or current.

64 LAWSOF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

4. State the laws of electromagnetic induction. VO_
Express these laws mathematically.
6.!
Lawsof electromagnetic induction. There are two
types of laws which govern the phernomenorn of
electromagnetic induction :
A. Faraday's laws which give us the magnitude of ga
induced emf. in
B. Lenz's law which gives us the direction of cir
induced emf.
A. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction:
These can be stated as follows :
First law. Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a
closed circuit changes, an emf (and hence a current) is cir
induced in it which lasts only so long as the change influx is
di
taking place. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic
induction. di

Second law. The magnitude of the induced emf is equal flu

to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the closed ce
m
circuit. Mathematically,
dÙ
dt
B. Lenz's law : This law states that the direction of to
induced current is Such that it opposes the cause which flc
produces it, i.e., it opposes the change in magnetic flux. m
to
Mathematical form of the laws of electro it
magnetic induction : Expression for induced emf. to
According to the Faraday's flux rule, in
 volt., induced current
ampere. Iin

EXAMPLE . A
rectangular loop of area 20 cm x30 cm is
placed in amagnetic
the field (ii) inclinedfield of 0.3 T with its plane (i)
30° to the field and normal to
field. Find the flux linked with (ii) parallel to the
the coil in each case.
Solution. A -20 cm x 30 cm =6x 10 - m'
B=0.3 T
Let 0 be the angle made by
normal to the plane of the coil. the field B with the
()Here 9 =90°90° =0°
=BA cos =0.3 x 6x 10 x cos 0°
= 1.8 x 10 Wb.
t
f (ii) Here =90° -30°=60°
=0.3 x6x 10 -2 X cos 60°
=0.9 × 10 2 Wb.
(iii) Here =90°
=0.3x6x 10 2
xX cos 90°
=Zer0.
 EXA3IP 2. ASmall piee of metal wire is dragged across
te gr eten the oe piecsof a magnet in 0.5 s. The nag- timE
Retctux between the pole pieees is known to be 8x 10-wb. to 0
Estimate the emt induced in the vire. [NCERTJ vol
Solution. Here d: -0.5s,
do =8× l0-0 8x l0Wb
The emt induced in the wire,
8x 10
=1.6 x 10 V
dt 0.5

E E 3. The magnetic flux through a coil perpen

dicular te the plane is varying according to the relation :
=(51+4 + 2t-5)Wb
,

Caicuiate te induced current through the coil at t =2s,

. h resistanie of the coil is 52. [Punjab 98C]
Solution. The magnitude of induced emí set up at
anv instant t will be
do
dt dt
(5+41² +2t -5)-15t ++8t +2
pl
th
¬2; (2)+2 -60 16 +2=78 V to

Kesistae ot the ol, R=5

Induced current,
78
R
15.6A B
 As the6.92 SELF-INDUCTION
12. What is meant by
selfincctace. Give its units and
Self-induction. When a
self-idinduction ?
mensions. Define
the current
flows in a
gives rise to a magnetic flux through
the strength of urrent changes, the the coil coil, it
fux charnges and an opposing emf islinked itself. As
single oid.
and
This eme called
the
is
phenomenon is self-induced
known as
emfinducedor backmagnetin theic
The
the
ndhuced emf in a coil when a
through i
self-induction. emf
Sel induction is the phenomenon of
productiopasses
changing curret n of
tating
Fig. 623a) shows a battery and
a
ma ontedin series to acoil. As the
switchtapping
is switthech
n in (urent increases and hence the
the oil increases from zero to a magnetic flux closed,
rds a
ddy the induced current flows in the maximum value and
opposite
through
n the the battery current. In Fig.
6.23(b), as the direction of
through the coil decreases from a the tapping
is opened, the current and hence
Such
switch
the
tthe ZrO and the
induced current flows
magnet ic
maximum valuefluxto
direction as that of the battery in the
current. Same
Induced
Battery
current
Increasing
Current
Batterting Induced
current
000

to
ch
Battery Closing
(u)
switch
Battery Opening
Switch
(b)
or Fig. 6.23 Induced current in a
ed
is (a) coil when the circuit
closed and (b) opened.
Coefficient of
self-induction. At any
magneticl tlux linked with a coil is instant, the
current through it, i.c., proportional to the
Or
= LI
where Lis a ...(1)
constant for the given coil and is called
self-inductance or, moreof often, simply inductance. It is
also called
coefficientsets self-induction of the coil. Any
change in current
given by up an induced emf in the coil

