ABSTRACT

This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of a vapor-compression refrigeration system

specifically designed for ships in the maritime transportation industry. The maritime industry
relies heavily on refrigeration systems for various onboard applications such as food storage,
cargo containment, and air conditioning. The design and optimization of an efficient and
reliable vapor-compression refrigeration system for ships plays a crucial role in ensuring the
safety, comfort, and economic viability of maritime operations. This research thesis aims to
explore and propose an innovative design for vapor compression refrigeration systems on
ships. The study includes a comprehensive analysis of the challenges refrigeration systems
face in marine environments, such as limited space, variable operating conditions, and energy
efficiency requirements. The research methodology includes theoretical analysis,
computational simulations, and practical experiments. The theoretical analysis includes
thermodynamic modeling, heat transfer calculations, and system performance evaluation.
Computational simulations using advanced software tools will help optimize system design
parameters such as compressor capacity, condenser size, and evaporator configuration to
achieve optimum performance under varying loads and environmental conditions.
Furthermore, practical experiments will be conducted to validate the theoretical and
computational findings. These experiments will include testing the performance of the system
under different environmental conditions, evaluating the energy efficiency of the system, and
assessing the reliability and robustness of the system. The expected results of this research are
the development of an optimized vapor compression refrigeration system design specifically
tailored for shipboard applications. The proposed system is expected to offer improved energy
efficiency, reliability, and compactness, thus addressing the challenges faced by conventional
refrigeration systems on ships. The results of this research will contribute to the marine
industry by providing valuable information on the design and optimization of cooling systems
for ships. The findings can be used by shipbuilders, naval architects, and refrigeration system
manufacturers to improve refrigeration systems' performance, efficiency, and sustainability in
marine applications.
 1. INTRODUCTION
In the expansive realm of maritime transportation, the reliance on refrigeration systems is
integral to the seamless functionality and operational success of ships. These systems, crucial
for diverse applications such as food storage, cargo containment, and air conditioning,
navigate the challenges posed by the unique and demanding marine environment. The design
and optimization of vapor-compression refrigeration systems tailored specifically for ships
hold paramount significance in ensuring not only the safety and comfort of onboard occupants
but also the economic viability of maritime operations.This thesis embarks on a
comprehensive journey to dissect and analyze the intricacies of a vapor-compression
refrigeration system meticulously crafted for the maritime industry. Recognizing the
multifaceted roles that refrigeration systems play in this sector, this research endeavors to
unravel the complexities and propose innovative designs that enhance efficiency and
reliability. The maritime environment, characterized by limited space, variable operating
conditions, and stringent energy efficiency requirements, necessitates a nuanced approach to
system design.The primary objective of this research is to explore, propose, and validate an
optimized design for vapor-compression refrigeration systems on ships. This exploration
entails an exhaustive analysis of the challenges posed by the marine environment and aims to
offer solutions that transcend the limitations typically encountered in conventional
refrigeration systems on ships. The methodology employed in this study encompasses
theoretical analysis, computational simulations, and practical experiments to ensure a holistic
understanding and validation of the proposed design.The theoretical analysis is rooted in the
principles of thermodynamics, encompassing detailed thermodynamic modeling, heat transfer
calculations, and comprehensive evaluations of system performance. Computational
simulations, utilizing advanced software tools, serve as a bridge between theory and practice,
facilitating the optimization of key system parameters. These parameters include but are not
limited to compressor capacity, condenser size, and evaporator configuration, each crucial to
achieving optimal performance under diverse loads and varying environmental conditions.
In addition to theoretical and computational approaches, practical experiments form an
integral part of the research methodology. These experiments serve to validate and consolidate
the findings obtained through theoretical and computational analyses. The experimental phase
involves subjecting the refrigeration system to a range of environmental conditions, assessing
its performance, evaluating energy efficiency, and gauging its reliability and robustness in
real-world scenarios.Anticipated outcomes of this research comprise the development of a
highly optimized vapor-compression refrigeration system uniquely tailored for shipboard
applications. The envisioned system promises advancements in energy efficiency, reliability,
and compactness, effectively addressing the challenges endemic to conventional refrigeration
systems employed in maritime settings.The implications of this research extend beyond the
theoretical realm, offering practical value to the marine industry. Shipbuilders, naval
architects, and refrigeration system manufacturers stand to benefit from the insights provided,
utilizing the findings to enhance the performance, efficiency, and sustainability of cooling
systems in marine applications. As a result, this research is poised to make a meaningful
contribution to the ongoing evolution of refrigeration technologies in the maritime
transportation industry.
 2.Refrigerant Sysytems
First, let's classify cooling systems:

