1.
Police Intelligence In England, Sir Francis Walsingham, under
It is the end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration,
and interpretation of all available
information regarding the activities of
criminals and other law violators for the
purpose of ¹affecting their arrest, ²obtaining
evidence, and ³forestalling them to commit
crime.
2. Delilah
She is a biblical personality, she was able to
gain information by using her beauty and
charm, she was responsible for the fall of
Samson, a known Israelite leader and enemy
of the Philistines.
The Philistine used her when she allowed
Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges
16). Delilah was an impromptu intelligence
agent. Apart from her tonsorial specialty,
she also allowed sex to gain intelligence
from a powerful enemy. She achieved the
largest effective force of her employer's
adversaries and contrived the stroke which
put that force out of action".
3. Sun Tzu
The author of the art of war. A Chinese
philosopher who takes into account practical
views in battle. According to him
foreknowledge cannot be elicited from
spirits nor from gods nor from analogy with
past events nor from calculations. He further
asserted that if you know thy enemy and
know thyself, you need not fear the results
of a hundred battles.
4. Alexander the Great
A Greek Conqueror, was able to identify
those who are disloyal to him by ordering
the opening of communication letters of his
men and was successful in uplifting the
esprit de corps and morale of his men. He
devised the first letter sorting and opening to
obtain information.
¹Horseman
²Carrier Pigeon
³Fire Beacon (Morse code)
5. Sir Francis Walsingham
Queen Elizabeth, organized the first
National Intelligence Service. He employed
spies on the staff of the Admiral in
Command of the Spanish Army and was
able to obtain information regarding the
Spanish Army as to their ships, equipment,
forces and stores. He protected Queen
Elizabeth I from countless assassins.
6. Napoleon Bonaparte
According to him, "one spy in the right
place is equivalent to 20,000 men in the
field." He maintained military intelligence
and secret political police service all over
Europe.
7. Frederick the Great
Father of organized military espionage. This
Prussian master was able to classify his
agents into four classes: common spies,
double spies, spies of consequence, and
persons which are involuntarily led to
undertake espionage.
8. Hannibal
Known as one of the greatest Roman
enemies who ruled and conquered Rome for
15 years by obtaining common street
knowledge by posing as a beggar to gather
first hand information on the pulse of the
people. His famous feat was at the outbreak
of the Second Punic War when he marched
an army which included elephants from
Iberia to Northern Italy. Military historians
consider Hannibal as the "father of strategy"
because his greatest enemy, Rome, came to
adopt the elements of his military tactics in
its own strategic arsenal.
9. Classification of Police Intelligence
● Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT)-
production of intelligence essential
to the prevention of crimes and the
investigation, arrests, and
prosecution of criminal offenders.
● Internal Security Intelligence
(INSINT)- refers to the knowledge
essential to the maintenance of peace
and order. Keeping peace within the
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 borders of a sovereign state or other
self-governing territories, generally
by upholding the national law and
defending against internal security
threats.
● Public Safety Intelligence
(PUSINT)- refers to the knowledge
essential to ensure the protection of
lives and properties.
10. Forms of Intelligence
➔ Sociological Intelligence- deals with
the demographic and psychological
aspects of groups of people. It
includes the population and
manpower and the characteristics of
the people, public opinion-attitude of
the majority of the people towards
matters of public policy and
education.
➔ Biographical Intelligence - deals
with individual's personalities who
have actual possession of power.
➔ Armed Force Intelligence- deals with
the armed forces of the nation. It
includes the position of the armed
forces, the constitutional and legal
basis of its creation and actual role,
the organizational structure and
territorial disposition, and the
military manpower recruitment and
Order of Battle.
➔ Geographical Intelligence deals with
the progress of research and
development as it affects the
economic and military potential of a
nation.
11. Kinds of Intelligence (SLC)
➔ Strategic Intelligence - as defined
earlier, it is an intelligence data that
is not of an immediate value. It is
usually descriptive in nature,
accumulation of physical description
of personalities, modus operandi. It
does not have immediate operational
value but rather long range that may
become relevant to future police
operations.
➔ Line Intelligence - It is the kind of
intelligence required by the
commander to provide for planning
and conduct tactical and
administrative operations in counter
insurgency. This pertains to
knowledge of People, Weather,
Enemy and Terrain (PWET) used in
planning and conducting tactical and
administrative operations in a
counter insurgency.
Intelligence information to be determined
in Line Intelligence are:
People- living condition of the people,
sources of income, education of the people,
government livelihood projects, extent of
enemy influence to the people.
Weather - visibility, cloudy, temperature,
precipitation (rain), wind.
Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of
the enemy, disposition, tactical capability,
enemy vulnerability.
Terrain- relief and drainage system,
vegetation, surface material, man made
features. There are military aspects of terrain
which includes cover and concealment,
obstacles, critical key terrain features,
observation and fields of fire, and avenues
of approach.
➔ Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind
of intelligence covers the activity
devoted to destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign
activities and to the protection of
info against espionage, subversion
and sabotage. Hence, the three
activities of CI are; protection of
information against espionage;
protection of personnel against
subversion, and protection of
installations and material against
sabotage.
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Counter Intelligence is also known as
Negative Intelligence - a generic term
meaning three different things;
Security Intelligence- means that the total
sum of efforts to counsel the national
policies, diplomatic decisions, military data,
and any other information of a secret nature
affecting the security of the nation form
unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny
information to unauthorized persons by
restricting to those who are explicitly
