Analysis and Design of Bearing

Selection of Bearing and Design Method

The span length of this bridge is 22m and bridge is RCC T-beam. Since, the superstructure dead load is itself
more with relative to other bridges such as truss bridges. So, the bearings selected must be higher resistible to
higher concentrated load given by superstructure. The choice of bearing is also followed by considering the
functional requirement of bearing, overall cost, ease of installation, durability, maintenance, construction facility
available. Followed by such consideration we select steel laminated elastomeric pad bearing. The bearing has
been designed by limit state design method as per IRC: 83(Part II)-2018 Standard specification and code
of practices for road bridges, section IX.

Design of Elastomeric Bearing

For the design, loads has been assessed and then for the critical load combinations of the calculated loads,
bearings has been designed.

Calculation of Loads on bearing

Dead Load from Superstructure

Unit Total
S.N. Description L B H V Weight No.
weight weight
1. WC 22 7.5 0.1 16.5 22 363 1 363
2. REC SLAB 22 7.4 0.22 35.82 25 895.4 1 895.4
3. Cantilever 22 0.333 7.326 25 183.15 2 366.3
4. Fillet 22 0.3 0.15 0.495 25 12.375 6 74.25
5. Kerb 22 0.391 8.598 25 214.94 2 429.88
6. Railing post
Taking 2kN/m as design load 2 88
7. Railings

8. Main girder:
a. Web portion
excluding bulb 22 0.3 1.03 6.798 25 169.95 3 509.85
b. Bulb portion 22 0.25 5.5 25 137.5 3 412.5

9. Cross girder 2.95 0.3 1.02 0.903 25 22.568 8 180.54

10. fillet 2.95 0.3 0.15 0.066 25 1.659 8 13.275

Total 3332.995
 Total Dead Load from Superstructure (Wu) = 3332.995kN

3332.995
Dead load from Superstructure on a Bearing = = 555.499kN
6
Total Dead Load from Superstructure with partial safety factor

=(3332.995-363)×1.35 + 363×1.75 = 4644.743kN

Dead load from superstructure with partial safety factor on a bearing

4644.743
= = 774.124kN
6
Minimum possible dead load from superstructure (without considering wearing course) on a bearing

4644.743-635.25
= = 668.24 8 kN
6

Live Load from Superstructure

Maximum live load on a bearing = Maximum reaction of a main girder

¿ 386 kN

Load due to Braking Effect

Class A load

Braking load = 0.2 × (2 × 27 + 2 × 114 + 4 × 68) = 110.8kN

Class 70-R Track load

Braking load = 0.2 × 700 = 140kN

Take Braking load = Maximum of above two cases = 140kN

140
Horizontal braking effort on each main girder = = 46.67kN
3
Braking load acts at 1.2 m above wearing course (cl. 211.3 IRC-06: 2017).

Point of application of braking load = 1.65 + 0.1 + 1.2 = 2.95m

 Fig: Vertical reaction on a bearing due to braking load

46.67 × 2.95
Vertical reaction on a bearing due to braking load = = 6.258kN
22

Wind Load
T
Wind load in transverse direction of Bridge ( FW ) = PZ × A × G × CD

Height of bridge < 10.0 m

From Table 12, IRC 06: 2017,

For plain terrain and basic wind 33.0 m/s,

VZ = 27.8 m/s
2
PZ = 463.7 N/ m

From NBC 104,

Basic wind speed = 47 m/s

Then,

47
VZ = × 27.8 = 39.59 m/s
33

( ) = 940.6 N/ m
2
47 2
PZ = 463.7 ×
33

Gust factor, G = 2 for span up to 150 m (cl. 209.3.3, IRC 06: 2017)

For single beam (cl. 209.3.3, IRC 06: 2017)

CD = 1.3 for B/D ≥ 6

For Combined effect of multiple beams CD, Combined = 1.5 × 1.3 = 1.95 (cl.209.3.3, IRC 06: 2017)

