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STRESS ANALYSIS READING 1 Appendix A
A publication from Pearson Custom Publishing exclusively for the Queensland University of Technology page 3
APPENDIX A
Problem Formulation and Solution
A consistent, systematic procedure is required for solving problems in the mechanics

of solids. A basic method of attack for any analysis problems is to define (or under-
stand) the problem. Formulation of the problem requires consideration of the physi-
cal situations and an idealized description by the pertinent diagrams that
approximate the actual component under consideration. The following five steps may
be helpful in formulation and solution of a problem:
1. Define the problem and state briefly what is given.

2. State consistently what is to be determined.
3. List simplifying assumptions to be made.
4. Apply the appropriate equations to find the unknowns.
5. Comment on the results briefly.
Problem statement should indicate clearly what information is required. Free-body

diagrams must be complete, showing all essential quantities involved. Assump-
tions or idealizations expand on the given information to further constrain the problem.
For example, one might take the effects of friction to be disregarded or the weight of
the member can be omitted in a particular situation. Solutions must be based on the
principles of mechanics solids, formulas, tables, and diagrams. Comments present the key
aspects of the solution.
Numerical Accuracy
In engineering problems of practical significance, the data are seldom known with
an accuracy greater than 0.2%. Hence, the answers to such problems should not be
written with an accuracy greater than 0.2%. Calculations are often performed by
electronic calculators and computers, usually carrying eight or nine digits. So, the
637
TOPIC 1 Course preparation and required reading STRESS ANALYSIS
page 4 A publication from Pearson Custom Publishing exclusively for the Queensland University of Technology
possibility exists that numerical result will be reported to an accuracy that has no
physical meaning. Throughout this book, we usually follow a common engineering
rule to report the final results of calculations:
• Numbers beginning with “1” are recorded to four significant digits.

• All other numbers (that begin with “2” through “9”) are recorded to three
significant digits.
Consequently, a force of 18 N, for example, should read 18.00 N, and a force of

56 N should read 56.0 N. Intermediate results, if retained for further calculations,
are recorded to many additional digits to maintain the numerical accuracy. The val-
ues of p and trigonometric functions are calculated to several significant digits (10
or more) within the calculator or computer. We note that, in some cases, such as
when data is read from a graph, fewer significant digits may be recorded. In these
situations, given data are assumed to be accurate to the number of significant digits
indicated in the preceding. Various computational tools that may be used to per-
form analysis calculations are discussed in Section 7.16.
Daily Planning
Learning to pay attention to our own internal body clock, or brain cells controlling
the timing of our behavior, and daily planning can help us make the best of our
time. A tentative schedule for the “morning person” who prefers to wake up early
and go to sleep early is given in Table A.1 (Ref. A.1). The “evening person” works
late and wakes up late. Most individuals may shift times from one to another and
others combine some characteristics of both.
TABLE A.1. The Best Time to Do Everything

Time Activity
6:00 a.m. Wake

6:00–6:30 a.m. Unsuitable to concentrate
6:30–8:30 a.m. Suitable for creativity
8:30 a.m.–12:00 noon Suitable for problem solving
12:00–2:30 p.m. Unsuitable to concentrate
2:30–4:30 p.m. Suitable for problem solving
4:30–8:00 p.m. Rejuvenation
8:00–10:00 p.m. Unsuitable for problem solving
10:00 (or 11:00) p.m.–6:00 a.m. Sleep
638 Appendix A Problem Formulation and Solution
STRESS ANALYSIS READING 1 Appendix A
We note that creativity serves well for open-ended thinking. Rejuvenation is

renewing the mind with activities like reading, art work, and puzzle solving. It is
unsuitable to concentrate when the body’s biological clock changes. During times
suitable for problem solving, concentration is the highest for analysis.
REFERENCE
A.1. UGURAL, A. C., Living Better: A Guide to Health, Happiness, and Managing
Stress, Eloquent Books, New York, 2009, Sec. 20.
(www.eloquentbooks.com or www.amazon.com)
Reference 639
APPENDIX B
Solution of the Stress Cubic Equation
B.1 PRINCIPAL STRESSES
There are many methods in common usage for solving a cubic equation. A simple
approach for dealing with Eq. (1.33) is to find one root, say ␴1, by plotting it ( ␴ as
abscissa) or by trial and error. The cubic equation is then factored by dividing by
1␴p - ␴12 to arrive at a quadratic equation. The remaining roots can be obtained
by applying the familiar general solution of a quadratic equation. This process
requires considerable time and algebraic work, however.
What follows is a practical approach for determining the roots-of-stress cubic
equation (1.33):
␴3p - I1␴2p + I2␴p - I3 = 0 (a)
where
I1 = ␴x + ␴y + ␴z
I2 = ␴x␴y + ␴x␴z + ␴y␴z - ␶2xy - ␶2yz - ␶2xz (B.1)
I3 = ␴x␴y␴z + 2␶xy␶yz␶xz - ␴x␶2yz - ␴y␶2xz - ␴z␶2xy
According to the method, expressions that provide direct means for solving both
two- and three-dimensional stress problems are [Refs. B.1 and B.2]
␴a = 2S[cos1␣/32] + 13I1
␴b = 2S5cos[1␣/32 + 120°]6 + 13I1 (B.2)
1
␴c = 2S5cos[1␣/32 + 240°]6 + 3 I1
Here the constants are given by
640
STRESS ANALYSIS READING 2 Appendix B
S = 113R21/2
␣ = cos-1 a- b
Q
2T
R = 13I21 - I2 (B.3)
1 2 3
Q = 3 I1I2 - I3 - 27 I1
T = 1271 R321/2
and invariants I1, I2, and I3 are represented in terms of the given stress components
by Eqs. (B.1).
The principal stresses found from Eqs. (B.2) are redesignated using numerical
subscripts so that ␴1 7 ␴2 7 ␴3. This procedure is well adapted to a pocket calcula-
tor or digital computer.
B.2 DIRECTION COSINES
The values of the direction cosines of a principal stress are determined through the
use of Eqs. (1.31) and (1.25), as discussed in Section 1.13. That is, substitution of a
principal stress, say ␴1, into Eqs. (1.31) results in two independent equations in three
unknown direction cosines. From these expressions, together with l21 + m21 + n21 = 1,
we obtain l1, m1, and n1.
However, instead of solving one second-order and two linear equations simulta-
neously, the following simpler approach is preferred. Expressions (1.31) are expressed
in matrix form as follows:
1␴x - ␴i2 ␶xy ␶xz li

␶xy 1␴y - ␴i2 ␶yz m = 0, i = 1, 2, 3
J KL iM
␶xz ␶yz 1␴z - ␴i2 ni
The cofactors of the determinant of this matrix on the elements of the first row are
1␴y - ␴i2
ai = ` `
␶yz
␶yz 1␴z - ␴i2
bi = - ` `
␶xy ␶yz
1␴z - ␴i2
(B.4)
␶xz
1␴y - ␴i2
ci = ` `
␶xy
␶xz ␶yz
Upon introduction of the notation
B.2 Direction Cosines 641
1
ki =
1a2i + c2i 21/2
(B.5)
+ b2i
the direction cosines are then expressed as
li = aiki, mi = biki, ni = ciki (B.6)
It is clear that Eqs. (B.6) lead to l2i + m2i + n2i = 1.

