Kinematics

study of motion

Distance
length of the path between two points
St unit meters lml
nature scalar quantity

Displacement
shortest length between two points
St unit meters lml
nature vector quantity

displacement
if

distance
soon

ve displacement origin tre displacement

Eg

displacement can be ve it shows the opposite

direction to origin
 Speed
The rate of change of distance
St unit meters per second m s

nature scalar quantity

speed distance
time

i
Average speed total distance travelled
total time taken

This is the only formula used to calculate averagespeed

Velocity
The rate of change of displacement
St unit meters per second m s

nature vector quantity

velocity displacement

tve velocity
e
ve velocity

i
velocity can be ve it shows the direction of
the motion is switched opposite
 Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity
St unit meters per second m s

nature vector quantity

aireleration A velocity
time

Dvelocity finalocity iniffocity a

UI
Du V u

tve acceleration velocity increases with time

ve acceleration velocity decreases with time

sign of acceleration has nothing to do with direction

ve acieleration is also known as deceleration

i it examiner has asked for deceleration we

won't be writing ve
sign with our answer

i uniform asieleration
the velocity changes constantly
per unit time
e velocity On Umts 6ms 8m's
g
time Os y a 3 Us

The above example shows uniform acceleration of 2m s

a 2m15 means after every selond velocity will increase by 2m15
a 3m s means after every second velocity will decrease by 3ms
 Graphs
we have two types of graph to represent
motion of an object
in Distance time graph
hi speed time graph

1 Distance time
graph
distort dederation

constpeted
alleleration

rest

constantspeed
returnjourney

time s

The only ialculation we can make on a distance time

is constant speed the
graph calculating by finding
gradient of the straight line

gradient constant speed

 Iii Speed time graph
speed
Imps constanteeration

constantspeed

constanteceleration
rest
time s

The gradient of straight line will show the value

of constant arieleration

Area under graph gives you the distance travelled

the object
by

gradient constant asielevation deceleration

area under graph distance travelled

whenever graphs are

given use gradient and
area under graph to make calculations Please
do not use formulas
 Gravity of Earth
9 SN
Earth has the gravity of kg
it means that Earth attracts everything towards
itself with the acceleration of 9.8m s

acceleration of earth is 9.8 mis

time velocity As the person

Os om
jumps
from the building its
Is 9.8ms
2s 19.6ms aiselerating with the
3s 29.4ms acieleration of 9 8m15
4s 39.2m's means that its
5s 49m15
will increase
velocity
4 by 9.8m s
every
second

The above mentioned case is

only possible when
there is no air air resistance

if we take air resistanie into account

this will lead to the concept of
terminal velocity
 Terminal velocity

when we talk about terminal velocity

we talk about two forces
is weight of object
g is air resistance acting the
on
object

Weight of the object always remain constant

and acts downward

Air resistance on the object keeps on

changing with the velocity of object

As the personjumps from the building initially

the air resistance is zero so the person will

weight have maximum acceleration 19.8m s

Imax are
98m15

givresistanie
As the person fall its speed will increase
so does air resistance it will decrease the
resultant force thus acceleration decreases
weight

decreasing ais
 resistance
aim
As person falls air resistance willkeep
on due to increase in a
increasing velocity
time will home when air resistance will
become equal to weight and resultant force
weight
will be'ome zero so its acceleration Person
zero are
starts to move with constant speed this

velocity constant speed is known as terminal velocity

velocity

termindelocity

times

So at terminal velocity the weight equals to

air resistance

Remember newton's second law

acceleration is directly proportional to resultant force
 Parachutist

As he jumps from the plane no air

resistance max acceleration 9 8m15
weight

with time air resistance keeps on

increasing

It thus acceleration reduces

weight
Alleleration becomes zero when air resistance
nar belomes equal to weight and object starts
to move with terminal velocity

weight As soon as he opens parachute the air

resistance will increase and becomes greater
CAR
than weight so its velocity will decrease

instantly

Again with time air resistance will decrease

weight
and becomes equal to weight and person
will again start to move with terminal
velocity before he hits the ground and
comes to rest

far
weight
velocity
Msl
termingleocity

W AR

AR W
W AR

terminal
velocity
AR W

time s

velocity this is not terminal

emit velocity there is no
as
horizontal line it shows that
Parachutist opens the parachut
before reaching terminal velocity
A

timels

which region of the graph shows terminal velocity

Ay D