authorized to possess it.
Counter-Intelligence- counter intelligence is
the organized effort to protect specific data
that might be of value to the opponent's own
intelligence organization. Some of its
functions are Censorship of the following:
correspondence, broadcast. telecast,
telephone conversations, telegrams and
cables, etc., prevention of the dissemination
of any information that might aid an
opponent; maintenance of files of suspect,
surveillance of suspects, mail reading,
wiretapping and recording; infiltration of the
enemy intelligence organized to procure
information about its method, personal,
specific operations and interest.
Counter-Espionage - In counter-espionage,
negative intelligence becomes a dynamic
and active effort. Its purpose is to investigate
actual or theoretical violation of espionage
laws, to enforce those laws and to apprehend
any violators.
12. Major Intelligence service in the
Philippines
The National Intelligence Coordinating
Agency or NICA is the primary intelligence
collection and analysis arm of the Philippine
government in charge of carrying out overt,
covert, and clandestine intelligence
programs. The current head of the Agency is
General Cesar Garcia. Its motto is Ang
Karunungan ay Kaligtasan (translated
"Knowledge is Security"). Presently, NICA
is in close coordination with the CIA,
Mossad and intelligence services of ASEAN
countries to counter the threat of terrorism.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 246
JULY 24, 1987, PROVIDING FOR THE
CREATION OF THE NATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING
AGENCY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
13. Intelligence Cycle (PD, CPAD)
The single most important part of
intelligence activity is understanding the
intelligence cycle because MISSION, which
is the core of the cycle, serves as the
foundation of all intelligence operations.
Every operative must therefore place into
mind the following phases of the cycle:
➔ PHASE 1 - Planning the Collection
Effort
This phase of the cycle involves the
determination of the requirements of
intelligence. It is concerned with identifying
the so-called Essential Element of
Information (EEI) - an item of intelligence
or information of the characteristics of the
area of operations and the enemy, which the
commander feels he needs before he can
reasonably arrive at a decision.
With this, the intelligence officer must have
a thorough knowledge of the available
sources of information, the collecting
agencies and the type of info the latter can
provide. He must understand the operations
of the command in order to provide the
particular Intel required for success. He
must have a thorough knowledge of the
tactics, organizations, and characteristics of
the enemy and be especially competent in
the fields of acquisition of operations.
Categories of Intelligence Requirements
In relation to use;
A. Executive – are those information
required by executive, governmental
and military commanders; the
executive requirements are the basis
for decisions and national policy
making.
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 B. Contributory – information required
to complete the staff process – make
staff plans and estimates that
contribute to the decision and policy
making.
C. Operational – additional intelligence
required in planning and carrying out
effectively the decision or policy
announced. Decisions and policy
require implementation.
D. Collateral – higher or adjacent
echelons of the government or
military establishment may require
info.
In relation to type;
A. Basic – are general reference
materials for use in the planning
regarding the enemies, area of
operations, capabilities – static
comprehensive.
B. Current – are information which are
temporary in nature and narrower in
scope.
C. Estimates – are those that determine
the future courses of action; required
by the executives to plan future
military operations and policies.
➔ PHASE 2 - Collection of
information
This phase of the cycle is concerned with
identification of the collecting agency, the
formulation of procedures on the manner of
collecting the information in conjunction
with the plans as achieved in phase one.
Selection of Collecting Agencies;
A. List all available sources; exploit the
collecting agencies.
B. Collection will be assigned in
accordance with capabilities;
C. Collection directives prepared once
the proper collecting agency has
been selected to exploit a particular
source;
D. Collection directives do not limit the
activities of the collecting agency;
E. Criteria for the selection of
collecting agency; suitability,
capability, confirmation, timeliness
and balance.
Purpose of the Collection Plan
A. To ensure logical and orderly
analysis of the intelligence
requirements.
B. To establish a workable collection
scheme based on the analysis of the
intelligence requirement.
C. To provide definite and precise
directives to collecting agencies.
D. To avoid possibility of omission,
conflict or unnecessary duplication
of collection effort.
Steps in Developing a Collection Plan
List the requirements in the order of priority
● Break the requirements into
indication – any evidence of actual
or potential enemy activity or
characteristic of an area of operation,
enemy activity or characteristic of an
area of operation, habitual activities
– need experience.
● Fit those indications into existing
situations– critical clues, security
measures, attack, defense, etc.
● Basis for development for specific
collection directive - designed to
exploit to the fullest the collection
directive; guide doesn’t limit.
● Selection of Collecting Agencies –
criteria for selection – suitability,
capability, confirmation, timeliness
and balance. Designation of
particular time and place that the
required information is to be
reported.
Factors in choosing Collection Agent
In choosing collection agents, they must be
selected according to their capability – agent
placements or access to the target;
multiplicity more agents; and balance the
number of agents needed per operation.
a. Methods of Collection – collection
of information can be done through
overt method (open system) or
covert method (secret/clandestine).
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 b. Collecting Agencies – depending on 7. Deduction- the formulation of
the type of operation, the collecting conclusions from the theory
agency could be Government developed.
Agencies, Intelligence units, or
Organizations Pertinence- does it hold some value to
c. Trade Crafts – includes the use of current operation.
photography, investigations / Reliability- judging the source of
elicitation / interrogation, information or agency.
surveillance, sound equipment, Credibility-truth of information.
surreptitious entry – keys and locks,
use of an artist, communication. Accuracy of Information (CODE:
CPPDIT)