Application of Eqs. (B.2) and (B.6) to the sample problem described in Exam-
ple 1.6 provides some algebraic exercise. Substitution of the given data into Eqs.
(B.1) results in
I1 = -22.7, I2 = -170.8125, I3 = 2647.521
We then have
R = 13I21 - I2 = 342.5758
T = 1271 R321/2 = 1220.2623
Q = 13I1I2 - I3 - 2 3
27 I1 = -488.5896
␣ = cos-11-Q/2T2 = 78.4514°
Hence, Eqs. (B.2) give
␴a = 11.618 MPa, ␴b = -25.316 MPa, ␴c = -9.001 MPa
Reordering and redesignating these values,
␴1 = 11.618 MPa, ␴2 = -9.001 MPa, ␴3 = -25.316 MPa
from which it follows that
14.6 - 11.6182
a1 = ` ` = 0.5445
11.8
11.8 1-8.3 - 11.6182
b1 = - ` ` = -17.5046
-4.7 11.8
6.45 1-8.3 - 11.6182
14.6 - 11.6182
c1 = ` ` = -10.1939
-4.7
6.45 11.8
and
1
k1 = = 0.0493
1a21 + b21 + c2121/2
Thus, Eqs. (B.6) yield
642 Appendix B Solution of the Stress Cubic Equation
STRESS ANALYSIS READING 2 Appendix B
TABLE B.1. FORTRAN Program for Principal Stresses
B.2 Direction Cosines 643
l1 = 0.0266, m1 = -0.8638, n1 = -0.5031
As a check, l21 + m21 + n21 = 0.9999 L 1. Repeating the same procedure for ␴2 and
␴3, we obtain the values of direction cosines given in Example 1.6.
A FORTRAN computer program is listed in Table B.1 to expedite the solution for
the principal stresses and associated direction cosines. Input data and output values
are also provided. The program was written and tested on a digital computer. Note
that this listing may readily be extended to obtain the factors of safety according to
the various theories of failure (Chap. 4).
REFERENCES
B.1. MESSAL, E. E., Finding true maximum shear stress, Mach. Des.,
December 7, 1978, pp. 166–169.
B.2. TERRY, E. S., A Practical Guide to Computer Methods for Engineers, Prentice
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979.
644 Appendix B Solution of the Stress Cubic Equation
STRESS ANALYSIS READING 3 Appendix C
APPENDIX C
Moments of Composite Areas
C.1 CENTROID
This appendix is concerned with the geometric properties of cross sections of a

member. These plane area characteristics have special significance in various rela-
tionships governing stress and deflection of beams, columns, and shafts. Geometric
properties for most areas encountered in practice are listed in numerous reference
works [Ref. C.1]. Table C.1 presents several typical cases.
The first step in evaluating the characteristics of a plane area is to locate the
centroid of the area. The centroid is the point in the plane about which the area is
equally distributed. For area A shown in Fig. C.1, the first moments about the x and
y axes, respectively, are given by
Qx = y dA, Qy = x dA (C.1)
LA LA
These properties are expressed in cubic meters or cubic millimeters in SI units and
in cubic feet or cubic inches in U.S. Customary Units. The centroid of area A is
denoted by point C, whose coordinates x and y satisfy the relations
x dA y dA
Qy LA Qx LA
x = = , y = = (C.2)
A A
dA dA
LA LA
When an axis possesses an axis of symmetry, the centroid is located on that axis,
as the first moment about an axis of symmetry equals zero. When there are two axes
of symmetry, the centroid lies at the intersection of the two axes. If an area pos-
sesses no axes of symmetry but does have a center of symmetry, the centroid coin-
cides with the center of symmetry.
645
TABLE C.1. Properties of Some Plane Areas
1. Rectangle 5. Circle
y A = bh y A = πr2
bh3 πr 4
Ix = Ix =
12 4
h h x C
C bh(b2 + h2) r x Jc =
πr 2
2 Jc = 4
12
b
2. Right triangle 6. Semicircle

b bh πr 2
A= y
4r
A=
2 3π 2
3
y h
bh3 b2h2
3 Ix = I =− C Ix = 0.110r 4
36 xy 72 x
h πr 4
x bh(b2 + h2) r Iy =
C Jc = 8
36
b
3. Ellipse 7. Thin tube

A = πab y A = 2πrt
y t
πab3 Ix = πr3t
Ix =
b 4 C r x
C Jc = 2πr3t
x
πab(a2 + b2)
Jc =
a 4
4. Isosceles triangle 8. Half of thin tube

y bh
A= y 2r/π
h/3
2 A = πrt
bh3 hb3
h Ix = Iy =
36 36 C x
C x t Ix = 0.095πr3t
bh
Ic = (4h2 + 3b2) 2r
b 144 Iy = 0.5πr3t
FIGURE C.1. Plane area A with centroid C. y y

x
A
C x
x dA
y
ρ y
O x
646 Appendix C Moments of Composite Areas
EXAMPLE C.1 Centroid of Triangular Area

Determine the ordinate y of the centroid of the triangular area shown
in Fig. C.2.
Solution A horizontal element with area of length x and height dy is
selected (Fig. C.2). Considering similar triangles, x = 1h - y2b/h, and
1h - y2 dy
b
dA =
h
The first moment of the area with respect to the x axis is
b h
Qx = y dA = 1hy - y22 dy = 1
6 bh2
LA h L0
The second of Eqs. (C.2), with A = bh/2, then yields
bh2/6
y = = 13h (a)
bh/2
Therefore, the centroidal axis x of the triangular area is located a dis-
tance of one-third the altitude from the base of the triangle.
Similarly, choosing the element of area dA as a vertical strip, it can
be shown that the abscissa of the centroid is x = b/3. The location of the
centroid C is shown in the figure.
Frequently, an area can be divided into simple geometric shapes (for example,
rectangles, circles, and triangles) whose areas and centroidal coordinates are known
or easily determined. When a composite area is considered as an assemblage of n
elementary shapes, the resultant or total area is the algebraic sum of the separate
areas, and the resultant moment about any axis is the algebraic sum of the moments
of the component areas. Thus, the centroid of a composite area has the coordinates
©Aixi ©Aiyi
x = , y = (C.3)
©Ai ©Ai
in which xi and yi represent the coordinates of the centroids of the component
areas A i1i = 1, 2, Á , n2.
In applying formulas (C.3), it is important to sketch the simple geometric forms
into which the composite area is resolved, as shown next.
FIGURE C.2. Example C.1. Triangular area.

