Lesson 12 Health

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the context and processes of health practices across culture.

2. Evaluate how health citizens can contribute to the betterment of society.

3. Create a social discourse on the impact of physical health towards nation building.

MOTIVATION

Guide Questions:

1. What is health?

2. When we can say that an individual is healthy?

3. In your experience in your community observation what do you think are the various
practices/ behaviour of individuals in taking care of their health?

4. Are the differences of health related practices across different individual/s or groups?

5. Can you cite the advantages and disadvantages of these health related practices?

Meaning and Nature of Health

 When it comes to lifestyle, health is defined as the living/behavioural pattern of a

person or a group according to its interest, activities, attitudes, values, and principles.

 Environmental factors define health as one’s belief system about health within the
context of culture and not necessarily biological/medical in nature.

 Biological factors define health as a physical health with the person or group relying
on the evidence to establish science.

Culture-Specific Syndrome and Illness

 In the Philippines, the study of different practices and behaviour of individuals/groups in
the context of environmental factors is a window to the complex and fascinating Filipino psyche,
its culture and folklore. For so many in the rural areas and even in the urban, health and healing
are consigned and relegated to some alternative forms of treatment.

Here are some of the different cultural practices of one’s health practices:

a. Bughat/Binat- is a Filipino belief about one’s illness that it will relapse from previous
condition due to the failure of total rest; even taking a bath, doing household chores are
even prohibited.

b. Buyag-Usog- Usog or buyag is a topic in psycho-medicine in Filipino Psychology where

an affliction or psychological disorder is attributed to a greeting by a stranger, or an evil
eye hex. It usually affects an unsuspecting child, usually an infant or toddler, who has
been greeted by a visitor or a stranger.
 c. Amok- a mental related illness which is attributed to the person being possessed by evil
spirits.

d. Kulam/barang- an illness afflicted to one unsuspecting individual due to one’s sins

through voodoo or witchcraft.

e. Lihi- a belief system among Filipino that one’s health can be vigorously attributed to the
providence of supernatural power.

f. Pasma- is a common rural malady attributed to the exposure to cold water, manifesting
in a sundry of ways: tremors, numbness, and various rheumatic manifestations.

g. Bangungot- attributes these nighttime sleep deaths to excesses alcohol and eating, and
pancreatitis is still held on to as the familiar medical diagnosis.

Systems of Diagnosis, Prevention and Healing

 Western Medicine

A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as

nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs,
radiation, or surgery. Also called allopathic medicine, biomedicine, conventional
medicine, mainstream medicine, and orthodox medicine.
 Oriental Medicine

A system of diagnosis and treatment by relying on the herbal and other plants (at
times are animal parts) which the liquid matter usually extracted from for healing.

 Traditional or Alternative Medicine- alternative medicine includes the more

mainstream and accepted forms of therapy, such as acupuncture, homeopathy,
and oriental practices while the traditional medicine is the sum total of the
knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences
indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the
maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or
treatment of physical and mental illness. Therefore, the difference is evident on
the type of approach.

Health as a Human Right

 Article 25; the universal Declaration of Human Rights- articulates this right to
adequate In health Article 25 “ Everyone has the right to a standard of living
adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including
food, clothing, housing and medical care…
 Republic act 7305- THE MAGNA CARTA OF PUBLIC HEALTH WORKERS.
SECTION 1. Title- this act shall be known as the “Magna Carta of Public Health
Workers.”

 Republic Act of 9502. An act providing for cheaper and quality medicines,
amending for the purpose
 Republic Act no. 8293 or the intellectual Property code,

 Republic act no. 6675 or the Generics Act of 1988.

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 Republic Act 8423- “Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997 “or
an act creating the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care
(PITAHC) to accelerate the Development of Traditional and Alternative.
 Lesson 13 Social and Political Stratification

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

1. Examine stratification from the functionalist and conflict perspectives.

2. Identify characteristics of the systems of stratification.

3. Suggest ways to address global inequalities.

MOTIVATION

Directions: Let the students watch the video entitled “Tatsulok” video of Bamboo. The learners

give indicators of stratification based on what has been presented.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPj8pcUwOts

Guided Questions:

1. What is the representation of a “Tatsulok”?

1. Based on the video clip, does inequality really exist? Why?

2. Can you give concrete examples of inequalities in your family, school, society etc.?

Meaning and Nature of Stratification

Social stratification refers to the ranking of individuals and groups in any given society. It
refers to the division of society into levels, steps or positions. It contains strata that share
unequally in the distribution of social rewards.