Transverse area of bridge, A= 36.3 m2

T
F W = 940.6 × 36.3 × 2 × 1.95 = 133.161kN

T 133.161
F W per bearing = = 22.193kN
6

L T
Wind Load in Longitudinal direction of Bridge, F W = 0.25 × F W (cl. 209.3.4, IRC 06: 2017)

= 0.25 × 133.161

= 33.29kN
 L 33.29
F W per bearing = = 5.549kN
6

Wind load in Vertical direction of bridge;

Plan area = 22.48 × 11 = 247.28 m2

V
F W = PZ × A × G × C L

Where, Lift coefficient, CL = 0.75 (Clause 209.3.5, IRC 06: 2017)

V
F W = 940.6 × 247.28 × 2 × 0.75 = 348.887kN

V 348.887
F W per bearing= = 58.148kN
6

Taking Live load consideration as per cl.209.3.6 IRC 6:2017, use V Z as 36m/s we calculate wind load in
transverse and longitudinal direction similar as for V Z = 47m/s. In this case combination of wind load from
superstructure and live load structure must be used.

As for taking wind load for superstructure for V Z= 36m/s

T
F W = 78.124kN

T 78.124
F W per bearing = = 13.021kN
6
L
F W = 19.531kN

L 19.531
F W per bearing = = 3.255kN
6

For live load, use CD be 1.2 and area be total length of live load structure multiplied by height 3m and following
process as similar as cl.209.3.3. IRC 6:2017.
T
F W = 90.054kN

T 90.054
F W per bearing = = 15.01kN
6
L
F W = 22.513kN

L 22.513
F W per bearing = = 3.752kN
6
 Now from combination we get;
T
F W = 168. 178kN

T 168.178
F W per bearing = = 28.03kN
6
L
F W = 42.044kN

L 42.044
F W per bearing = = 7.007kN
6

From above cases, the case of V Z = 36m/s analyzing in both dead and live load of superstructure and live load
structure respectively governs the analysis of wind load. So, we prefer the following as respective wind load.
T
F W = 168. 178kN

T 168.178
F W per bearing = = 28.03kN
6
L
F W = 42.044kN

L 42.044
F W per bearing = = 7.007kN
6

Seismic Load

From Clause 218.5.1, IRC 06: 2017

Z
∗I
2
∗S a
R
Seismic load = ∗W
g
Where,

Z
∗I
2
∗S a
R
AH=
g
Z = zone factor = 0.36 for zone V as per Table 16, IRC 06:2017

I = Importance factor = 1.2 for important bridges as per Table 19, IRC 06: 2014)

R = Response reduction factor = 2 as per Table 20, IRC 06: 2017)

Sa
= average response acceleration coefficient
g
For 5% damping of RCC structure,

Sa
= 2.5 ( cl. 218.5.1, IRC 06: 2017)
g

For Longitudinal direction

WL = dead load from superstructure (without considering partial safety factor)

= 3332.995kN

Effective seismic load towards longitudinal direction,

L 0.36 1.2
FS = * × 2.5 × 3332.995 = 899.9 0 9kN
2 2

L 899.909
FS per bearing= =149.985kN
6

For Transverse direction

WT = Dead load from superstructure + 0.2 × Live load (cl. 218.5.2, IRC 06: 2017)

= 3332.995 + 0.2 × 767 = 3486.395kN

Effective seismic load towards transverse direction,

T 0.36 1.2
FS = * × 2.5 × 3486.395 = 941.327kN
2 2

T 941.327
FS, per bearing = = 156.888kN
6

Vertical reaction on support due to seismic load

2
AV = × A H =0.18
3
V
FS = 0.18 × 3486.395 = 627.551kN

V 627.511
FS, per bearing = = 104.592kN
6
Load due to Temperature variation, Creep and Shrinkage effect

For common reinforced concrete bridge deck, the longitudinal strain due to temperature variation, creep and
shrinkage is 5*10-4.

Horizontal load due to creep, shrinkage and temperature has been distributed to expansion bearing only.