x
dy y
h b
y 3 x
C h
3 x
b
C.1 Centroid 647
FIGURE C.3. Example C.2. Area consisting Y

of two parts. 120
70
y
C2 A2 20
10
C x
140
130
C1
y = 95
70
A1
X
20
x = 35
EXAMPLE C.2 Centroid of an Angle

Locate the centroid of the angle section depicted in Fig. C.3. The dimen-
sions are given in millimeters.
Solution The composite area is divided into two rectangles, A 1 and
A2, for which the centroids are known (Fig. C.3). Taking the X,Y axes as
reference, Eqs. (C.3) are applied to calculate the coordinates of the
centroid. The computation is conveniently carried out in the following
tabular form. Note that when an area is divided into only two parts, the
centroid C of the entire area always lies on the line connecting the
centroids C1 and C2 of the components, as indicated in Fig. C.3.
No. A i 1mm22 xi 1mm2 yi 1mm2 A ixi 1mm32 A iyi 1mm32
1 2011402 = 2800 10 70 28 * 103 196 * 103

2 2011002 = 2000 70 130 140 * 103 260 * 103
©A i = 4800 ©A ixi = 168 * 103 ©A iyi = 456 * 103
©A ixi 168 * 103 ©A iyi 456 * 103

x = = = 35 mm, y = = = 95 mm
©A i 4800 ©A i 4800
C.2 MOMENTS OF INERTIA
We now consider the second moment or moment of inertia of an area (a relative

measure of the manner in which the area is distributed about any axis of interest).
The moments of inertia of a plane area A with respect to the x and y axes, respec-
tively, are defined by the following integrals:
Ix = y 2 dA, Iy = x2 dA (C.4)
LA LA
where x and y are the coordinates of the element of area dA (Fig. C.1).
Similarly, the polar moment of inertia of a plane area A with respect to an axis
through O perpendicular to the area is given by
Jo = ␳2 dA = Ix + Iy (C.5)
LA
Here ␳ is the distance from point O to the element dA, and ␳2 = x2 + y2. The
product of inertia of a plane area A with respect to the x and y axes is defined as
Ixy = xy dA (C.6)
LA
In the foregoing, each element of area dA is multiplied by the product of its coordi-
nates (Fig. C.1). The product of inertia of an area about any pair of axes is zero
when either of the axes is an axis of symmetry.
From Eqs. (C.4) and (C.5), it is clear that the moments of inertia are always
positive quantities because coordinates x and y are squared. Their dimensions are
length raised to the fourth power; typical units are meters4, millimeters4, and
inches4. The dimensions of the product of inertia are the same as for the moments
of inertia; however, the product of inertia can be positive, negative, or zero depend-
ing on the values of the product xy.
The radius of gyration is a distance from a reference axis or a point at which
the entire area of a section may be considered to be concentrated and still possess
the same moment of inertia as the original area. Therefore, the radii of gyration of
an area A about the x and y axes and the origin O (Fig. C.1) are defined as the
quantities rx, ry, and ro, respectively:
Ix Iy Jo
rx = , ry = , ro = (C.7)
AA AA AA
Substituting Ix, Iy, and Jo from Eqs. (C.7) into Eq. (C.5) results in
r2o = r2x + r2y (C.8)
The radius of gyration has the dimension of length, expressed in meters.
C.3 PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM
The moment of inertia of an area with respect to any axis is related to the moment
of inertia around a parallel axis through the centroid by the parallel-axis theorem,
sometimes called the transfer formula. It is useful for determining the moment of
inertia of an area composed of several simple shapes.
To develop the parallel-axis theorem, consider the area A depicted in Fig. C.4.
Let x and y represent the centroidal axes of the area, parallel to the axes x and y,
respectively. The distances between the two sets of axes and the origin are dx, dy,
and do. The moment of inertia with respect to the x axis is
Ix = 1y + y22 dA = y2 dA + 2y y dA + y2 dA
LA LA LA LA
C.3 Parallel-Axis Theorem 649
FIGURE C.4. Plane area for deriving the parallel- y y

axis theorem.
x = dx x
dA y
x
C
A
do y = dy
x
O
The first integral on the right side equals the moment of inertia Ix about the x axis.
As y is measured from the centroid axis x, 1A y dA is zero. Hence,
Ix = Ix + Ay 2 = Ix + Ady2 (C.9a)
Similarly,
Iy = Iy + Ax 2 = Iy + Ad2x (C.9b)
The parallel-axis theorem is thus stated as follows: The moment of inertia of an
area with respect to any axis is equal to the moment of inertia around a parallel cen-
troidal axis, plus the product of the area and the square of the distance between the
two axes.
In a like manner, a relationship may be developed connecting the polar
moment of inertia Jo of an area about an arbitrary point O and the polar moment
of inertia Jc about the centroid of the area (Fig. C.4):
Jo = Jc + Ad2o (C.10)
It can be shown that the product of inertia of an area Ixy with respect to any set of
axes is given by the transfer formula
Ixy = Ix y + Ax y = Ix y + Adxdy (C.11)
where Ix y denotes the product of inertia around the centroidal axes. Note that the
parallel-axis theorems, Eqs. (C.9) through (C.11), may be employed only if one of
the two axes involved is a centroidal axis.
For elementary shapes, the integrals appearing in the equations of this and pre-
ceding sections can usually be evaluated easily and the geometric properties of the
area thus obtained (Table C.1). Cross-sectional areas employed in practice can
often be broken into a combination of these simple shapes.
EXAMPLE C.3 Moments of Inertia for a Triangular Area

For the triangular area shown in Fig. C.2, determine (a) the moment
of inertia about the x and x axes and (b) the products of inertia with
respect to the x y and xy axes.
Solution The area of a horizontal strip selected is
1h - y2 dy
b
dA = (a)
h
and the coordinates are related by
x = 1h - y2
b
(b)
h
as already found in Example C.1.
a. Then the moment of inertia about the centroidal x axis is (Fig. C.2)
2h/3
1h - y2 dy =
b
1
Ix = y2 dA = y2 36 bh
3
(c)
LA L-h/3 h
Similarly, the moment of inertia with respect to the x axis equals
h
1h - y2 dy =
b 1
Ix = y2 dA = y2 (d) 12 bh
3
LA L0 h
This solution may also be obtained by applying the parallel-axis
theorem:
h 2
Ix = Ix + Ad2y = 1
36 bh
3
+ 12 bh ¢ ≤ = 1
12 bh
3
3
where dy = y is the distance between the x and x axes.
b. From considerations of symmetry, the product of inertia of the hori-

zontal strip with respect to the axes through its own centroid and par-
allel to the xy axes is zero. Its product of inertia about the xy axes,
using Eq. (C.11), is then
Ixy = 0 +
x y dA
LA
Here x and y are the distances to the centroid of the strip. Referring
to Fig. C.2, we have x = x/2 and y = y. Substituting these together
with Eqs. (a) and (b) into the preceding equation, we have
h
b2
Ixy =
2
1h - y22y dy = 241 b2h2 (e)
L0 2h
The transfer formula now yields the product of inertia with respect to
the centroidal axes:
b2h2 bh b h
Ix y = Ixy - Ax y = - ¢ ≤¢ ≤ = - 1 2 2
72 b h
24 2 3 3
EXAMPLE C.4 Moment of Inertia for a T Section

