‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺩﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ٴ◌ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﻮﻱﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﭘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 35‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ( ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫)ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻴﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ )‪ (Antoine Equation‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪Log10 P sat = A −‬‬
‫‪T+C‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪ P‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ‪ T‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ B ،A .‬ﻭ ‪ C‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ P‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﺑﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ )‪ (P‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﻴﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪،A‬‬
‫‪ B‬ﻭ ‪ C‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎﻱ ‪ -1‬ﺑﻮﺗﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﭘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﭘﻴﻠﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1‬ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺟﻴﻮﻩ )‪ (1 mmhg=0.001333 Bar‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ‪ 1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 4‬ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :1‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪Hydrocarbon‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1-Butene‬‬ ‫‪9248.6‬‬ ‫‪1.629‬‬ ‫‪042‬‬
‫‪Propane‬‬ ‫‪89308.6‬‬ ‫‪018.308‬‬ ‫‪99.642‬‬
‫‪Propylene‬‬ ‫‪06918.6‬‬ ‫‪587‬‬ ‫‪742‬‬
‫‪Ethylene‬‬ ‫‪65747.6‬‬ ‫‪585‬‬ ‫‪552‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ -1‬ﺑﻮﺗﻦ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﭘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :3‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﭘﻴﻠﻦ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :4‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬

‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﻩ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﻥ ﺳﭙﺎﻫﻲ‬