Horizontal deformation of bearing, ∆ = 5*10-4 × 22480 = 11.24 mm. (cl.916.3.4 IRC 83(part II)-1987)

Shear modulus of elastomeric bearing, G = 1 N/mm2 (cl.4.2.1, IRC 83(part II)-2018)

Approximate minimum height of bearing, h0 = 64.0 mm

Approximate size of bearing = 300 mm × 500 mm

Maximum horizontal force on a bearing,

∆
F CST = *G×A
2 h0

11.24
F CST = * 1* (300 - 12 ) × (500 - 12) = 12.342kN
2 × 64.0

Summary of Loads on bearing

Load on a Bearing Notation Value,kN

Dead load from superstructure V max 774.124

Dead load from superstructure without partial safety factor DL

sup
555.499

Minimum possible dead load from superstructure V min 668.248

Maximum live load without impact LL 386

Vertical braking load V

F br 6.258

Horizontal braking load H

F br 46.67

Wind load in vertical direction FW

V
58.148

Wind load in longitudinal direction FW

L
7.007

Wind load in transverse direction FW

T
28.03

Seismic load along vertical direction FS

VT
104.592

Seismic load along longitudinal direction FS

L
149.985

Seismic load along transverse direction FS

T
156.888
 Maximum horizontal force due to temperature variation, shrinkage F CST
12.342
and creep

Basic Combination Seismic

Description of Vertical Combination
Load LL as leading WL as leading
Load
P.S.F Load P.S.F Load P.S.F Load
Dead Load from
494.99 1.35 668.237 1.35 668.237 1.35 668.237
Superstructure
Wearing Course Load 60.5 1.75 105.875 1.75 105.875 1.75 105.875
Live Load 386 1.5 579 1.15 443.9 0.2 77.2
Wind Load 58.148 0.9 52.333 1.5 87.222 - -
Seismic Load 104.592 - - - - 1.5 156.888
Braking Load 6.258 1.5 9.387 1.15 7.197 0.2 1.252

TOTAL 1106.488 1414.832 1312.430 1009.451

Load Combination for vertical and horizontal load:

Basic Combination Seismic

Description of Horizontal
Load LL as leading WL as leading Combination
Load
P.S.F Load P.S.F Load P.S.F Load
Wind Load 7.007 0.9 6.31 1.5 10.511 - -
Seismic Load 149.985 - - - - 1.5 224.977
Braking Load 46.667 1.5 70.00 1.15 53.667 0.2 9.333
Load due to temperature
12.078 0.9 10.87 0.9 10.870 0.5 6.039
variation
TOTAL 87.18 75.06 2.20 240.35

Design of Bearing: - Based on IRC 83: 2018 (Part II)

Among three combinations of load, vertical load has been found maximum for Basic Combination where
carriageway load acts as leading load. For horizontal load we consider Basic combination for maximum response
whereas we do not design bearing for seismic load. To resist seismic loads, certain devices like dampers and
seismic arresters are used.

VMin = 668.248N (Dead load without wearing course)

VMax = 1414.832kN
HMax = 87.18kN

From Table B1 (Annexure B) of IRC 83: 2018 (Part II), laminated bearing with following dimensions is chosen:

Length, b = 500.0 mm

Width, a = 300.0 mm

Thickness of steel plate, hs = 4.0 mm

Thickness of middle elastomer layer, hi = 12.0 mm

Thickness of elastomer layer at top and bottom, he = 6.0 mm

Number of steel plate = 4

Number of middle elastomer layer = 3

Total thickness of elastomer layer, h = 3 × 12 + 2 × 6 = 48.0 mm

⸫ Total height of bearing, h0 = 3 × 12 + 4 × 4 + 2 × 6 = 64.0 mm

Provide 6.0 mm gap on either side of elastomer.