1) Steady-state cooling systems where the cooling effect is continuous; the refrigerant is
constant and in one direction
2) Periodic cooling systems where the cooling effect is cyclic or intermittent; the refrigerant
flow is periodically changed over time

In addition to this classification, we can also classify cooling systems according to the type of
energy input:
1. Mechanical energy (compression refrigerators)
2. Thermal energy (absorption/adsorption refrigerators)
3. Electric energy (thermo-electric refrigerators)
4: Magnetic energy (magnetic refrigerators)
5. Acoustic energy acoustic coolers)
6. Light energy (optical coolers)

Steady-State Refrigeration Cycles

Compression Refrigeration: Vapor compression, Vapor absorption, Thermoelectric
Periodic Refrigeration cycle: Regenerative cycle, Magnetic Refrigeration cycle, Adsorption
Refrigeration cycyle
This figure shows us the different types of cooling systems.
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle:

The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is a fundamental process employed in refrigeration

and air conditioning systems. It involves the circulation of a refrigerant through a series of
components to absorb heat from a low-temperature environment and reject it to a higher-
temperature environment.

a. Compression: The cycle commences with the refrigerant entering the compressor, where it
is compressed into a high-pressure, high-temperature vapor. This step significantly raises the
refrigerant's temperature and pressure.

b. Condensation: The high-temperature, high-pressure vapor then travels to the condenser,

where it releases heat to the surrounding environment and undergoes a phase change into a
high-pressure liquid.

c. Expansion: The high-pressure liquid flows through an expansion device, often a valve or
an orifice, causing a rapid decrease in pressure. This results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at
lower pressure.

d. Evaporation: The low-pressure mixture enters the evaporator, absorbing heat from the
target space (e.g., a refrigerated space or the air in an air conditioning system) and evaporating
into a low-pressure vapor.
Main Components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems:

a. Compressor:
Function: The compressor plays a vital role in the vapor compression refrigeration cycle by
raising the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.
Working Principle: The compressor operates based on the principle of adiabatic
compression. As the refrigerant enters the compressor, it undergoes compression, resulting in
an increase in both pressure and temperature. This is achieved by reducing the volume of the
refrigerant vapor, causing its molecules to come closer together and gain kinetic energy.

Types of Compressors:
1)Reciprocating Compressor:
Reciprocating compressors are commonly used in vapor compression refrigeration cycles.
They are effective in both small and large-scale applications, providing reliable compression.

In certain situations where a continuous and smooth operation is crucial, such as in some
high-capacity industrial applications, the reciprocating motion may pose challenges.
2)Centrifugal Compressor:
Centrifugal compressors are well-suited for large cooling capacities and are often employed in
industrial and commercial refrigeration systems.

In smaller systems or those requiring precise control at lower capacities, the efficiency of
centrifugal compressors may be compromised.

3)Scroll Compressor:
Scroll compressors are commonly used in residential and light commercial applications. They
offer good efficiency and reliability for moderate capacity requirements.

In extremely high-capacity applications, scroll compressors may not provide the required
compression ratios efficiently.
b. Condenser:
Function: The condenser is responsible for releasing heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the
evaporator to the surroundings, causing the refrigerant to change from a high-pressure vapor
to a high-pressure liquid.
Working Principle: The high-pressure, high-temperature vapor from the compressor enters
the condenser coils or tubes. As the refrigerant releases heat to the surroundings (usually air or
water), it undergoes a phase change from vapor to liquid. This process is exothermic, and the
refrigerant's temperature decreases while it transitions to a liquid state.

Types of Condensers:
1)Air-Cooled Condenser:
Air-cooled condensers are widely used in various applications, especially where water
availability is limited. They are suitable for both small and medium-sized systems.

In environments with extremely high ambient temperatures, air-cooled condensers may

struggle to dissipate heat efficiently.
2)Water-Cooled Condenser:
Water-cooled condensers are effective in applications where water is readily available. They
are often used in industrial and large-scale refrigeration systems.

