Kathmandu University

Dhulikhel, Kavre

INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY WORK:1

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Name: Anjali Shah Dr. Samundra Gurung, PhD
Group: EE-Communication
Roll No:31052
Course code: EEEG 306
Date: September 13th,2023

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Experiment-I
Title: Calibration of a Multimeter
Apparatus:
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Multimeter 0-220V Digital 1
3 DC voltage supply 0-15V 1
4 Resistor 1kΩ 2
5 Bread-board 1
6 Wires Few

Theory:
A digital multimeter is used to measure voltage, current, resistance and as well as check the
continuity of the circuit. The display shows the measured value. A multimeter is calibrated to
a known zero value prior to readings for accurate measurements.
Circuit diagram:

Figure 1. Connection of a Multimeter

for calibration
Procedure:
1. The circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1.
2. The input of dc supply was varied from 0 to 10V with a step of 1V.
3. The readings of voltmeter and ammeter was observed and noted under test.
4. The percentage relative square error (rse (%)) was calculated using (1)

|𝐴𝑚− 𝐴𝑡 |
𝑟𝑠𝑒(%) = ∗ 100% (1)
𝐴𝑡

where Am is the measured value and At is the true value.

5. The calibration curve (Am vs At) was shown in graph for both voltmeter and ammeter.

Consider an error tolerance of 1%

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 Observation Table:

S. No. Readings Standard Error Status Reading Standard Erro Status

of reading (%) s of reading r (%)
Voltmeter (V) Ammete (A)
under test r under
(V) test
(A)
1.(1V) 0.5 0.528 5.6 FALSE 0.0005 0.001 100 FALSE
2.(2V) 1 1.047 4.7 FALSE 0.001 0.001 0 TRUE
3.(3V) 1.5 1.538 2.53 FALSE 0.0015 0.002 33.33 FALSE
4.(4V) 2 2.019 0.95 TRUE 0.002 0.002 0 TRUE
5.(5V) 2.5 2.522 0.88 TRUE 0.0025 0.003 -2 FALSE
6.(6V) 3 3.019 0.63 TRUE 0.003 0.003 0 TRUE
7.(7V) 3.5 3.516 0.45 TRUE 0.0035 0.004 1.42 FALSE

FIGURE 1: Am vs At for Voltmeter reading

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 FIGURE 2: Am vs At for Ammeter reading in amperes

Conclusion:
Hence, the calibration of the multimeter was done by taking both voltmeter and ammeter
readings. The percentage relative square error(rse) was also calculated by using the formula.
The status was concluded to be true if rse was less than or equal to 0, otherwise false. The
calibration curve was shown in graph for Am vs At for both readings.

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Experiment-II
Title: Use of Megger for Insulation testing of a transformer
Apparatus
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Megger 230V, 1-phase 1
2 Connecting wires 3/22, 15A Few
3 Transformer

Theory:
Megger is used for insulation testing. The insulation should be high in MΩ for good equipment
and will lie in Ω range for damaged equipment.

Circuit diagram:

(a) (b)
Figure 1 (a). Transformer (b) Transformer insulation testing using megger

Procedure:
1. Remove completely external supply to transformer.
2. Connect leads to megger and set the megger voltage to 1000V.
3. Measure the insulation resistance

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 Observation Table:
Table 1. Phase-ground insulation resistance check
S. No. Connection Resistance (MΩ)
1 1.1-Ground 21
2 1.2-Ground 22
3 1.3-Ground 22
4 2-Ground 49
5 2.2-Ground 48
6 3.1-Ground 260
7 3.2-Ground 436

Table 2. Phase-phase insulation resistance check

S. No. Connection Resistance (MΩ)
1 1.2-2.1 1450
2 1.2-2.2 1600
3 1.1-3.1 1670
4 1.1-3.2 1800
5 1.2-2.1 1100
6 1.2-2.2 1300
7 1.2-3.1 1560
8 1.2-3.2 1760
9 1.3-2.1 1001
10 1.3-2.2 1213
11 1.3-3.1 1511
12 1.3-3.2 1997

Conclusion:
Hence, megger testing was done between phase to phase and phase to ground of the transformer
to check the resistance between them or if there is an insulation breakdown. The results
observed were positive as they were in the range of 20-2000 Megaohms.