➔ PHASE 3 PROCESSING 1 Confirmed By Other Sources

ANALYSIS- The stage in which the 2-Probably True
collected information is subjected to 3-Possibly True
review in order to satisfy significant 4-Doubtfully True
facts and derive conclusions there 5 -Improbable
from. 6-Truth Can Not Be Judged

Steps in Processing Reliability of Information (CODE:

CUFNUR)
1. Collation-organization of raw data
and information into usable form, A-Completely reliable
grouping similar items of B-Usually Reliable
information so that they will be C-Fairly Reliable
readily accessible. D-Not Usually Reliable
2. Recording- is the reduction of info E-Unreliable
writing or some other form of F-Reliability Cannot be judged
graphical representation and the
arranging of this into groups of Evaluation of Source of Information
related items.
3. Evaluation-examination of raw T-Direct observation by Commander/Chief
information to determine intelligence of Unit
value, pertinence of the information, U- Report by resident agent V- Report by
reliability of the source of PNP/AFP Troops
information and its credibility. W-Interrogation of captured enemy
4. Analysis - is the stage in which the X-Observation of government/civilian
collected information is subjected to employee
review in order to satisfy significant Y-Member of the populace
facts and derive conclusions there Z- Documentary
from.
5. Integration - the combination of the Evaluation of Source of Information
elements isolated analysis with other
known information related to the T-Direct observation by Commander/Chief
operation. of Unit
6. Interpretation-process of determining U-Report by resident agent
the significance of new information V-Report by PNP/AFP Troops
and its meaning. W-Interrogation of captured enemy

