1 What is a fluid?

2 Types of Fluids
3 continuum

4 Define density, specific weight, and specific volume.

 5 A fluid of density 900 kg/m3 is flowing in a
pipe line as shown in figure. Find the pressure of
the fluid in the pipe if h1=10cm and h2= 8cm
Solution Pipe line
PL = PR
p+(ρ1gh1) = (ρ2gh2) P
p+ (900x9.81x0.1) = (13600x9.81x0.08) h1=
p = (13600x9.81x0.08)- (900x9.81x0.1) 10cm h2=8cm
p= N/m2

9.79 kN/m2
Mercury manometer

6 Determine the total pressure and the position of centre of pressure on

the plate which is 2 m wide and 5 m height. This plate is submerged in
water at a depth of 2 m as shown below.
Solution
• Total pressure F=?
• Distance from surface to Centre of pressure h*=?

• We know total pressure 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ̅

Area of the plate A = bxd

Total pressure =?
=3x5 2 ℎ̅=2+2.5
=15m2 m
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ̅ h* =?

Distance from the surface of G .

Density of the fluid
in which the plate is
the liquid to the centroid(G)
̅ =2+(5/2)
of the plate ℎ
Height=
5m Cp .
submerged
=2+2.5
=4.5m
Width=3m
F= 1000x9.81x15x4.5
F= N 662175 N
 • Location of centre of pressure from frees surface is ℎ∗ =
𝐼𝑔 sin2 θ
̅
+ ℎ̅
𝐴ℎ
Moment of inertia of Angle of inclination of the plate
the plate I= bd3/12 with reference to the surface of the
3x53/12 liquid. Here the plate is vertical so
θ=90 sin2 90 = 1
2
𝐼𝑔 sin θ
Distance of center of
ℎ∗ = + ℎ̅ 4.96 m
pressure=? 𝐴ℎ̅
Area of the plate
A = bxd Distance from the surface of
=3x5 the liquid to the centroid(G) of
=15m2 the plate ℎ̅ =2+(5/2)
=2+2.5
=4.5m

7 A cylindrical tank of methanol has a mass of 40 kg and a volume

of 51 L. Determine the methanol’s weight, density, and specific
gravity. Take the gravitational acceleration to be 9.81 m/s2. Also,
estimate how much force is needed to accelerate this tank linearly at
0.25 m/s2

10 N
8 Define viscosity?

9 What is Newton’s law of viscosity

10 What are Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

11 A thin 30cm x30cm flat plate is pulled at 3 m/s horizontally
through a 3.6-mm-thick oil layer sandwiched between two plates,
one stationary and the other moving at a constant velocity of 0.3
m/s, as shown in Figure below The dynamic viscosity of the oil is
0.027 Pa-s. Assuming the velocity in each oil layer to vary linearly,
determine the force that needs to be applied on the plate to maintain
this motion

10.374 N
12 What is surface tension

13 Consider a 0.15-mm diameter air bubble in a liquid. Determine

the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the air
bubble if the surface tension at the air-liquid interface is (a) 0.080
N/m and (b) 0.12 N/m.
14 What is the capillary effect?

15 A 1.2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid

whose density is 960 kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid rises 5
mm in the tube, making a contact angle of 15°. Determine the
surface tension of the liquid.

0.0146 N/m