HUMAN STRUCTURE &

FUNCTION
(GCSF 2013)

Unit 2: Cell
2.4 Tissues
Program Sains Perubatan Asas,
ILKKM Johor Bahru, Johor
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Learning outcome

 State
the main types of tissues, types of muscular and
nervous tissues.
 Explain
the functions of various types of epithelial and
connective tissues.
 Describethe structure and classification of various
types of epithelial, connective tissues and membrane
LECTURE CONTENT
1. Main type of tissues:
A. Epithelium
B. Connective
C. Muscular
D. Nervous

2. Epithelial membranes

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Tissues
 A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually has similar
embryological origin and is specialized for a particular
function.
 The four basic classification of tissues are
A. epithelial
B. connective
C. muscle
D. nervous
 Epithelial tissues

 Epithelial tissues covers body surfaces; line body cavities,

hollow organ and ducts and glands.

 Types of epithelial tissues:

1. Arrangements of cells in layers
a. simple epithelium
b. pseudostratified epithelium
c. stratified epithelium
2. Cells shapes
a. squamous cells
b. cuboidal cells
c. columnar cells
d. transitional cells
 EPITHELIUM

A. B. C. PSEUDO
SIMPLE STRATIFIED STRATIFIED

iv. i. CILIATED
i. ii. iii. i. ii. iii. Iv.
SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR CILIATED SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR TRANSITIONAL COLUMNAR
COLUMNAR
ii.
i. ii. COLUMNAR
i. i.

ii. Cuboidal

iii.

iii. iv.
ii.
iv.
Types of epithelial (arrangements of layers and cell shape):

Simple epithelial

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

 Non ciliated
 Ciliated

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

 Non ciliated
 Ciliated
A. Simple squamous epithelium
 Description : single layer of flat cells, centrally located nucleus
 Location : lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of
lungs, glomerular (Bowman's) capsule of kidneys and inner surface of
tympanic membrane (eardrum), forms epithelial layer of serous
membrane (mesothelium), such as peritoneum
 Function: filtration, diffusion, osmosis and secretion in serous membrane
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
 Description : single layer of cube-shaped cells, centrally located nucleus
 Location: lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands,
secreting portion of thyroid gland, covers the surface of ovary, lines
anterior surface of capsule of the lens of the eye, and forms the
pigmented epithelium at the posterior surface of the eye
 Function: secretion and absorption
C. Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium
 Description : single layer non ciliated column – like cells with nuclei near
bases of cells; contains goblet cells and cells with microvilli in some
location
 Location : lines most of the gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to the
anus), ducts of many glands and gallbladder
 Function: secretion and absorption
D. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
 Description: single layer of ciliated column - like cells with nuclei near
bases; contains goblet cells in some locations
 Location: lines a few portions of upper respiratory tract, uterine
(fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, and central canal of
spinal cord
 Function: moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action
E. Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
 Description: not a true stratified
tissue; nuclei of cells are at different
levels; all cells are attached to the
basement membrane, but not all
reach the apical
 Location: pseudostratified ciliated
columnar lines the airways of most of
upper respiratory tract;
pseudostratified non ciliated columnar
lines larger ducts of many glands,
epididymis and part of male urethra
 Function: secretion and movement of
mucus by ciliary action; absorption
and protection (non ciliated)
Types of epithelial (arrangements of layers and cell shape):

Stratified epithelial

 Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Stratified columnar epithelium

Transition epithelium
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
 Description: several layers of cells; cuboidal to columnar shape in
layers; squamous cells form the apical layer and several layers deep to
it; cells from basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost
 Location: keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin; non-
keratinized variety lines wet surface, such as linin of the mouth,
esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx and vagina, and covers
the tongue
 Function: protection
B. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
 Description : two more layers of cells in which cells in the apical layer
are cube – shaped
 Location: ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of
male urethra
 Function: protection an limited secretion and absorption
C. Stratified columnar epithelium
 Description: several layers of irregularly shaped cells; only the apical
layer has columnar cells
 Location: lines part urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands such
esophageal glands, small areas in anal mucous
 Function: protection and secretion
D. Transitional epithelium
 Description : appearance variable (transitional); shape of cells in apical
layer ranges from squamous (when stretched) to cuboidal (when relaxed)
 Location: lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra
 Function: Permits detention
Types of epithelial (arrangements of layers and cell shape):

Glandular epithelial
 Endocrine
 Exocrine

 Endocrine  Exocrine
A. Endocrine
 Description : secretory products (hormones)
diffuse into blood after passing through
interstitial fluid
 Location: pituitary gland (base of the brain),
pineal gland (in the brain), thyroid and
parathyroid glands (near larynx or voice box),
adrenal gland (superior to kidneys), pancreas
(near stomach),ovaries (in pelvic cavity), testes
(in scrotum) and thymus (in thoracic cavity)
 Function: produce hormones that regulate
various body activities
B. Exocrine
 Description: secretory products into ducts
 Location: sweat, oil, and earwax glands of
the skin; digestive glands such salivary
glands, which secrete into mouth cavity,
and pancreas, which secretes into small
intestine
 Function: produce substance such as
sweat, oil, earwax, saliva or digestive
enzymes
LECTURE CONTENT
1. Main type of tissues:
A. Epithelium
B. Connective
C. Muscular
D. Nervous