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X-Observation of government/civilian
employee
Y-Member of the populace
Z- Documentary
● Example: SPO3 Juan Cruz evaluated
the information gathered as
"completely reliable, source
probably true". What is the
information's evaluation rating?
Answer: A-2
● P01 Juan Cruz submitted an
intelligence report evaluated as B-5.
What is the interpretation of this
evaluated intelligence report?
Answer: Information is usually from a
reliable source and is improbable.
➔ PHASE 4 DISSEMINATION-
Processed information or intelligence
data are disseminated to end users,
common methods of disseminating
Intel data are conferences, briefing
and person to person exchanges. In
this process, consider the factors of
timeliness, correctness and security.
14. Four Categories of classified
matters
● Top Secret- calls for the utmost
degree of protection. Unauthorized
revelation of these materials and
information will cause extremely
severe damage to the nation,
politically, economically, or
militarily.
Examples: political negotiations, military
defense, war strategic plans, etc.
● Secret- unauthorized disclosure of
these documents or things may put
national security at risk and cause
serious injury to the reputation of the
nation.
Examples: info about intelligence
operations, troop movements, order of
battle, etc.
● Confidential-Unauthorized
revelation of which may be injurious
to the reputation of the nation or
governmental activity or will cause
administrative humiliation or
unnecessary injury.
Examples: plans of government projects,
routine intelligence reports
● Restricted - this is information which
should not be published or
communicated to anyone except for
official purposes. These records are
daily files, routine in nature even if
lost or destroyed will not affect
operation,
Examples: blotters, daily logbook file, etc.
15. Informant (assets)- gives
information without any
consideration.
Other meanings of "Informants":
1. Obnoxious - the view of the public to
a person selling information to
another or money motivated.
2. Stool Pidgeon - the view of the
underworld to a person who exposes
their activities and Identities.
3. Savior - the view of the police to a
person who gives information,
without his valuable reports or
revelations the crime would remain
unsolved.
Informer- gives information in exchange
for a reward or a price.
16. Types of informant
➔ Anonymous- those who give
information through telephone with
the hope that the informant cannot be
identified.
➔ False Informant - reveals information
of no consequences or value.
➔ Self-Aggrandizing - moves around
the center of criminals delight in
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 surprising the police about bits of
information.
➔ Double Crosser - wants to get more
information from the police more
than what he gives.
➔ Special/legitimate informant- those
who give information concerning
specialized cases. Usually they are
regarded with special treatment by
the operatives. (Ex. Teachers,
businessmen, etc.)
➔ Voluntary informant-gives
information freely and willfully as a
witness to a certain act.
➔ Rival elimination informant-
informant who gives information to
eliminate rivalry.
➔ Mercenary informant-informant who
gives Information for remuneration
or compensation.
➔ Criminal Informant – informant who
gives information to the police
pertaining to the underworld about
organized criminals with the
understanding that his identity will
be protected.
➔ Confidential Informant – is similar to
the former but he gives information
that violates the law to include
crimes and criminals.
➔ Incidental Informant – a person who
casually imparts information to an
officer with no intention of providing
subsequent information
➔ Recruited Informant – A person who
is selected, cultivated and developed
into a continuous source of info.
Categories of Recruited Informants:
★ Spontaneous or Automatic
Informant– Informants who by the
nature of their work or position in
society have certain legal, moral or
ethical responsibilities to report info
to the police.
★ Ordinary (out-of-their-will)
Informants– Informants that are
under the compulsion to report info
to the police.
★ Special Employee– informants who
are of a specific operational nature.
17. Types of surveillance
a. According to Intensity and
Sensitivity
● Discrete- Discreet surveillance of
people and facilities is defined as
secret monitoring and surveillance of
people, facilities and vehicles for the
purpose of collecting findings and
evidence related to specific
activities, people's identities and
meetings, previously defined by the
client requesting the surveillance.
● Close- surveillance maintained
where the prevention of loss of the
subject is paramount.
● Loose- involves the exercise of
caution, preferring to lose the subject
rather than risk detection or
exposure.
b. According to Methods
● Stationary Surveillance - also
referred to as Fixed or Stakeout
Surveillance - is used when you
know or suspect that a person is at or
will come to a known location, when
you suspect that stolen goods are to
be dropped or when informants have
told you that a crime is going to be