Determine the moment of inertia of the T section shown in Fig. C.5a
around the horizontal axis passing through its centroid. The dimensions
are given in millimeters.
C.3 Parallel-Axis Theorem 651
60 y
10 y
A1 20 20
dy1 = 20
x x
80 dy2 = 20 C C
60
y = 50
A2 30
X
20
10 40 10
(a) (b)
FIGURE C.5. Example C.4. (a) T section; (b) channel section.
Solution Location of centroid: The area is divided into component

parts A 1 and A 2 for which the centroids are known (Fig. C.5a). Because
the y axis is an axis of symmetry, x = 0, and
A 1y1 + A 2y2 20160270 + 60120230
y = = = 50 mm
A1 + A2 201602 + 601202
Centroidal moment of inertia: Application of the transfer formula to
Fig. C.5a results in
Ix = ©1Ix + Ad2y2
12 16021202 12 12021602
1 1
= 3
+ 20160212022 + 3
+ 20160212022
= 13611042mm4
Interestingly, the properties of this T section about the centroidal x axis
are the same as those of the channel (Fig. C.5b). Both sections possess
an axis of symmetry.
C.4 PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
The moments of inertia of a plane area depend not only on the location of the ref-
erence axis but also on the orientation of the axes about the origin. The variation of
these properties with respect to axis location are governed by the parallel-axis the-
orem, as described in Section C.3. We now derive the equations for transformation
of the moments and product of inertia at any point of a plane area.
The area shown in Fig C.6 has the moments and product of inertia Ix, Iy, Ixy
with respect to the x and y axes defined by Eqs. (C.4) and (C.6). It is required to
FIGURE C.6. Rotation of axes. y′
y
A
x dA
x′ x′
y y′
θ
x
O
determine the moments and product of inertia Ix¿, Iy¿, and Ix¿y¿ about axes x¿, y¿
making an angle ␪ with the original x, y axes. The new coordinates of an element
dA can be expressed by projecting x and y onto the rotated axes (Fig. C.6):
x¿ = x cos ␪ + y sin ␪, y¿ = y cos ␪ - x sin ␪ (a)
Then, by definition
Ix¿ = y¿ 2 dA = 1y cos ␪ - x sin ␪22 dA

LA LA
= cos2 ␪ y2 dA + sin2 ␪ x2 dA - 2 sin ␪ cos ␪ xy dA

LA LA LA
Upon substituting Eqs. (C.4) and (C.6), the foregoing becomes
Ix¿ = Ix cos2 ␪ + Iy sin2 ␪ - 2Ixy sin ␪ cos ␪ (b)
The moment of inertia Iy¿ may be found readily by substituting ␪ + ␲/2 for ␪ in the
expression for Ix¿. Similarly, using the definition Ix¿y¿ = 1Ax¿y¿ dA, we obtain
Ix¿y¿ = 1Ix - Iy2 sin ␪ cos ␪ + Ixy1cos2 ␪ - sin2 ␪2 (c)
The transformation equations for the moments and product of inertia may be
rewritten by introducing double-angle trigonometric relations in the form
Ix + Iy Ix - Iy
Ix¿ = + cos 2␪ - Ixy sin 2␪ (C.12a)
2 2
Ix + Iy Ix - Iy
Iy¿ = - cos 2␪ + Ixy sin 2␪ (C.12b)
2 2
Ix - Iy
Ix¿y¿ = sin 2␪ + Ixy cos 2␪ (C.12c)
2
In comparing the expressions here and in Chapter 1, it is observed that moments
of inertia 1Ix, Iy, Ix¿, Iy¿2 correspond to the normal stresses 1␴x, ␴y, ␴x¿, ␴y¿2, the
negative of the products of inertia 1-Ixy, -Ix¿y¿2 correspond to the shear stresses
1␶xy, ␶x¿y¿2, and the polar moment of inertia 1Jo2 corresponds to the sum of the
normal stresses 1␴x + ␴y2. Thus, Mohr’s circle analysis and the characteristics for
stress apply to these properties of area.
The angle ␪ at which the moment of inertia Ix¿ of Eq. (C.12a) assumes an
extreme value may be obtained from the condition dIx¿/d␪ = 0:
1Ix - Iy2 sin 2␪ + 2Ixy cos 2␪ = 0 (d)
The foregoing yields
2Ixy
tan 2␪p = - (C.13)
Ix - Iy
Here ␪p represents the two values of ␪ that locate the principal axes about which
the principal or maximum and minimum moments of inertia occur.
C.4 Principal Moments of Inertia 653
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no related content on Scribd:
III
RESOLUTIONS WHEN I COME TO BE OLD
At the age of thirty-two, Jonathan Swift wrote the following:
Resolutions When I Come to Be Old

(1) Not to marry a young woman.
(2) Not to keep young company, unless they desire it.
(3) Not to be peevish, or morose, or suspicious.
(4) Not to scorn present ways, or wits, or fashions, or men, or
war, etc.
(5) Not to be fond of children.
(6) Not to tell the same story over and over to the same
people.
(7) Not to be covetous.
(8) Not to neglect decency or cleanliness, for fear of falling into
nastiness.
(9) Not to be over severe with young people, but give
allowances for their youthful follies and weaknesses.
(10) Not to be influenced by, or give ear to, knavish tattling
servants, or others.
(11) Not to be too free of advice, or trouble any but those who
desire it.
(12) To desire some good friend to inform me which of these
resolutions I break or neglect, and wherein, and reform
accordingly.
(13) Not to talk too much, nor of myself.
(14) Not to boast of my former beauty, or strength, or favour
with ladies, etc.
(15) Not to hearken to flatteries, nor conceive I can be beloved
by a young woman.
(16) Not to be positive or opinionative.
(17) Not too set for observing all these rules, for fear I should
observe none.
Swift died at the age of seventy-eight; so far as I can find out, he

