FAKE NEWS

Definition: False or misleading information presented as news.

Types:
​ Misinformation:
● Characteristics: Unintentional sharing of false information.
● Intent: No harm intended.
● Nature: Inaccurate and not factual.
​ Disinformation:
● Characteristics: Knowingly sharing false information.
● Intent: Intentional harm.
● Nature: Inaccurate and not factual.
Historical Revisionism:
● Definition: Reinterpretation of historical accounts based on actual facts and
authenticated evidence.
Historical Distortion:
● Definition: Changing historical accounts or narratives for personal agenda.
● Nature: Involves disinformation and lies to alter history.
Examples:
● Battle of Mactan
● First Voyage Around the World by Magellan (Antonio Pigafetta, 1550)
● Proclamation of Philippine Independence
● Memoirs of the Revolution (General Emilio Aguinaldo, 1946)
● Maid in Malacañang
● Ninoy: Martyr or Murderer?
Reminder: Be responsible producers and consumers of media and information.

HOW MEDIA AND INFORMATION AFFECT COMMUNICATION?

Communication:
● Definition: Process of sending information from one place to another, involving
the exchange of information and expression of feelings for understanding.
Basic Elements of Communication:
​ Sender: Origin or source of the message.
​ Receiver: Listener or decoder of the message.
​ Message: Information passed through communication.
​ Channel/Medium: Tool used for message delivery.
​ Noise: Unwanted elements impeding comprehension.
Types of Communication:
​ Verbal vs. Non-Verbal:
● a) Verbal: Spoken or written words.
● b) Non-Verbal: Wordless messages through body language.
​ Formal vs. Informal:
 ● a) Formal: Professional settings.
● b) Informal: Daily interactions, casual talk.
Media's Impact on Communication:
● Transformation: Media changes how humans communicate.
● Channels: Newspapers, radio, TV, online vlogs.
● Continuous Transformation: Face-to-face, educational discussions, snail mail
vs. modern communication.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

Definition:
● UNESCO: Cognitive ability to process information using written materials in
various contexts.
Types of Literacy:
​ Media Literacy:
● Focus: Identifying roles/functions of media, scrutinizing content,
responsible use.
​ Information Literacy:
● Skills: Recognizing, locating, evaluating, and using information effectively.
​ Technology Literacy:
● Skills: Effective use of hardware and software for communication.
​ Media and Information Literacy:
● Definition: Integrated skills, attitudes, and competencies for
understanding and using media and information effectively, competently,
and ethically.
Importance:
● To Learn: About the world, make informed decisions, build community, maintain
public discourse, engage in lifelong learning.

RESPONSIBLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Media Producers vs. Consumers:
● Producers: Oversee projects, contribute content.
● Consumers: Receive information from producers.
Media Habits, Lifestyles, and Preferences:
● Habits: Normal use of media.
● Lifestyles: Use based on one's lifestyle.
● Preferences: Choice of media platform.
Characteristics of a Media-Literate Individual:
● Critical Thinking: Evaluates information for accuracy, adequacy, and
appropriateness.
● Distinguishes: Between facts and opinions for well-informed decisions.
● Open-Minded: Accepts constructive criticism, builds arguments based on merits.
 ● Clear Communication: Expresses ideas sensibly without unnecessary complexity.

ISSUES ON MEDIA AND INFORMATION CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