So,

Effective length, b’ = (500 – 2 × 6) = 488.0 mm

Effective width, a’ = (300 – 2 × 6) = 288.0 mm

Effective area of bearing, A1 = 488 × 288 = 140544 mm2

 Plan of Elastomeric Bearing

Section of Elastomeric Bearing

3D-view of Elastomeric Bearing

Check for Geometry

 b 500
i) = = 1.67 < 2 ( OK )
a 300

a 300
ii) = = 60 > h = 48 mm ( OK )
5 5

a 300
iii) = = 30 < h = 48 mm ( OK )
10 10

A1
iv) Shape factor, S = (cl. 5.1.3.1 IRC 83:2018 (Part II)
lP × te

Where, lP = 2 × (a’ + b’) = 2 × (288 + 488) = 1552 mm

2 × 1.4 × h e + 3 × h i 2 × 1.4 × 6+ 3 × 12
te = = = 10.56 mm
total number of layers 5

140544
S= = 8.575 > 6 & < 12 (OK)
1552 × 10.56

Check for Bearing Pressure

Bearing pressure ≤ Allowable bearing pressure

Maximum vertical load 1414.832 × 1000 2

Bearing pressure, σ m = = = 10.06 N/ mm
Bearing area 140544

Allowable bearing pressure = 0.25 × f CK ×

√ A1
A2
= 0.25 × 30 × 2 = 15 N/ mm 2

Here, Allowable bearing pressure > Bearing pressure.

Hence, OK.

Limit State Design Method

Check for Basic Design Requirements

a. Maximum design strain (cl. 5.1.3, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))

εu,k
ε t,d = K L ( εc,d + εq,d + εα,d ) ≤ εu,d =
γm

Where, KL = 1, is type loading factor

εc,d = Strain due to compressive design load (cl. 5.1.3.2, IRC 83:2018 ( Part II ) )
εq,d = Strain due to shear (cl. 5.1.3.3, IRC 83:2018 ( Part II ) )

εα,d = Strain due to angular rotation (cl.5.1.3.4, IRC 83:2018 ( Part II ) )

ε u,k = 7 (Note 1 of Clause 5.1.3) and γm = 1

εu,k 7
εu,d = = = 7.0
γm 1

 Strain due to Compressive design load

1.5 × F Z, d
εc,d =
G × Ar × S

Where, FZ, d = Maximum vertical load = 1414.832kN

G = Shear modulus of elasticity of elastomer, generally taken as 1.0 N/mm2

S = Shape factor

Ar = Reduced effective plan area due to the loading effects given by,

Ar = A 1 × 1 -
( Vx, d V y, d
a
'
- '
b )
Maximum horizontal load in the direction of a
Vx, d = ×h
G × A1

87.18 × 1000
= × 52
1 × 140544

= 32.256 mm

Similarly, V y, d = 0

Ar = 140544 × 1 - ( 32.256
288 )
- 0 = 124803.072 mm 2

1.5 × 1414.832 × 1000

εc,d = = 1.98 mm
1 × 124803.072× 8.575
 Strain due to shear

V xy, d √ V x, d2 + V y, d2 Vx, d 32.256

εq,d = = = = = 0.672 mm < 1 (OK)
Tq Tq Tq 48

 Strain due to angular rotation

2 2
a ' ∗∝a ,d + b ' ∗∝b , d
εα,d = ∗t i
2∗∑ t i
3

Where, ∝b,d = 0 as there is no rotation along longitudinal axis

DL LL
∝a, d = ∝d + ∝d

-3 -3
400 × M Max, DL × l × 10 400 × M Max, LL × l × 10
= + (Formula retrieve from cl.916.3.5 IRC 83:2018(part
0.5 × EI gr E I gr
II))

6 -3 6 -3
400 × 4369.164 × 10 × 22000 × 10 400 × 3428.104 × 10 × 22000 × 10
= +
0.5 × 5000 × √ 30 × 3.32 × 10 5000 × √ 30 × 3.32 × 10
11 11

= 0.008456 + 0.003318

=0.0118

So,

2 2
288 × 0.0118 + 488 × 0
εα,d = 3 3
× 12 = 1.05
2 × (3 × 12 + 2 × 6 )