committed.
● Technical- surveillance by the use of
communications and electronic
hardware, gadgets, etc.
● Moving Surveillance/ Shadowing/
Tailing - simply the act of following
a person.
18. Kinds of surveillant
The Following are the Kinds of Surveillance
(UST):
1. Undercover or roping – Is a form of
investigation in which the investigator
assumes a different and unofficial identity in
order to obtain information; an investigative
technique in which the agent’s/investigator’s
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official identity is concealed to accomplish
an investigative mission.
2. Surveillance of place (fixed/ stake-out) –
careful survey of the surrounding area
should be made. The character of the
neighborhood, residents and transients
should be noted. The observation point
should be selected properly. When
observation is conducted from a ‘plant’,
surveillance agents must be extremely
careful not to reveal their true activity.
Observation may be made through a window
or other aperture so as to be unnoticed from
the outside. Venetian blinds afford the best
coverage, but may appear to be out of place
in some buildings.
3.Tailing or shadowing – Is the act of
following a person, depending on the
number of surveillant available, volume of
pedestrian traffic and importance of
concealing the surveillance.
19. Method of foot surveillance
➔ One man- Extremely difficult and
should be avoided, if unavoidable
keep the subject in view at all times.
If one-man foot surveillance must be
used, be cautious when you are on
the same side of the street as the
subject. Stay to the rear and vary
your distance from the subject. Set
your distance according to physical
conditions like size of crowds and
number of exits.
If the subject turns a corner, continue
across the street, keeping the subject
in view. Then, operating from across
the street, you can fall in behind or
move to the front or side of the
subject. Decide which position will
give you the best view. When the
subject turns a corner, you may want
to be abreast of him to see if he
makes a contact or enters a building.
➔ Two-man- two agents are employed
to follow the subject.
For two-man foot surveillance, use
the “AB” technique. The person right
behind the subject has the A
position. The other surveillant has
the B position. When using the AB
technique, A follows the subject and
B follows A. B may be on the same
side of the street as A. Or he may be
on the opposite side of the street.
When both A and B are on the same
side of the street, and the subject
turns a corner to the right, A
continues across the street. Then he
signals B what action to take. The
subject’s actions may require B to
take the A position, and A to take the
B position. Signals between A and B
should attract as little attention as
possible.
When B is across the street and the
subject turns the corner to the right–
away from B–B crosses and takes the
A position. This step should be
prearranged so no signals will be
needed. If the subject turns the
corner to the left and crosses toward
B, B drops back to avoid contact. B
then waits for a signal from A before
making the next move.
➔ ABC method or Three-man- reduces
the risk of losing the subject, affords
greater security agents detection.
For three-man foot surveillance, the
“ABC” technique offers ease. And it
is consistent with reasonable
manpower resources. Use this
technique for close foot surveillance
unless you lack the manpower. The
main advantage of the ABC
technique is that it lets you cover the
subject from two sides. As in the AB
technique, A follows the subject and
B follows A. C normally stays across
the street and just to the rear of the
subject.
The ABC technique allows several
choices when the subject turns the
8
 corner. Assume A and B are behind
the subject and C is across the street
when the subject turns the corner
away from C. A could keep going
straight and B would take the A
position. C would move across to the
B position. A would stay across the
street, moving as C had done before.

Another approach would be for C to

move into the A position. A would
go across and take up the C position,
while B keeps his own. What if the
subject turns left and crosses the
street toward C? C drops back and A
continues in the original direction
and becomes C. Then B moves into
the A position, and C becomes B.
➔ Progressive/Leap frog method- poor
chances of obtaining good results,
agents are stationed at a fixed point
assuming that subject followed the
same general route each day.
➔ Combined foot-auto surveillance-
employment of surveillant on foot
and agents in an automobile.

20. Common tricks of the subject in

surveillance
1. Test For Tailing = When the subject is
conscious that he is being tailed while about
to board a public conveyance, is to jump off
the vehicle. If somebody also jumps off, he
then recognizes the shadower, which will be
his basis for future recognition.

2. Use of Convoy = The subject employs

other partners to detect if he is being tailed.
The convoy which may employ the ABC
method would be very easy to detect
shadowers. If the subject uses this, the
shadower must be behind the convoy and
follow them instead.