2. Epithelial membranes

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 Connective tissues

 Connective tissues has cells and fibres in matrix. The matrix may be in fluid
(blood), or hard and dense (bone)
Components of fibrous connective tissues
1) Connective tissues cells Description
Fibroblast Large, fusiform that produce the fibres and ground
substance that form matrix of the tissues
Macrophages Large phagocytic cells where they engulf and destroy
bacteria and other foreign particles and dead cells
Plasma cells Certain lymphocyte than turn into plasma cells which
synthesize disease fighting protein (antibodies)
Mast cells Found alongside blood vessels that secrete heparin that
inhibits blood clotting and histamine that increase blood
flow
Adipocytes Fat cells that appear in small clusters in some fibrous tissues
Leucocytes White blood cells travel briefly in the blood stream then
crawl through the walls of the small blood vessel and spend
time mostly in connective tissues. Two types; neutrophils
which attack bacteria and lymphocytes which attack
bacteria, toxins and foreign agents
2) Fibres Description
Collagen fibres Made of collagen, tough and flexible and resists
stretching. Tendons, ligaments, and dermis of the skin
are made mostly collagen. Less visibly, collagen
pervades the matrix of cartilage and bone.
Elastic fibres Thinner than collagenous fibres. Made of protein called
elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and
recoil like a rubber band , like in skin, lungs, and
arteries
Reticular fibres Thin collagen coated with glycoprotein. They form
sponge like framework for organs such as the spleen and
bone.
 Classification of connective tissues

1) Loose connective tissues

Types : A) Dense regular connective tissue

2) Dense regular connective tissue B) Dense irregular connective tissue
C) Elastic connective tissue

3) Cartilage Types : A) Hyaline cartilage

B) Fibrocartilage
C) Elastic cartilage

4) Bone tissue

5) Liquid connective tissue Types: A) Blood

B) Lymph
 1) Loose connective tissues
Loose arrangement of fibres in a
matrix with thick fluid consistency

A) Areolar connective tissue

Consists of fibres (collagen, elastic,
and reticular) and several cells
(fibroblast, macrophages plasma
cells, adipocytes and mast cells
Found in skin (dermis) and between
serous layers of the mesenteries .
For strength, elastic and support C) Reticular connective tissue
Consist of reticular fibres and reticular
B) Adipose tissue cells and is found in the liver, spleen, and
Lipid storing fat cells. Found in the deepest the lymph nodes. Function: forms stroma
layer of the skin, in the breast, around organs of organs, bind together smooth muscle
and in the greater omentum. Function to tissue cells, filters and removes worn –
reduce heat loss through skin, serves as energy out cells in the spleen &microbes in
reserve, support & protects lymph nodes
 2) Dense connective tissue
Dense bundles of collagen fibres that run parallel to each other

A) Dense regular connective tissue

Consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibres and fibroblast. It
forms tendons, most ligaments and aponeuroses

B) Dense irregular connective tissue

Consist of randomly arranged collagen fibres and a few
fibroblast. It is found in fasciae, the dermis of skin, and
membrane capsules around organs.

C) Elastic connective tissue

Consist of branching elastic fibres and fibroblast. Found in
the walls of large arteries, lungs, trachea and bronchial
tubes
 3) Cartilage
Contains chondrocytes and has a rubbery matrix containing collagen &
elastic fibres

A) Hyaline cartilage
Smooth and glassy appearance. Found at the ends of long bones,
the larynx, the nose, bronchi & the cartilages between the ribs
and sternum

B) Fibrocartilage
Dense bundles of collagen fibres (shock absorber). Found in the
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, & menisci (cartilage pads)
of the knee joints

C) Elastic cartilage
Elastic fibres that maintains the shape of organs such as the
epiglottis of the larynx, auditory (eustachian) tubes, and external
ear
4) Bone tissue
Dense, concrete matrix that makes bone very hard. Collagen
fibres in the matrix allow a bit o flex so that the bone is not
brittle. Function: supports, protects, helps provide
movement, store minerals & house blood forming tissue

5) Liquid connective tissue

Types: A) Blood
Composed of red and white bloods cells and platelets in a
very fluid matrix called plasma. It transports oxygen and
carbon dioxide, carry phagocytosis, participate in allergic
reactions, provide immunity & bring about blood clotting.
Types: B) Lymph
The extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels.
Clear fluid similar to blood plasma but with less protein.
LECTURE CONTENT
1. Main type of tissues:
A. Epithelium
B. Connective
C. Muscular
D. Nervous

2. Epithelial membranes

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Muscular tissues
 Consist of cells (muscle fibre) that are specialized for contraction,
provides motion, maintenance of posture, heat production and
protection. Types:
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
Attached to bones. Forms most of the heart wall. Spindle – shaped, do not appear
Cylindrical, appear striated Branch, appear striated & striated, and have one nucleus
& have multiple nuclei have one nucleus per cell. per cell. Found in the walls of
pushed off to sides. Move Specialized junctions hollow internal structures
the body & control body between cells (intercalated (blood & viscera).
openings. disks) allow for fast
transmission electric
impulses.
LECTURE CONTENT
1. Main type of tissues:
A. Epithelium
B. Connective
C. Muscular
D. Nervous

2. Epithelial membranes

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 Nervous tissues
 Composed of neurons (nerves cells) & neuroglial (protective & supportive
cells).
 Neurons are sensitive to stimuli, convert into nerve impulses, & conduct
nerve impulses.
LECTURE CONTENT
1. Main type of tissues:
A. Epithelium
B. Connective
C. Muscular
D. Nervous

2. Epithelial membranes

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 Epithelial membranes
 Consists of an epithelial layer overlying a connective tissue
layer. Examples;
Mucous membrane Serous membrane Synovial membrane
Line cavities that open to Line closed cavities (pleura, Line joints cavities, bursae, &
exterior, such as the pericardium, peritoneum) & tendon sheaths & consists of
gastrointestinal tract. cover the organs in the areolar tissue & do not have
cavities. Consists of parietal epithelial cells.
& visceral layers.
Serous membrane locations in body.
45
SELF LEARNING
1. List 4 types of body tissues.
2. Explain the structure, location & function of each
body tissues.
3. List the epithelial membranes and give example.

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