Why did Metternich describe Mazzini as ‘the

most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Metternich was a conservative who didn’t favour

revolutionaries such as Mazzini. He described Mazzini
as the worst enemy of social order due to following
reasons :

● Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded

two underground societies :

1. Young Italy in Marseilles

2. Young Europe in Berne

● Mazzini believed that God had intended nations

to be the natural units of mankind.

● Following his model, secret societies were set up

in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.

● Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and

his vision of democratic republics frightened the
conservatives.
 Why do many historians have argued
that print culture created the conditions
within which French Revolution occurred?

Or

What role did Print play in occurrence of

French Revolution of 1789?
Print played a major role in providing different
perspectives to the people of France.

Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up
the possibility of thinking differently.

● Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment

thinkers. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were
read widely; and those who read these books saw
the world through new eyes, eyes that were
questioning, critical and rational.

● Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.

All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated

● By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature

that mocked the royalty and criticised their
morality. This literature circulated underground and
led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the
monarchy.
Why is NREGA also called the
Right to work? Explain the
objectives of National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act
2005.
Every state or region in India has potential for
increasing the income and employment in that area.
Recognising this, the Central Government in India
has passed an act called the National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act 2005,

Main objectives of the NREGA 2005 are:

● To implement the Right to Work in 200(initially)

districts of India.

● To guarantee 100 days of employment in a year

by the Government. In case the Government
fails, it offers unemployment allowance.

● To give preference to the type of work that will

help increase the production from land.
Define globalisation. Describe any
four benefits of globalisation to
the Indian economy.
Globalisation is this process of rapid integration or
interconnection between countries.

IMPACT:

● Increased foreign investment in India.

● Greater cultural exchange because of greater

movement of the people. This has greatly
helped the tourism sector in India.

● Opening up of the Indian markets to foreign

goods.

● The greater competition among companies

leading to improvement of quality with
reduction in prices of the products.

● Access to newer technology and improved ways

of production from the more advanced
countries leading to efficiency in the local
industries.
How are political parties recognised as Regional
and National parties in India? Explain with
examples.
The Election Commission gives recognition to the
parties as regional and national party on the
following basis:

A. National Party
- A party that secures at least 6% of the total
votes in the Lok Sabha elections or assembly
elections in four states
and
wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha.

- Example: Communist Party of India, All India

Trinamool Congress.

B. Regional Party
- A party that secures at least 6% of the total
votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly
of a State,
and
wins at least 2 seats in the State Assembly is
recognised as a State party.

- Example: Shiv Sena, DMK, etc.

B. Regional Party

- A party that secures at least 6% of the total

votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly
of a State,

and

wins at least 2 seats in the State Assembly is

recognised as a State party.

- Example: Shiv Sena, DMK, etc.

 How can you say that joint
forest management (JFM)
programme are a good example
for involving local communities
in the management and
restoration of degraded forests.
3. Export of manufactured goods
expands trade and commerce, and
brings in much needed foreign
exchange.
● The programme has been in formal
existence since 1988 in the state of
Odisha. It entails the involvement of
local communities in natural resource
management.

● JFM depends on the formation of local

(village) institutions that undertake
protection activities mostly on
degraded forest land managed by the
forest department.

● In return, the members of these

communities are entitled to
intermediary benefits like non- timber
forest produces and share in the timber
harvested by ‘successful protection’.
Explain the term debt-trap. Why is it more
rampant in rural areas? Give two reasons.

A debt trap is a situation in which a borrower is led

into a cycle of re-borrowing because they are unable
to repay the loan.

It is more common in rural areas because:

● A borrower repays a loan by selling the

agricultural produce, which sometimes may
not be enough to repay the loan.

● Rural borrowers normally depend on informal

sources of credit who charge a high rate of
interest. This repayment of larger amounts
may sometimes be larger than their income.

Thus, it can be concluded that loans from banks

always help to raise people’s earning capacity.
‘Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation
and negotiation’. Examine the statement.
- CBSE 2019

● Democracy gives importance to deliberation &

public opinion.