Social stratification tends to be transmitted from one generation to another. The people are
ranked based on the hierarchy that are significant in delimiting their access to the range of
resources and/or opportunities available to them.

Dimensions of Stratifications (indicators)

The three dimensions combine to indicate someone’s social class or socioeconomic status:

 Wealth and income- wealth consists of the value of everything a person or group
owns. Income refers to how many people get in or the amount of money a person/group
 receives from work. Both income and wealth are distributed unevenly in our society, but
to a different degree.

 Inequalities of power- power are the ability to control one’s own life (personal power)
and to control or influence the actions of others (social power).

 Inequalities of prestige- it may refer to the esteem, respect, or approval that is gained
by an individual or a collectively for the performance or qualities they consider above
the average. In the Philippines prestige is associated with the person’s position in the
society, ownership of luxurious houses, cars and etc.
 The Theories of Social Stratification

1. Conflict Theory

 Stratification is the result of the struggle among people for the scarce rewards and that it
persists in society because the “haves” are determined and equipped to preserve their
advantage by dominating and exploiting the “have nots”

 An advocate of conflict theory was Karl Marx believed that all history has been the story
of class conflict over material privilege and power. He was a materialist, and believed
that people’s lives are centered on how they deal with the material world.

2. Functionalist theory

 Kingsley and Davis elaborated the idea that stratification serves as an important
function in the society. He was joined by Wilbert Moore.

 According to Davis and Moore,” Societies must motivate people to seek socially
important positions and to fill these positions conscientiously by rewarding those who do
with more of the things that contribute to sustenance and comfort, humour and
diversion, self-respect and ego expansion.

 Societies have to entice people into jobs that are essential and difficult to fill by special
rewards.

Open and Closed Systems

There are two types of stratification system

 Open system
Position of each individual influence by
the
person’s achieved status
Ex: occupational structure that
supposedly
opens up higher level jobs to anyone with
the education and experience required.
Closed System
Allows little or no possibility of moving up
Ex: The caste system is a rigid form of
social stratification based on ascribed
characteristics such as skin color or
heredity.

Social Mobility

Is the movement of an individual or a group within the stratification system that changes

the individual’s or group status in the society.

Types of Social mobility

1. Horizontal mobility
2. Vertical mobility
3. Intragenerational mobility
4. Intergenerational mobility
The movement within the same range of prestige. It refers to
transfer of position to another area, but no changes in the
position.
The movement from one position to another of a different
rank. The movement may be an upward mobility or
downward
mobility.
Refers to the changes of social position within a person’s
adult life but within the same generation
Occurs when changes take place from one generation to
another.

Social Inequality

It refers to the uneven opportunities and rewards accessible to different positions or

statuses of people in the society. It pertains to the existing gap or inequalities in the different
social institutions and social groups, including the ethnic minorities and PWD, gender and
global inequalities.

Social inequality is also visible in the other areas of society including:

 Economic (Karl Marx)- Class- institutionalized in the form of property rights.

 Symbolic/social (Max Weber)- Power/Hierarchy- institutionalized in the form of title

and nobility

 Cultural/Knowledge (Bourdieu)- status/recognition- institutionalized in the form of

title and nobility.
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Ethnic Minorities and Person with Disability (PWD)

Social Exclusion- refers to alienating or dividing individuals or a group in a certain society.

Race and Ethnicity have been that basis of social division in the world.

Person with Disability (PWD)

 They suffer from social exclusion and discrimination because of their disabilities

 Establishments should provide PWD friendly facilities.

Gender Inequality

 Violence against women and children

 Gender discrimination among LGBTQ.

Global Inequality

 It refers to the unequal distribution of scarce resources and values across territories. o
Developing (poor, agricultural) vs Developed Countries (industrialized)

o First World (developed, capitalist, industrial countries) vs. Third world

(developing)

o Global South (Philippines, struggling countries) vs. Global North (Singapore,

US, UK, Japan)