1. Plagiarism:
● Definition: Using another's work as one's own.
● Prevention: Learn to paraphrase and cite sources properly.
2. Intellectual Respect and Honesty:
● Requirement: Abide by laws related to media and information production.
3. Stereotypes:
● Definition: Generalized beliefs about a category of people.
● Impact: Limits perspectives, fosters misconceptions.
4. Freedom of Expression:
● Right: Entitled to express opinions responsibly.
5. Cyberbullying:
● Definition: Bullying or harassment on the internet.
● Prevention: Regulated by laws such as the Cybercrime Prevention Act.
6. Propagandas:
● Types: Glittering Generality, Bandwagon, Half-Truth/Card-Stacking, Appeal to
Authority.
● Impact: Deceptive messages meant to influence opinions.
EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
Introduction:
● Humanity has sought means of transferring information for centuries.
● Inherent need for communication is considered fundamental to human
existence.
Traditional to New Media Evolution:
​ Prehistoric Age:
● Before 1700’s
● Also known as Pre-Industrial Age.
● Media examples: Cave paintings (e.g., Lascaux Cave in France,
Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs in the Philippines), cuneiform,
hieroglyphs, manuscripts.
● Development of language enabled record-keeping.
​ Industrial Age:
● 1700’s to 1930’s
● Marked by machinery development.
● Key inventions: Printing press (Johannes Gutenberg), typewriter
(Christopher Latham Sholes), motion pictures or film, telegraph (Samuel
Morse), telephone (Alexander Graham Bell).
● Mass production of books, newspapers, and widespread information
dissemination.
​ Electronic Age:
● 1940’s to 1980’s
● Inception with the invention of the transistor (1948).
● Transistor used in electronic devices like radios, televisions, computers.
● Emergence of mass media.
● Faster and more efficient conveyance of information.
​ Information Age:
● 1990’s to Present
● Dominated by the internet.
● Internet enables real-time, global accessibility of information and
communication.
● Electronic devices like computers, smartphones, and wearables harness
internet capabilities.
● Rise of social networking websites and applications.
● Invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.
Key Trends:
● Internet as the prevailing platform.
● Social networking for widespread outreach.
Goal of Media Evolution:
● Efficient and effective transfer of information remains a central goal.
LESSON 3: INFORMATION LITERACY

1. Information Literacy:
● Defined as the “set of abilities” requiring individuals to recognize the need for
information, locate, evaluate, and use it effectively.
2. Ethical Uses of Information:
● Understanding the ethical principles of society that guide whether an action is
right or wrong.
Information:
● Derived from "informare," meaning the formation of the mind or teaching.

Major Information Source Types:

Textual (Written Texts):
● Books, magazines, newspapers.
​ Graphical (Pictures and Illustrations):
● Billboards, comic strips, infographics.
​ Aural (Voice Over or Recording):
● Radio, television, video blogs or vlogs.

Elements or Stages of Information Literacy:

​ 1. Identify and Recognize the Need for Information.
​ 2. Determine Different Sources of Information.
​ 3. Research for Information.
​ 4. Analyze and Evaluate the Quality of Information.
​ 5. Organize and Store Information.
​ 6. Use Information Effectively and Ethically.
​ 7. Create and Communicate New Knowledge.
​
Ethical Uses of Information:
● Emphasizes the importance of knowledge and its power to influence others.
● Defines ethics as the moral principles of society.
Plagiarism:
● The practice of using another person’s idea or work and “pretending” it is
your own.
Common Knowledge vs. Interpretation:
● COMMON KNOWLEDGE Differentiates generally known facts from interpreted
ideas that require citation.
INTERPRETATION These are ideas that are not generally known to everyone.
These pieces of information may vary from one place to another and, thus, there
is a need to cite these accordingly.
Quotations and Paraphrasing:
● “QUOTATIONS” involve using someone's exact words with proper citation.
● “PARAPHRASING” is rephrasing ideas in your own words with proper
citation.
How to Cite Quotations Properly (APA Format):
● Include author’s last name, publication year, and page number.
● Two types of citation (2) : Parenthetical and Narrative.
2 TYPES OF CITATION EACH
QUOTATION = Narrative and Parenthetical
PARAPHRASING = Narrative and Parenthetical
Legal Consequences (Republic Act No. 8293):
● Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
● Penalties for violations, handled by the Intellectual Property Office of the
Philippines.
Fair Use Policy:
● Permits the use of copyrighted work without permission for teaching,
instructions, and research.
Strategies to Avoid Plagiarism:
​ Submit your original work.
​ Enclose directly lifted material in quotation marks.
​ Practice paraphrasing.
​ Cite sources properly.
​ Use note cards or journals for organization.
​ Be familiar with different citation styles (APA, CMS, MLA).