lived up to these resolutions with commendable consistency, except
one: his friend, Dr. Sheridan, was sufficiently indiscreet to remind him
that he was becoming too parsimonious. Swift resented this criticism,
and it spoiled their friendship.
* * * * *
Although Swift was a pessimist, a cynic and a misanthrope, these
resolutions contain much wisdom; so much, in fact, that a faithful
adherence to them would save most old men much suffering and
humiliation. I read them first when I was a boy and they produced a
profound impression; now that I am in a position where they fit my
case, I believe them to be good medicine, bitter but wholesome. Swift
must have been bored horribly by many old men, or he must have
observed many old people behaving in a silly fashion to have written
down these rules with such emphasis.
(1, 2) “Crabbed age and youth cannot live together,” said
Shakespeare; the few exceptions do no more than prove the rule.
Many old people suffer because they fear that young people do not
desire their company. The solution is for old people not to allow their
happiness to be dependent on young folks but to have either company
of their own age or intellectual resources which will make them
mentally independent. I have taught young people for forty years, and
although I am very fond of them, I prefer the society of people of my
own age. If I were about to take a trip around the world and could
choose either a young or old companion, I would take the latter.
(3) Good advice for any age, but old persons, owing to bodily
infirmities, are more apt to show these unlovely characteristics.
(4) This advice was never more needed than now.
(5) I would change this, so it would read “Not to fondle children.” A
man with a bushy beard can terrify babes.
(6) “I suppose you have all heard this before, but——” then why tell
it?
(7) Especially of the health, vigour, and activity of younger men.
(8) Swift was himself almost fanatically clean. It is a disgusting
sight to behold old men who are careless of their clothes and
appearance, as though old age gave one the privilege to appear in
public with the remains of the last meal on the coat, waistcoat and
shirt.
(9) Observe the ways of the dog, and learn wisdom. The dog
allows children to pull his tail, and bother him in many ways; not
because he likes it, but because he knows children have no sense. It is
useless to expect that children and young people will think and act like
middle-aged men and women; why be fretful when they are simply
running true to form?
(10) One must remember that slander is of value only as a self-
revelation, never as an accurate description. The recoil of that
particular gun is greater than the discharge.
(11) Every person loves to give advice and no one loves to take it.
The mother says to the child, “Now, Freddy, don’t forget to put your
rubbers on!” to which Freddy replies “Huh!” Then when Freddy is
seventy-six years old, his granddaughter says, “Now, Grandpa, don’t
forget to put your rubbers on!” to which the grandparent replies “Huh!”
It is a good thing not to force one’s opinion on others unless they ask
for it; one’s professions and creed will be judged by one’s life, anyhow.
(12) Ah, that requires the very grace of God. This kind comes only
by prayer and fasting.
(13, 14) Many an old man likes to have others think that he was in
his prime a devil of a fellow. This particular vanity is hard to eradicate.
Even in the moment of Lear’s heartbreaking and shattering grief over
the death of his daughter Cordelia he found time to boast of his former
prowess.
(15) I say it not cynically, but in all seriousness: There is no one
who cannot be successfully flattered, provided the flattery be applied
with some skill. We have at the core such invincible egotism that we
not only listen greedily to flattery, but, what is far worse, we believe it!
(16) An overbearing, domineering, dogmatic manner in
conversation is abominable in persons of any age; when old people
behave in this fashion, and it is not resented by the young, it should
really all the more humiliate the old. For such acquiescence means
that the old man hasn’t any sense, anyhow.
(17) Know thyself. Ulysses showed his wisdom in not trusting
himself. A Yale undergraduate left on his door a placard for the janitor
on which was written, “Call me at 7 o’clock; it is absolutely necessary
that I get up at seven. Make no mistake. Keep knocking until I answer.”
Under this he had written. “Try again at ten.”
IV
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN HUMOUR
Some one has said that American humour consists in over-

statement and English humour in understatement. This judgment
does not include everything, but so far as it goes it is not only
accurate, but helps both to explain English humour and the
frequently heard remark that the English are without it. I suppose
one reason many ill-informed Americans say that Englishmen have
no sense of humour is because the English do not indulge so
commonly as we in boisterous jocularity, exaggeration, surprise and
burlesque. The average Englishman does not see why a stranger
should accost him with jocosity—many Englishmen do not see why a
stranger should accost them at all. It is an excellent plan while
travelling in England or anywhere in Europe never to speak first to
an Englishman; let him open the conversation.
One of the chief differences between the average Englishman
and American is in amiability, responsiveness, amenity. Americans
are probably the most amiable people in the world, the most happy
to respond to an exploratory remark, the most willing. I dare say it is
partly a matter of climate. Our chronic sunshine makes us expansive
and ebullient.
In any American city on a terrifically hot day, two hitherto
unacquainted men will speak to each other as they pass on the
street, one saying, “Don’t you wish you had brought your overcoat!”
which harmless jest is returned by the other with equal affability. If
you said that to an Englishman, he might stare at you blankly, and
perhaps hazard the query, “You mean, of course, your light
overcoat?”
After introduction to a resident Englishman in Vancouver, British
Columbia, at a small dining-table in a hotel, I remarked gently, “Even
though you are behind the times here in Vancouver, I do not see why
you should advertise the fact.” “What on earth do you mean?” he
enquired. Then I called his attention to the dinner-card, on which was
printed Vancouver, B. C. He exclaimed, “But it doesn’t mean that,
you know!” I do not believe he was deficient in a sense of humour. I
had just met him, and he did not see why a stranger should be
sufficiently intimate to be taken otherwise than seriously.
Punch is the best of comic papers; it expresses the genuine
original humour of a humorous folk. I remember seeing there a
picture of the village orchestra, and as the director rapped for
attention, the first violin leaned forward and asked, “What is the next
piece?” and being informed, replied, “Why I just played that one.”
Woodrow Wilson once told me a story which illustrates how
dangerous it is for anyone to assume that the English have no sense
of humour.
Three Americans were telling anecdotes to illustrate the English
dearth of humour, when they saw approaching a representative of
that nation. It was agreed that he should then and there be put to the
test. So one of them stopped him and narrated a side-splitting yarn.
The Englishman received the climax with an impassive face. The
American, delighted, cried, “Cheer up, old man, you’ll laugh at that
next summer.” “No,” said the Briton, gravely, “I think not.” “Why not?”
“Because I laughed at that last summer.”
The humour of English political campaign speeches at its best, is
unsurpassed. When the late John Morley had finished an oration by
requesting his hearers to vote for him, one man jumped up and
shouted angrily, “I’d rather vote for the devil.” “Quite so,” returned the
unruffled statesman; “but in case your friend declines to run, may I
not then count upon your support?”
A perfect retort was made to the great and genial Thackeray, on
the one occasion when he ran for Parliament. He met his opponent,
Edward Cardwell, during the course of the campaign, and after a
pleasant exchange of civilities, Thackeray remarked, “Well, I hope it
will be a good fight, and may the best man win.” “Oh, I hope not,”
said Cardwell.
The English are the only people who seem to be amused by
attacks on their country; does this show a sense of superiority that
increases the rage of the critic? Or is it that their sense of humour
extends even to that most sacred of all modern religions, the religion
of nationalism?
The Irish are supposed to excel the English in humour; but it is a
fact that English audiences in the theatre are diverted by sarcastic
attacks on the English, whereas it is physically dangerous to try a
similar method on an Irish audience. The Irish patriot, Katharine
Tynan, said that if she could only once succeed in enraging the
English, she would feel that something might be accomplished.
“But,” said she, “I tell them at dinner parties the most outrageous
things that are said against their country, and they all roar with
laughter.” Undue sensitiveness to attack betrays a feeling of
insecurity.
Typical American humour is not subtle and ironical; it is made up
largely of exaggeration and surprise—Mark Twain was a master of
ending a sentence with something unexpected. “I admire the serene
assurance of those who have religious faith. It is wonderful to
observe the calm confidence of a Christian with four aces.”
Anthony Hope, in his recent book Memories and Notes, says
that when Mark made his first dinner speech in London before a
distinguished audience, there was intense curiosity as to what he
would say. He began with an unusually slow drawl. “Homer is dead,
Shakespeare is dead—and I am far from well.”
Another true story (which I took pains to verify) happened during
the early days of his married life, which synchronised with the
beginnings of the telephone. Incredible as it may seem, Mrs.
Clemens had not heard Mark swear, for during the engagement he
had managed by superhuman efforts to refrain from what he called
that noble art, and she did not dream of his oral efficiency. But one
day, thinking he was alone, he started to use the telephone. (The
Paris Figaro says that to get your telephone connexion is not an
achievement; it is a career.) Mark, having difficulties, poured out a
torrent of river profanity. He looked around and there was his wife,
frozen with horror.
But she had heard that the way to cure a husband of profanity
was for the wife to swear in his presence. So, in a cold, artificial
voice, she said, “Blankety-Blank-Blank.” Mark cried, “Darling, you
know the words, but you don’t know the tune!”
Mark had a way of combining philosophy and humour. This is the
gospel according to Mark Twain. “Live so that when you die even the
undertaker will be sorry.”
V
A PAIR OF SOCKS
One fine afternoon I was walking along Fifth Avenue, when I