Now,

ε t,d = K L ( εc,d + εq,d + εα,d )

= 1 × (1.98 + 0.672 + 1.05 )

= 3.702 < ε u,d = 7 (ok)

b. Reinforcing plate thickness (cl. 5.1.3.5, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))

K p × FZ, d × ( t 1 + t 2) × Kh × γ m
ts =
A r × fy

Where, Kp = Stress correction factor = 1.3

 t1 and t2 are the thickness of elastomer layer on either side of the plate

fy = yield stress of the steel = 250.0 N/mm2

Kh = factor for induced tensile stresses in reinforcing plate whose value is given as,

Without holes: Kh = 1

So, for elastomer without holes

1.3 × 1414.832 × 1000 × (12 + 12 ) × 1 × 1

ts =
124803.072 × 250

= 1.415 mm < 4.0 mm (OK)

Limiting conditions (cl.5.1.3.6, IRC 83: 2018 (part II))

i. Rotational limitation condition

For laminated rectangular bearing

a' × ∝a, d + b' × ∝b, d

∑ VZ, d - Kr, d
≥0

Where,

K r, d = 3 ( cl. 5.1.3.6, IRC 83:2018 ( Part II ) )

∑ VZ, d is vertical deflection

From Clause 5.1.3.7, IRC 83: 2018 (Part II),

∑ VZ, d = ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
E bearing is given in Note-1of same clause as 2000 N/ mm

( )
1414.832× 1000 ×48 1
∑ VZ, d = 124803.072 ×
2 1
5 × 1 × 8.575 +
2000

= 1.48 mm

Now,

'
α × ∝a, d + b' × ∝ b, d 288 × 0.0118 + 388 × 0
∑ VZ, d - K = 1.45 -
3
r, d

= 1.48- 1.132
 = 0.348 > 0.0 (ok)

ii. Buckling stability

For laminated rectangular bearing

FZ, d '
2 ×a ×G×S
<
Ar 3 × Te

1414.832× 1000 2 × 288 × 1 × 8.575

Or, <
124803.072 3 × 48

i.e., 11.337 < 34.3 (ok)

iii. Non sliding condition

For non-anchored bearings:

F xy, d ≤ μe × F z, d Min

Where, Fxy, d = 87.18kN

Fz, d Min is the minimum value of dead load from superstructure. As rubber has the unique property that it
behaves differently below certain minimum load, F z, d Min has been taken as DL without considering wearing
course, i.e.

Fz, d Min = 668.248kN

Kf
μe = 0.1 + 1.5 ×
σm

Kf = 0.6 for concrete

Force 668.248 × 1000 2

σm= = = 5.354 N/ mm
Area 124803.072

Then,

0.6
μe = 0.1 + 1.5 × = 0.268
5.354

μe × Fz, d Min = 0.268 × 668.248 = 179.09kN

Here,

F xy, d = 87. 1 8 ≤ μe × Fz, d Min = 180.42kN

Hence, ok.

Analysis and Design of Seismic Arrester

As our bridge is in seismic region V so as per IRC code seismic stopper for the transverse seismic movement must
be designed.

Total seismic load along the transverse direction (from bearing design)

= 941.327kN

Load per stopper= 0.25 × 941.327 = 235.332kN

The width of stopper available at the edge after providing 20mm for rubber pad

= 400 – 20

=380mm.

Length provided = 600mm

Height of stopper =750mm

So, provide 600 × 380 × 700 mm.

Plan of a Seismic Arrester Elevation of a Seismic Arrester

The seismic load is analyzed at centroid of tensile reinforcement of main girder. If we consider the base of the
seismic arrester as critical section, the lever arm obtained be 625mm.

Design bending moment = 235.322 × 0.625 = 147.076kNm

The general design can be obtained since the maximum moment obtained from transverse seismic load is
minimum. So, we provide 12-25mm diameter vertical bars with 4-legged 8mm stirrups @90mm c/c spacing.

Section Plan of Seismic arrester

Designed Section of Seismic Stopper