are overweight or obese
4.are of Asian, African-Caribbean or black African origin (even if you were born in the UK)

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DIAGNOSE AND TESTS
Common tests for diabetes mellitus type 2 include fasting blood sugar (FPG), oral
glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and HbA1c. These tests help diagnose and monitor
blood glucose levels, aiding in the management of the condition.

Diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus type 2 involve several tests:

1. **Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG):** Measures blood glucose levels after an

overnight fast. A result of 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or higher
indicates diabetes.

2. **Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT):** Involves fasting overnight and

then drinking a glucose solution. Blood glucose levels are measured two
hours later. A result of 200 mg/dL or higher suggests diabetes.

3. **Hemoglobin A1c Test:** Reflects average blood glucose levels over the
past two to three months. An A1c level of 6.5% or higher is indicative of
diabetes.

4. **Random Plasma Glucose Test:** Measures blood glucose at any time,

regardless of the last meal. A result of 200 mg/dL or higher with symptoms
may indicate diabetes.

5. **Glycated Albumin (GA) Test:** Provides an estimate of average blood

glucose levels over the past two to four weeks.

6. **C-peptide Test:** Assesses insulin production by measuring C-peptide

levels. Low levels may indicate decreased insulin production.

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 7. **Insulin Resistance Test:** Not a single test but can be evaluated through
methods like the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance
(HOMA-IR).

These tests help diagnose and manage diabetes mellitus type 2, guiding healthcare
professionals in determining appropriate treatment strategies and monitoring the
effectiveness of interventions.

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MEDICINE
Most people need medicine to

Control their type 2 diabetes.

This helps keep your blood sugar level as normal as possible to prevent health
problems.
You may have to take it for the rest of your life, although your medicine or dose
may need to change over time.
Adjusting your diet and being active is usually also necessary to keep your blood
sugar level down.
Medicines for type 2 diabetes
There are many types of medicine for type 2 diabetes. It can take time to find a
medicine and dose that’s right for you.
You’ll usually be offered a medicine called metformin first.
You may need to take extra medicines, or a different medicine such as insulin,

Treatment is not keeping your blood sugar levels within a healthy range
You have heart problems or need to lose weight
Your GP or diabetes nurse will recommend the medicines most suitable for you.
Your medicine might not make you feel any different, but this does not mean it’s
not working. It’s important to keep taking it to help prevent future health problems.

Metformin
Metformin is the most common medicine for type 2 diabetes. It can help keep your
blood sugar at a healthy level.

It comes as tablets you take with or after meals.

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Common side effects of metformin include feeling or being sick and diarrhoea. If
this happens to you, your doctor may suggest trying a different type called slow-
release metformin.
Other diabetes medicines
If metformin does not work well enough on its own, you cannot take it or you have
other health problems, you may need to take other medicines alongside or instead
of metformin.

These include:

Other tablets that help lower your blood sugar, such as gliclazide, glimepiride,
linagliptin or pioglitazone
Tablets that lower your blood sugar and help your heart pump blood around your
body, such as dapagliflozin or empagliflozin
Injections that lower your blood sugar and help you lose weight, such as exenatide
or liraglutide

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Health problems

If you have type 2 diabetes, your risk of developing

1- heart disease
2- stroke
3- foot problems
4- eye and kidney disease is increased
. To reduce your risk of developing other serious health conditions, you may be
advised to take other medicines, including: anti-hypertensive medicines to
control high blood pressure.

Type 2 diabetes, the most common type of diabetes, is a disease that occurs
when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is
your main source of energy and comes mainly from the food you eat. Insulin, a
hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose get into your cells to be used for
energy.

Support groups for type 2 diabetes

The charity Diabetes UK runs local support groups. These can help with things like
managing your diabetes on a daily basis, diet, exercise or dealing with emotional
problems, such as depression. They offer a place to talk and find out how others
live with the condition.
How can type 2 diabetes be helped?

1. Take your medicines for diabetes and any other health problems even when
you feel good….

2. Check your feet every day for cuts, blisters, red spots, and swelling.

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 3. Brush your teeth and floss every day to keep your mouth, teeth, and gums
healthy.

4. Stop smoking….

5. Keep track of your blood sugar.

6. Eating well and moving more.

7. Weight loss.

8. Metformin (usually taken as a tablet)

9. Insulin along with other medication that helps lower blood sugar levels.

10.Other types of diabetes medicine that is injected or taken as tablets.

11.Weight loss surgery.

12.Support with your emotional health.

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For managing Type 2 diabetes:
1. Food:
- Focus on a balanced diet with whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables.
- Control portion sizes to manage blood sugar levels.
- Limit refined sugars and carbohydrates.
- Monitor your carbohydrate intake to help regulate blood glucose.

2. Keeping Active:
- Engage in regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, swimming, or
cycling.
- Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.
- Include both aerobic exercises and strength training in your routine.
- Consult with your healthcare team to determine a safe and effective exercise
plan.
Combining a healthy diet with regular physical activity is crucial for managing
blood sugar levels, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting overall well-being
for individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Always consult with your healthcare provider
for personalized advice based on your specific health needs.

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Regular check-ups for Type 2 diabetes typically involve routine visits to your
healthcare provider. During these appointments, your healthcare team may:

1. Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: Regular testing of blood glucose levels to

ensure they are within the target range.

2. Assess Overall Health: Evaluate your overall health, including factors like
blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol levels.

3. Discuss Lifestyle and Medication: Review your diet, exercise routine, and
medications. Adjustments may be made based on your response and any
changes in your health.

4. Screen for Complications: Check for any signs of diabetes-related

complications, such as eye, kidney, or nerve problems.

5. Educational Guidance: Provide guidance on managing your condition,

including lifestyle changes and self-care practices.

It’s important to attend these check-ups regularly, as they help in early detection of
potential issues and ensure that your diabetes management plan remains effective.
The frequency of these check-ups may vary based on individual needs and
healthcare provider recommendations.

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REFERENCE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551501/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-
diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193

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