dt dt ...(2)
If in
Thus equation
(1), I=1, then =L
the
the
flows magnetic
through flux
it. linkedself-inductancewithof thea coil whennumerically equal to
Coil is
a unit current
 613 SELF-INDUCTANCE OF ALONGSOLENOID
14. Derive an expression fa the
s the
long solenoid. State the factors on self-inductance of a
ge of inductance of a coil depends. which the self
Self-inductance of a long solenoid. Consider a
long solenoid of length Iand radius r
withr<<land
having n tuns per unit length. If a current I flows
through the coil, then the magnetic field inside the coil
is almost constant and is
given by
B=Hnl
Magneticflux linked with each turn
n it
= BA =u gnlA
where A=n=the
cross-sectional area of thesolenoid.
So Magneticflux linked with the entire solenoid is
=Flux linked with
each túrn x total number of
turns
=nlAx nl =uA
But ¢ = LI
.:.
Self-inductance of the long solenoid is
L=pon IA.
If N is the total
then n= number of turns in the solenoid,
N/land so
LE
Ifthe coil is wound
over a material of high
magnetic permeability , (e.g., soft iron), then relative
L=u, nA, oNA
Factors on which
the of self-inductance depends.
andself-inductance a solenoid depends on itsObviously,
magnetic permeability of the core geometry
1. Number of
turns. material.
the solenoid, larger is itsLarger the number of turns in
L« N² self-inductance.
2. Area of
section of the cross-section.
solernoid, largerLarger
is its
the area of cross

3.
L« A self-inductance.
tance ofPermeability
a
solenoid
of the core
material. The self induc
over an iron core of increases times if it is wound
u.
6.14 PHENOMENrelative permeability ,.
A 6.15 MUTUAL INDUCTION
16. What is meant by mutual induction ?
term mutual inductance. Give its units and
Define the
Mutual induction. Mutual induction dimensions,
is the
phenomenon of production of induced emf in one coil due to a
change of current in the neighbouring coil.
As shown in Fig. 6.26, Consider two coils P and c
placed close to each other. The coil Pis Connected
series to a battery B and a rheostat Rh
through
tapping key K. The coil S is connected to a galvah a
meter G. When a current flows through coil p .
produces a magnetic field which produces a
flux through coil S. If the current in the coil Pismagnetic
the magnetic flux linked with the coil Schanges varied,
which
induces an emf and hence a current in it. is seen
from the deflection in the galvanometer. The coil P ic
called the primary coil and coil S, the secondaru cni
because it is the former which causes an induced at
in the latter.
00000000)

G
K

Rh

Fig. 6.26 Mutual induction.

Coefficient of mutual induction. At any instant,
Magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil
c current in the primary coil
L.e.

= MI ..1)
The proportionality constant Mis called the mutual
inductance or coefficient of nutual induction of the two
coils. Any change in the current I sets up an induced
emf in the secondary coil which is
given by
Edo: - -M. dI
e .2)
- dtdt
el If in equation (1), I=1, then = M
te Thus the mutual inductance of two coils is
of equal to the magnetic flux linked with one coil numericaliy
when a unit
). Current passes through the other coil.
ts
d Again, from equation (2), if
dl
de dt
=1, thern =- M
The mutual inductance of two coils may be defined asthe
he
induced emf set up in one coil when the Current in the
neighbouring coil changes at the unit rate.
 mutua! indnctance. From
[nt of
equation (2), we We now consider the flux linked
solenoid S, due to the current I, in the with the outer
inner solenoia
S The field B, due to I, is
the annular region betweenconstant
the two
inside S, but zero in
solenoids. Hence
n M 1 VsA=1 henry(H) where " = N,/1=the number of
IAs turns per unit length
of S,.
indetane of tr coils is said to be Total flux linked with the outer
intued emf of one rolt is set up in one coil solenoid
S, 1s
tin the meighhog col changes at the rate 9* 8AN,=,,. AN, -HoiN,Al4 1
..Mutual inductance of coil 2 with
respect to coil 1is
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF Two
IONG SOLENOIDS
I. Rerie an expression for the mutual inductance Clearty My= My M(say)
solenoids. State the factors on which
depends. What is coefficient of M-o,N,4

Mhual inductance of two long solenoids. As propertyThus, the mutual inductance of two coils is the
of their combination. It does not matter which
dw i Fig 6.27, consider two long co-axial sole one of them functions as the primary or the secondary
sand S, with S, wound over S,. coil. This fact is known as reciprocity theorem.
Factors on which mutual inductance depends. The
mutual inductance of two solenoids depends on their
geometry and the magnetic permeability of the core
material.
1. Number of turns. Larger the number of turns in the
two solenoids, larger will be their mutual inductance.
M« N,N,
2. Common cross-sectional area. Larger the
6.27Two long coaxíal solenoids of same length I. common cross-sectional area of two solenoids, larger
will be their mutual inductance.
l= length of each solenoid 3. Relative separation. Larger the distance between
5,5=fadii of the two solenoids two solenoids, smaller will be the magnetic flux linked
with the secondary coil due to current in the primary
coil. Hence smaller will be the value of M.
= area of cross-section of inner 4. Relative orientation of the two coils. M is
solenoid S, maximum when the entire flux of the primary is linked
My, =number of turns in the two
solenoids with the secondary, i.e., when the primary coil
First we pass atime varying completely envelopes the secondary coil. Mis
magnet field set up inside S,current I, through S,.
due to L, is minimum when the two coils are perpendicular to 0000
each other, as shown in Fig. 6.28.
= N,|l= the
number of turns per unit length S

magnetic flux linked with the inner solenoid

:.
4= BAN, =o4h. ANi P

Mutual
inductance eof coil 1 with respecttto coil 2is (a)
Fig, 6.28 (a) Mis maximum when primary envelopes
Mu=g', AN, secondary, (b) Mis minimum when
primary is perpendicular to secondary.