● The democratic government will take more time to

follow procedures before arriving at a decision.

● Its decisions may be both more acceptable to the

people & more effective.

● Democracy ensures that decision making will be

based on norms & procedures.

● The democratic government develops mechanisms

for citizens to hold the government accountable.

● Democratic govt. follows mechanisms for citizens

to take part in decision making whenever they
think fit.
Explain two reasons as to why
power sharing is desirable.

There are many reason as to why power

sharing is important in a democracy. The
following are the two main sets in which the
reasons can be broadly divided.

Prudential reason:

● Power sharing helps to reduce the

possibility of conflict between social
groups.

● It is a good way to ensure the stability of

political order as social conflict often
leads to violence and political stability.

MORAL REASON: Power sharing is the true

spirit of democracy.
Why did Gandhiji launch a nationwide
Satyagraha after Rowlatt Act was passed?
 SATYAGRAHA AGAINST - ROWLATT
ACT,1919

Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha

(6th April,1919) against the proposed unjust Rowlatt
Act because:

● The Act- hurriedly passed through the Imperial

Legislative Council despite the united
opposition of the Indian members.

● Gave the government enormous powers to

repress political activities.

● Allowed detention of political prisoners without

trial for two years.

● Under the Act even the peaceful satyagrahis

could be detained.
Describe the importance of manufacturing
industries as the backbone of economic
development of the country.

The manufacturing industries is considered the

backbone of economic development of the country
because of the following reasons:

● It not only help in modernising agriculture, which

forms the backbone of our economy, they also
reduce the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by providing them jobs in
secondary and tertiary sectors.

● Industrial development is a precondition for

eradication of unemployment & poverty from our
country.

● It also helps in bringing down regional disparities

by establishing industries in tribal and backward
areas.
“Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for
fast development of the country”. Support the
statement with examples.

A country's development depends on the

production of goods and services, and these goods
and services need to be transported to their
demand location, thus an efficient means of
transport is essential, as:

● Raw materials can reach factories within less

time with faster transportation.

● Movement of goods & services from their

supply locations to demand locations
necessitates the need for transport.

● Mobility of labour force also increases, which

in turn increases their productivity.

● They help to transport perishable goods to

the market on time.
 “Consequences of environmental
degradation do not respect national or
state boundaries.” Justify the statement.
It is true that the consequences of
environmental degradation is now a global issue
and discussed all over the world. They are not
restricted to the nation or state boundary. The
consequences are felt in the surrounding states,
nations and also globally.
For example:

● Air pollution through massive thermal

power plant and other sources, in India
causes pollution in Nepal, Bangladesh, etc.

● Our neighbours also experience increase

in asthma and other lung diseases. Acid
rain, climate change, etc are some issues
which are transcontinental in
consequences.
● Deforestation in Brazil has caused
disturbance in rainfall pattern
throughout South America.

● Land Degradation and dam burst like

conditions in China affect India and
Bangladesh as it brings massive
siltation and flood consequences.

● Therefore, environmental degradation is

a major issue and its consequences are
felt worldwide.
 What is Communalism?

How can we say that India is

a secular state?
3. Export of manufactured goods
expands trade and commerce, and
Communalism is a term used to denote attempts to
brings in much needed foreign
construct religious or ethnic identity, incite strife
exchange. between people identified as different communities, and
to stimulate communal violence between those groups.

India is a secular state as reflected in several

constitutional provisions :

● There is no official religion for the Indian state.

● The Constitution provides to all individuals and

communities freedom to profess, practice and
propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

● The Constitution prohibits discrimination on

grounds of religion.

● At the same time, the Constitution allows the

state to intervene in the matters of religion in
order to ensure equality within religious
communities. For example, it bans untouchability.
Question 17 : Why are multipurpose river valley
projects called ‘The Temples of Modern India’? Who
first made this statement?

Answer : Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed that

multipurpose projects are ‘The Temples of Modern
India’, because :

● They were thought of as the vehicle that would

lead the nation to development and progress.