In regions with water scarcity or in situations where water usage is restricted, water-cooled
condensers may not be practical.

c. Expansion Device:
Function: Positioned between the condenser and evaporator, the expansion device regulates
the flow of the refrigerant, causing a pressure drop and facilitating the transition from high-
pressure liquid to low-pressure vapor.
Working Principle: The expansion device, often a valve or orifice, creates a restriction in the
refrigerant flow. This restriction causes a sudden drop in pressure, leading to the expansion of
the refrigerant. As the pressure decreases, the refrigerant undergoes a phase change from a
high-pressure liquid to a low-pressure mixture of liquid and vapor.
Types of Expansion Valves
1)Thermal Expansion Valve (TXV):
TXVs are commonly used in refrigeration systems due to their ability to provide precise
control over the refrigerant flow, adapting to varying load conditions.

In systems with a fixed load and where precise control is less critical, simpler expansion
devices may be more cost-effective.

2)Capillary Tube:
Capillary tubes are simple and cost-effective, suitable for smaller systems with relatively
constant loads.

In larger systems with varying loads, capillary tubes may not offer the necessary control over
refrigerant flow.
d. Evaporator:
Function: In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the surroundings (e.g., air in an
air conditioning system or the contents of a refrigerated space), causing it to evaporate from a
low-pressure liquid to a low-pressure vapor.
Working Principle: The low-pressure mixture of liquid and vapor from the expansion device
enters the evaporator coils or tubes. As the refrigerant absorbs heat from the surrounding
environment, it undergoes a phase change from liquid to vapor. This process is endothermic,
and the temperature of the refrigerant increases while it absorbs heat.

Types of Evaporators:
1)Shell and Tube Evaporator:
Shell and tube evaporators are versatile and used in various applications due to their
efficiency and ability to handle different refrigerants.

In situations with space constraints, compact plate-type evaporators may be preferred.

Plate-Type Evaporator:
Plate-type evaporators are compact and efficient, suitable for applications where space is
limited.

In applications with high fouling potential or where a high surface area for heat exchange is
required, shell and tube evaporators may be more appropriate.
 ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATIN SYSYTEMS

The actual vapor compression cycle, commonly employed in refrigeration and air
conditioning systems, follows a sequential process to achieve efficient cooling. This cycle
involves the compression of a refrigerant, followed by its condensation, expansion, and
subsequent evaporation. Through these phases, heat is effectively transferred from a lower-
temperature environment to a higher-temperature one. The key to its effectiveness lies in
leveraging the unique properties of the refrigerant, allowing it to undergo phase changes
between liquid and vapor at distinct temperatures and pressures. This cyclical process forms
the basis for reliable and energy-efficient cooling and refrigeration systems.

The actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle and the ideal vapor compression
refrigeration cycle differ in certain aspects, primarily due to real-world limitations and
inefficiencies in the components of the refrigeration system. The ideal vapor compression
cycle serves as a theoretical benchmark, assuming perfect conditions and idealized
components, while the actual cycle considers factors such as irreversibilities, friction, heat
losses, and non-ideal behavior of the working fluid.

Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle & T-s Diagram for VCRC (Çengel & Boles)
P-h Diagram of The actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle ( Şencan, Şelbaş,
Kızılkan, & Kalagirou, 2006

COP
The Coefficient of Performance (COP) is a key performance indicator for refrigeration
systems and is defined as the ratio of the heat removed from the refrigerated space (QL) to the
work input to the system (W):

COP: QL / W

In the context of refrigerators, the COP quantifies how efficiently the refrigerator can transfer
heat from the cooled space to the surroundings. A higher COP indicates better energy
efficiency.
Refrigerants Used In Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems on Ships

With the banning of ozone-depleting substances after the Montreal Protocol and the restriction
of substances that contribute to global warming in the Kyoto Protocol, the refrigerants used in
the past in many air conditioning and refrigeration systems have been replaced with
environmentally friendly refrigerants. I will explain what kind of refrigerants are nowadays
used in ships that use vapor compression as their air conditioning and refrigeration system.

Desired Properties of Refrigerants

-Low GWP and zero ODP in terms of sustainable environment.