remembered that it was necessary to buy a pair of socks. Why I
wished to buy only one pair is unimportant. I turned into the first sock
shop that caught my eye, and a boy clerk who could not have been
more than seventeen years old came forward. “What can I do for you,
sir?” “I wish to buy a pair of socks.” His eyes glowed. There was a note
of passion in his voice. “Did you know that you had come into the finest
place in the world to buy socks?” I had not been aware of that, as my
entrance had been accidental. “Come with me,” said the boy,
ecstatically. I followed him to the rear of the shop, and he began to
haul down from the shelves box after box, displaying their contents for
my delectation.
“Hold on, lad, I am going to buy only one pair!” “I know that,” said
he, “but I want you to see how marvellously beautiful these are. Aren’t
they wonderful!” There was on his face an expression of solemn and
holy rapture, as if he were revealing to me the mysteries of his religion.
I became far more interested in him than in the socks. I looked at him
in amazement. “My friend,” said I, “if you can keep this up, if this is not
merely the enthusiasm that comes from novelty, from having a new
job, if you can keep up this zeal and excitement day after day, in ten
years you will own every sock in the United States.”
* * * * *
My amazement at his pride and joy in salesmanship will be easily
understood by all who read this article. In many shops the customer
has to wait for some one to wait upon him. And when finally some clerk
does deign to notice you, you are made to feel as if you were
interrupting him. Either he is absorbed in profound thought in which he
hates to be disturbed or he is skylarking with a girl clerk and you feel
like apologising for thrusting yourself into such intimacy.
He displays no interest either in you or in the goods he is paid to
sell. Yet possibly that very clerk who is now so apathetic began his
career with hope and enthusiasm. The daily grind was too much for
him; the novelty wore off; his only pleasures were found outside of
working hours. He became a mechanical, not an inspired, salesman.
After being mechanical, he became incompetent; then he saw younger
clerks who had more zest in their work, promoted over him. He
became sour and nourished a grievance. That was the last stage. His
usefulness was over.
I have observed this melancholy decline in the lives of so many
men in so many occupations that I have come to the conclusion that
the surest road to failure is to do things mechanically. There is, for
example, no greater literature in the world than the Bible and no more
exciting subject than religion. Yet I have heard many ministers of the
gospel read the Bible in their churches with no interest and no
emphasis, whereas they ought to read it as if they had just received it
by wireless from Almighty God. I have heard hundreds of sermons
preached mechanically, with no more appeal than if the speaker were
a parrot. There are many teachers in schools and colleges who seem
duller than the dullest of their pupils; they go through the motions of
teaching, but they are as impersonal as a telephone.
* * * * *
In reading that remarkable book, The Americanization of Edward
Bok, I was impressed by what he said of competition in business.
Beginning as a very young man in a certain occupation, he had
expected to encounter the severest competition. As a matter of fact, he
met no competition at all, and found that success was the easiest thing
in the world, if one provided the conditions necessary for it.
He worked along with a number of other young men in the
business. He was the only one who ever got to the place ahead of
time. At the noon hour at lunch the other youngsters never on a single
occasion mentioned the business in which they were engaged. They
talked of their girls, or of athletic sports, or of various dissipations. He
was the only man who ever remained after business hours, and he
was convinced that he was the only one who ever occupied his mind
with the business during his evenings.
He rose above the others with consummate ease, and for two
obvious reasons: First, he made himself indispensable; second, he
found his chief pleasure in his work, not in the dissipations outside of it.
It is simple enough for any one to be attracted by the novelty of a
new job. The real difficulty is to keep up that initial enthusiasm every
day of one’s life, to go to work every morning with zest and excitement.
I believe that a man should live every day as if that day were his first
and his last day on earth.
Every person needs some relaxation, some recreation; but a man’s
chief happiness should not lie outside his daily work, but in it. The chief
difference between the happiness of childhood and the happiness of
maturity is that the child’s happiness is dependent on something
different from the daily routine—a picnic, an excursion, a break of
some kind. But to the right sort of men and women happiness is found
in the routine itself, not in departures from it. Instead of hoping for a
change, one hopes there will be no change, that one will have
sufficient health to continue in one’s chosen occupation. The child has
pleasures; the man has happiness. But unfortunately some men
remain children all their lives.
VI
AN INSPIRING CEMETERY
Americans should not leave Florence without spending some

reflective hours in the so-called Protestant cemetery. The grave of
Elizabeth Barrett Browning is adorned with a beautiful marble tomb
designed by the famous artist Leighton, and the only inscription
thereupon is “E. B. B. Ob. 1861.”
Not far away lies the famous poet, Walter Savage Landor, who
died in 1864 at the age of eighty-nine. His grave is covered with a
flat stone. Here is a poem he wrote about it:
Twenty years hence, though it may hap

That I be called to take a nap
In a cool cell where thunder clap
Was never heard,
There breathe but o’er my arch of grass,

A not too sadly sigh’d “Alas!”
And I shall catch ere you can pass,
That wingéd word.
The last time I was in Florence I bent over his grave and with
deliberate emphasis I whispered “Alas!” I do not know whether he
heard me or not.
Robert and Elizabeth Browning made the poet’s later years as
happy as was possible for one of his temperament; they secured a
villa for him, furnished it, hired servants and did what they could. He
was wildly irascible, and if he did not like a meal that was served, he
grabbed the table-cloth, and twitched all the food and dishes on to
the floor. All his life he was a fighting man, which makes the beautiful
Farewell he wrote somewhat incongruous.
THE LAST FRUIT OF AN OLD TREE

I strove with none; for none was worth my strife.
Nature I loved, and next to Nature, Art;
I warmed both hands before the fire of life.
It sinks and I am ready to depart.
In order to fit my own feelings, I should have to make some slight

changes in his poem, so that the amended version would read as
follows:
I strove with none. I always hated strife.