● He believed that these projects with their

integrated water resource management
approach would integrate development of
agriculture and the village economy with rapid
industrialisation and growth of the urban
economy.
 Ques. On the outline map of India locate
C where Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is situated?

B
A
A
B

C
 Ques. On the outline map of India locate
where Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is situated?
C
CBSE 2012, 11, 10
B
A
A
B

C
 “The new crops could make the
difference between life and
death”.

Explain the above statement in

context of Irish Potato Famine
Sometimes the new crops could make the difference
between life and death.

Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer

with the introduction of the humble potatoes

Ireland's poorest peasants became so dependent

on potatoes. In 1890s, when disease destroyed the
potato crop many people died due to starvation.
Why is air travel preferred in the north-eastern
states? Give reasons.

The north-eastern part of the country is

marked with:

1. Dissected relief;
2. Dense forests;
3. Frequent floods;
4. Big rivers

Under these difficult conditions, the road and

rail transport is not well developed. Journey
through land transport is very tiresome and
time-consuming. So, for all these reasons, air
travel is preferred in this part of the country,
where special provisions are made to extend
the services to common people at cheaper
rates.
Why did Gandhiji launch Salt March.
Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.

On 31st January, 1930 Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating 11

demands, one of which was the demand to abolish Salt Tax.

- Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by

the rich and poor alike and a tax on it was considered an
oppression on the people by the British Government.

- His letter was an ultimatum and if demands were not fulfilled

by March 11, he had threatened to launch a civil
disobedience campaign.

- Mahatma Gandhi started his famous ‘Salt March’ or ‘Dandi

March’ on 11th March, 1930 accompanied by 78 of his trusted
volunteers.

- The march was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi’s ashram in

Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town of Dandi.

- On 6th April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated

the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked
the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Given below are some statement regarding tea
crops in India except for one. Find it out:

A. Tea is a labour intensive industry

B. It requires warm and moist frost-free

climate all through the year

C. It grows in tropical and sub-tropical

climates

D. It is a beverage crop introduced by

the Portuguese in India
Assertion : Most societies across the world were
historically male dominated societies.

Reason : Equal treatment of women is not a

necessary ingredients of a democratic
society

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is

the correct explanation of assertion

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is

not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false

(d) Both assertion & reason are false.

Which of the following option best signifies this cartoon?

a) Demand for separate state from democratic

government

b) Democratic government is copying with multiple

pressures through accommodation

c) Democratic government accepts demands based on

separate state

d) Democratic government is facing territorial issues

with the bordering states.
Why is groundwater table reducing in India
day by day?

A. Groundwater is a nonrenewable resource

B. Groundwater is a renewable resource

C. Humans have been exploiting groundwater

D. Both A and C
“Minerals are indispensable part
of our life”. Explain the statement
with 5 suitable points.
● Minerals are an indispensable part of our
lives.

● Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a

towering building or a big ship, all are made
from minerals.

● The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of

the roads, our implements and machinery too
are made from minerals.

● Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are

manufactured from minerals and run on power
resources derived from the earth.

● Even the food that we eat contains minerals.

● In all stages of development, human beings

have used minerals for their livelihood,
decoration, festivities, religious and
ceremonial rites.
Which thermal power plant is marked here :
Which thermal power plant is marked here :

Namrup
Quiz 01- Question 2

“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for

any body’s greed,” who has given the above
statement?

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

(b) Vinoba Bhave

(c) Atal Bihari Vajpayee

(d) Schumacher
Quiz 01- Question 2

“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for

any body’s greed,” who has given the above
statement?

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

(b) Vinoba Bhave

(c) Atal Bihari Vajpayee

(d) Schumacher
What is Agenda 21? What was its
objective?
 AGENDA 21

Agenda 21 Declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at

United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro.

Aim- Achieving global sustainable development.

Objective- Combat environmental damage, poverty, disease

through global co-operation on common interests, mutual
needs and shared responsibilities.