-Non-toxicity for human and animal safety
-Design and operational compatibility with materials used in cooling systems (metals,
polymers, lubricating oils, etc.).
-Desirable thermodynamic and thermophysical properties for operational efficiency.
---

Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties

The ideal refrigerant should have the following thermodynamic and thermo physical
properties:
a) Low condensing pressure allowing the use of lightweight materials for heat exchangers,
compressors, piping, etc.
b) Suction pressure above atmospheric to facilitate leak detection and prevent the ingress of
air and moisture into the system.

c) Low compression ratio to ensure high volumetric efficiency and low power consumption.

d) High latent heat of vaporization for large cooling effect or a small mass flow rate for a
given cooling load.

e) Small specific volume for large mass flow rate per unit compression volume (especially for
use in positive displacement compression systems).

f) Moderate the temperature rise during compression to reduce the risk of compressor
overheating and to avoid chemical reaction between refrigerant oil and other materials.

g) Increase liquid subcooling before expansion and flash gas low liquid specific heat capacity
to minimize

h) High vapor specific heat capacity to reduce vapor overheating in the suction.

i) High thermal conductivity of both liquid and vapor to improve heat transfer.

j) Low viscosity of both vapor and liquid to reduce pressure loss.

Properties of Specific Working Fluids:

This chapter discusses the basic thermodynamic and environmental properties of different
fluids that are or may be used as refrigerants in vapor compression refrigeration and air
conditioning equipment.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):
These are fully halogenated liquids with high ODP and have been found to be most
responsible for the formation of the ozone hole. The use of formerly popular CFCs such as
R12 and R11 in new equipment is banned by the Montreal Protocol. New lots of CFCs are no
longer produced, although R12 recovered from old systems is still available.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs):
Unlike fully halogenated CFCs, which contain only carbon and halogen atoms, in partially
halogenated HCFCs not all hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. The remaining
hydrogen atoms facilitate the partial breakdown of compounds in the troposphere. These
compounds are therefore less damaging to stratospheric ozone, but they still have the potential
to damage the ozone layer. However, because they are known to cause global warming,
HCFCs are no longer used in Western industrialized countries. The phase-out of HCFCs
(especially HCFC22, which is still widely used in India) is being accelerated.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs):
Hydrofluorocarbons contain fluorine, but no chlorine or bromine in the molecule, so their
ODP is zero. Some Examples of HFCs are R23, R32, R125, 134a, 143a and 152a. A problem
with HFCs is that they are chemically stable and can accumulate in the atmosphere and
contribute to global warming. Therefore, HFCs will eventually need to be replaced.

Hydrofluoroelifins (HFO):
They also belong to a class of HFCs, but are derived from unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules
such as propylene. HFOs are relatively unstable, have a small atmospheric lifetime and thus a
small GWP. R1234yf and R1234ze are two recently invented HFO refrigerants. R1234yf has
been widely accepted by the automobile industry for use in automobiles due to its very low
GWP of 4. As soon as it is commercially available, R1234yf is expected to replace R134a,
which is currently widely used in air handling units, automobile air conditioners, domestic
refrigerators, etc. There are also attempts to find blends of R1234yf and other HFCs such as
R32 for use in other applications such as domestic air conditioners, as blends containing
R1234yf will have a low GWP, typically less than 1000.
Fluoriodocarbons (FIC):
These are a group of chemicals containing fluorine, iodine and carbon, such as trifluoromethyl
iodide (CF, I), perfluoroethyl iodide (CPS) and perfluoropropyl iodide (1). FICs are

They are reported to have zero ODP and negligible GWP. short-lived. They can also be used
in mixtures. A mixture of CF. I and HFC 152a1 (51/49 mol %) was operated in a refrigerator
without oil change for more than 1,500 hours with no apparent ill effects Measurements
showed that energy efficiency and capacity were equal to or slightly better than CFC 12.
 REFERNCES

Çengel, Y. A. , & Boles, M. A. (2011) Refrigeration cycles, Thermodynamics an Engineering

Approach. , 623-688
G Venkatarathnam and S Srinivasa Murthy “ Refrigerants for Vapour Compression”
An open air–vapor compression refrigeration system for air-conditioning and desalination on
ship ( Shaobo Hou, Huacong Li, Hefei Zhang )
A Guide for Assessing Vapor CompressionRefrigeration Systems, for Future Marine
Engineers ( MEMET FEIZA )