Nature I loved, and God and Man and Art.
I warmed both hands before the fire of life;
It sinks—yet I’m not ready to depart.
Landor was sometimes in a more jovial mood, as in his invitation

to Tennyson:
I entreat you, Alfred Tennyson,

Come and share my haunch of venison.
I have too a bin of claret,
Good, but better when you share it.
Tho’ ’tis only a small bin,
There’s a stock of it within.
And as sure as I’m a rhymer,
Half a butt of Rudesheimer.
Come; among the sons of men is one
Welcomer than Alfred Tennyson?
Along the path leading to Mrs. Browning’s tomb is the grave of
the English poet, Arthur Hugh Clough (pronounced Cluff), who
crossed the ocean with Thackeray and James Russell Lowell and
whose most famous poem is Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth.
He died in 1861 the same year as Mrs. Browning, at the early age of
42. He was a distinguished scholar of Balliol college, Oxford. He
expressed in his poems the doubts and struggles that have afflicted
so many honest and candid minds.
Where lies the land to which the ship would go?

Far, far ahead, is all her seamen know.
And where the land she travels from? Away,
Far, far behind, is all that they can say.
On sunny noons upon the deck’s smooth face,

Linked arm in arm, how pleasant here to pace;
Or, o’er the stern reclining, watch below
The foaming wake far widening as we go.
On stormy nights when wild northwesters rave,

How proud a thing to fight with wind and wave!
The dripping sailor on the reeling mast,
Exults to bear, and scorns to wish it past.
Where lies the land to which the ship would go?

Far, far ahead, is all her seamen know.
And where the land she travels from? Away.
Far, far behind, is all that they can say.
In addition to the three great English poets who are buried in this
cemetery, two famous Americans lie there, Richard Hildreth and
Theodore Parker. When I was an undergraduate, I asked Prof. W. G.
Sumner what was the best History of the United States that had ever
been written; he answered gruffly and without a word of qualification,
“Hildreth’s!” Accordingly, I read every word of the six volumes. Many
years later I had the unique pleasure of telling Sumner something he
had not known; I told him I had done homage at Hildreth’s grave in
Florence, and he was surprised to learn that the historian was buried
there. If any one believes that the contemporary custom of
“debunking” historical characters is new, he should read Hildreth’s
Preface to his History.
“Of centennial sermons and Fourth of July orations, whether

professedly such or in the guise of history, there are more than
enough. It is due to our fathers and ourselves, it is due to truth
and philosophy, to present for once, on the historic stage, the
founders of our American nation unbedaubed with patriotic
rouge, wrapped up in no fine-spun cloaks of excuses and
apology, without stilts, buskins, tinsel, or bedizenment, in their
own proper persons.”
VII
ANCIENT FOOTBALL
Attacks on the American game of football are often more

sensational than the game itself. Some volley out statistics of
injuries, in which we see the names of persons “crippled for life”
whom we know to be unlike their biographers in that they are both
well and cheerful; others descant wildly on the evils of betting and
the drunkenness attendant upon a great match; others deplore the
time and attention robbed from study; some believe the rivalry of two
strong teams causes prolonged bitterness and hatred; some regard
the intense earnestness of training as both silly and harmful; some
assert that the players on the field behave like ruffians, and some,
like the old Puritans, hate the game not because they really think it
wicked but because they secretly hate to see eighty thousand people
out for a holiday.
There is no doubt that football, like every other sport and
recreation, is open to many serious objections. Certain players are
every year killed and wounded, though the mortality is nothing like so
great as that resulting from automobile accidents and week-end
celebrations. It is certainly true that betting and dissipation
accompany the game; it is true that many young men sit on the
benches, cheering and singing, when they might be studying in the
seclusion of their rooms.
It is true that the American spirit—always ambitious of success—
makes every member of a university team train with an earnestness
that seems tragi-comic to the nonathletic observer. But the immense
advantages of this most robust of all sports outweigh all its attendant
evils. For football is much more than a contest of animal vigour; in
the language of Professor Stagg, who was a moralist before he was
an athlete, “Football surpasses every other game in its demand for a
high combination of physical, mental and moral qualities.”
This article, however, is not written for the purpose of defending
modern football but rather to show that the game thus far has not
only flourished in spite of attacks but that there has been a
tremendous rise in its respectability since the days of Queen
Elizabeth. I cannot just now remember anything on which the
Puritans and the playwrights were then agreed, except their opinion
of football. What Shakespeare thought of it may be seen in the
epithet which Kent applies to one of the most odious characters in
King Lear. Tripping up Oswald, he calls him “you base football
player.”
Modern legislators must rejoice at finding that they have plenty
of precedents for legal prohibition of the game. In 1424 we find “The
King forbiddes that na man play fut ball under payne of iiiid.” Sir
Thomas Elyot remarked, in 1531, “Foote balle, wherin is nothing but
beastly furie and exstreme violence.”
If in Elizabethan days the dramatists, who were not noted for
their piety, attacked football, what shall we expect from the Puritans?
The most circumstantial indictment of the game came from a Puritan
of Puritans, Philip Stubbs. In his Anatomie of Abuses (1583) he thus
denounces the sport:
For as concerning football playing, I protest vnto you it may

rather be called a frieendly kinde of fight, then a play of
recreation; A bloody and murthering practise, then a felowly
sporte or pastime. For dooth not euery one lye in waight for his
Aduersarie, seeking to ouerthrowe him & to picke him on his
nose, though it be vppon hard stones? In ditch or dale, in valley
or hil, or what place soeuer it be, hee careth not, so he haue him
down. And he that can serue the most of this fashion, he is
counted the only felow, and who but he? so that by this meanes,
sometimes their necks are broken, sometimes their backs,
sometime their legs, sometime their armes; sometime one part
thrust out of ioynt, sometime another. Sometime the noses gush
out with blood, sometime their eyes start out; and sometimes
hurt in one place, sometimes in another. But whosoeuer scapeth
away the best, goeth not scotfree, but is either sore wounded,
craised, and bruiseed so as he dyeth of it, or else scapeth very
hardly, and no meruaile, for they haue the sleights to meet one
betwixt two, to dash him against the hart with their elbowes, to
hit him vnder the short ribbes with their griped fists, and with
their knees to catch him vpon the hip, and to pick him on his
neck, with a hundred such murdering deuices; and hereof
groweth enuie, malice, rancour, cholor, hatred, displeasure,
enemities, and what not els; and sometimes fighting, brawling,
contention, quarrel picking, murther, homicide, and great
effusion of blood, as experience dayely teacheth.
In the attack just quoted the most interesting thing to the modern
reader is that precisely the same objections were made to the game
as we hear today.
In the robust days of Queen Bess football was regarded as low
and vulgar; it received the denunciation of the Church and the more
potent frown of fashionable society. Today at a great university
match prominent clergymen are seen even on the sidelines; the
bleachers bloom with lovely women, and in a conspicuous place
stands the President of the United States.
VIII
RIVERS
On the first of several agreeable visits to Carbondale in southern

Illinois, whither I went to address the best of all audiences—public
school teachers—I enquired of the superintendent, Mr. Black, as to
the precise distance that separated us from the Mississippi river. I
told him I loved all rivers, and this one particularly. I had seen it at St.
Paul, at St. Louis, Memphis and New Orleans. I wished to see it far
from the noise, smoke and artificiality of cities. I wished to see it
naked. He informed me that he was the proud owner of an open
Ford car, that the Father of Waters was only eighteen miles away,
and that he would lead me to it that very afternoon.
It was a charming day in early spring. I stood on the bank of the
mighty Mississippi. There was no town, settlement, not even a house
in sight. The glorious old river at this point was one mile wide, fifty
feet deep, and running seven miles an hour. Away up stream on the
Missouri side the trees were in the living green of April; and the flood
came rolling along in silent majesty.
I thought of the old seventeenth century poet, Denham, and what
he said of another river.
Oh, could I flow like thee, and make thy stream

My great example, as it is my theme!
Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull;
Strong without rage, without o’erflowing full.
Every river has a fascination for me, because it is alive. In a
green landscape, or in a rocky gorge, or in the midst of a forest, or
dividing a city, it gives to every scene the element of life. Living
waters flowing through meadows, over sands, between mountains
are always moving, progressing, going somewhere. If one climbs a
hill, and looks off on a vast expanse of fresh woods and pastures
new, and suddenly sees a river, the heart leaps up with recognition.
Looking at a map—the expressive face of the world—I have
often wished to follow the course of various rivers. I should like to go
down the Amazon, the Yukon, and the Yangtze. Each river has a
personality. Most rivers that empty into the ocean are tidal; their
current is pushed backward by the incoming sea. But the Amazon is
so mighty that it overcomes the force of the tide and transforms the
ocean into fresh water. Unless voyagers and novelists are
abandoned liars, one can be off the coast of South America, out of
sight of land and dip up fresh water, so tremendous and far-reaching
is the shove of the Amazon. Its mouth is so wide that one could
place in it crosswise, the whole Hudson river from New York to
Albany, without touching either shore.
The personality of the Mississippi is striking. In the greatest of all
Mark Twain’s contributions to literature, the first volume of Life on the
Mississippi, he gives us marvellous impressions of the character and
behaviour of the stream. And in one of the foremost novels of our
time, Charles Stewart’s Partners of Providence, the peculiar habits
and whims of the Mississippi are set forth. It quite rightly regards
itself as socially superior to the Missouri; so much so, in fact, that for
some time after the entrance of the Missouri into its waters, the
Mississippi positively refuses to have anything to do with the
interloper.
In the old days “before the war” (our war), luxurious passenger
steamers plied from St. Louis to New Orleans; and I understand that,
after the lapse of many years, we are to have similar vessels. This is
as it should be; an immense amount of American literature and
history, from De Soto to Edna Ferber, is associated with this river,
and the opportunity of travelling on it should be given to all
Americans. I have not yet abandoned my youthful dream of travelling

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(eBook PDF) Stress Analysis ENB311

Problem Formulation and Solution

A consistent, systematic procedure is required for solving problems in the mechanics

1. Define the problem and state briefly what is given.

Problem statement should indicate clearly what information is required. Free-body

• Numbers beginning with “1” are recorded to four significant digits.

Consequently, a force of 18 N, for example, should read 18.00 N, and a force of

TABLE A.1. The Best Time to Do Everything

6:00 a.m. Wake

638 Appendix A Problem Formulation and Solution

We note that creativity serves well for open-ended thinking. Rejuvenation is

Solution of the Stress Cubic Equation

B.1 PRINCIPAL STRESSES

␴3p - I1␴2p + I2␴p - I3 = 0 (a)

Here the constants are given by

B.2 DIRECTION COSINES

1␴x - ␴i2 ␶xy ␶xz li

Upon introduction of the notation

B.2 Direction Cosines 641

the direction cosines are then expressed as

li = aiki, mi = biki, ni = ciki (B.6)

It is clear that Eqs. (B.6) lead to l2i + m2i + n2i = 1.

I1 = -22.7, I2 = -170.8125, I3 = 2647.521

Hence, Eqs. (B.2) give

␴a = 11.618 MPa, ␴b = -25.316 MPa, ␴c = -9.001 MPa

Reordering and redesignating these values,

␴1 = 11.618 MPa, ␴2 = -9.001 MPa, ␴3 = -25.316 MPa

from which it follows that

Thus, Eqs. (B.6) yield

642 Appendix B Solution of the Stress Cubic Equation

TABLE B.1. FORTRAN Program for Principal Stresses

B.2 Direction Cosines 643

l1 = 0.0266, m1 = -0.8638, n1 = -0.5031

644 Appendix B Solution of the Stress Cubic Equation

Moments of Composite Areas

This appendix is concerned with the geometric properties of cross sections of a

TABLE C.1. Properties of Some Plane Areas

2. Right triangle 6. Semicircle

3. Ellipse 7. Thin tube

4. Isosceles triangle 8. Half of thin tube

FIGURE C.1. Plane area A with centroid C. y y

646 Appendix C Moments of Composite Areas

EXAMPLE C.1 Centroid of Triangular Area

FIGURE C.2. Example C.1. Triangular area.

C.1 Centroid 647

FIGURE C.3. Example C.2. Area consisting Y

EXAMPLE C.2 Centroid of an Angle

No. A i 1mm22 xi 1mm2 yi 1mm2 A ixi 1mm32 A iyi 1mm32

1 2011402 = 2800 10 70 28 * 103 196 * 103

©A ixi 168 * 103 ©A iyi 456 * 103

C.2 MOMENTS OF INERTIA

We now consider the second moment or moment of inertia of an area (a relative

648 Appendix C Moments of Composite Areas

C.3 PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM

C.3 Parallel-Axis Theorem 649

FIGURE C.4. Plane area for deriving the parallel- y y

EXAMPLE C.3 Moments of Inertia for a Triangular Area