Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

EXPERIMENT 1: DETERMINING THE HEAT OF DISSOLUTION AND

NEUTRALIZATION USING THE CALORIMETRY METHOD

PREPARING QUESTIONS

1. Defining the heat of dissolution, heat of neutralization, and the methods for determining
these quantities.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What are heat capacity, the heat capacity of a calorimeter, and the methods of determination?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

1
3. Describing the principles of determining the heat of dissolution using the calorimetry
method. Present the types of temperature-time curves in the case of ideal and non-ideal
calorimeters.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Establish the experimental steps in this experiment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2
Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

REPORT

EXPERIMENT 1. DETERMINING THE HEAT OF DISSOLUTION AND

NEUTRALIZATION USING THE CALORIMETRY METHOD

1. DATA SHEET
1.1. DETERMINING THE HEAT CAPACITY OF A CALORIMETER
- Weight of KCl: ………
Table 1.1: ……………………………………………………….…………………………

Time Temperature Time Temperature Time Temperature

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Use the asterisk (*) to indicate the starting time of the reaction

3
1.2. DETERMINING THE HEAT OF DISSOLUTION OF NH4Cl
- Weight of NH4Cl:..…..……
Table 1.2: ………………………………………………….…………………………

Time Temperature Time Temperature Time Temperature

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Use the asterisk (*) to indicate the starting time of the reaction

1.3. DETERMINING THE HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION

Table 1.3:. ……………………………………………………….…………………………

Time Temperature Time Temperature Time Temperature

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Use the asterisk (*) to indicate the starting time of the reaction

4
2. RESULTS AND CALCULATION
2.1. Determining the specific heat capacity of the calorimeter:
 Calculation method:
- Including the concentration of KCl: ……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Integrated heat of solution of KCl (using the interpolation method):
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Providing the ∆t value: (describe the method of determining ∆t on the graph)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Calculating the specific heat capacity:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.2. Determine the heat of dissolution of NH4Cl:
 Calculation method:
- Providing ∆t value: (describe the method of determining ∆t on the graph)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- The heat of dissolution of NH4Cl: ……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

5
2.3. Determining the heat of neutralization:
 Interpretation of the calculation methods:
- Determine ∆t: (describe the method based on using the graph)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Evaluating the Enthalpy (∆H) of the neutralized reaction:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

QUESTIONS
1. Can the specific heat capacity of the calorimeter system be determined by measuring the
dissolution of BaSO4? Does the specific heat capacity value of the calorimeter system
measured with different substances depend on the nature of the substance used to determine
the specific heat capacity? Explain.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

6
2. Based on the temperature – time diagram of the of NH4Cl dissolution and the
neutralization reaction (part 3), determine whether the experiment's calorimeter system is
ideal. Identify the reasons and propose solutions (in case of non-ideal condition).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

7
Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

EXPERIMENT 2. LIQUID - VAPOR PHASE DIAGRAM FOR A BINARY SYSTEM

PREPARING QUESTION

1. What is the saturated vapour pressure? What is the boiling point of a liquid?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Describing Raoult's law and its deviations.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

8
3. Defining phase, component, and degree of freedom (variance). Explain the physical
significance of the degree of freedom and Gibbs' phase rule.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Plotting the liquid-vapor phase diagram of a binary system for the case that the system
follows Raoult's law and the case that the system deviates from Raoult's law.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Present the applications of the liquid-vapor phase diagram and describe of the
experimental procedure steps.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

9
Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

REPORT

EXPERIMENT 2. LIQUID - VAPOR PHASE DIAGRAM FOR A BINARY SYSTEM

1. DATA SHEETS
1.1. Establishing the refractive index calibration curve based on the liquid mixture
composition.
Table 2.1:.……………………………………………………………………………
The ordinal
numbers of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
mixtures
VCHCl3 (ml)

VEthanol (ml)

Refractive index

1.2. Determining the refractive index of the vapor mixture

Table 2.2:………………………………………………………………………………

Boiling point (oC) Refractive index

(vapor mixture)
Sample
Before condensation After condensation
1
2

10
2. RESULTS AND CALCULATION
2.1. Establishing the calibration curve of refractive index of the liquid mixtures

 Calculation methods:
- Mole fraction of CHCl3/liquid mixtures (calculation for any vials):
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Table 2.3:. …………………………………………………………………………………

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mole fraction
(CHCl3)
Refractive index

- Plotting graph: (choosing one of two methods: using graph paper or Microsoft Excel
software)
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2. Establishing vapor-liquid phase diagram

 Calculation method:
- Mole fraction of CHCl3/vapor mixtures (Choose one of two methods):
 Method 1 (Graph paper):
 Method 2 (Excel):
 Write the linear regression equation: ………………………………………
 Calculate mole fraction of CHCl3 (calculation for any vial)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

11
 Table 2.4: …………………………………………………………………………
Average boiling Mole fraction Mole fraction
Samples temperature CHCl3 CHCl3
o
( C) (vapor mixtures) (liquid mixtures)
1

- Establishing liquid-vapor phase diagram:

 Determining the temperature (TE) and mole fraction (XE) of the mixture at the eutectic point
(if any).
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Evaluating the degree of freedom, Φ (variance), in the equilibrium region on the graph and
provide comments:

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

12
 QUESTION
Evaluating the boiling point and the corresponding vapor composition of CHCl3-C2H5OH
mixture, where CHCl3 accounts for 75% of mol fraction. Can ethanol be separated from the
mixture by distillation? Explain why?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

13
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

EXPERIMENT 3: DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT

PREPARING QUESTIONS

1. What are the distribution coefficient and their influencing factors? What are the aims of
determining distribution coefficient?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Explain the principle of determining the distribution coefficient. Why is it necessary to

vigorously shake the biphasic mixture?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

14
3. Create a Grant chart for experimental planning.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

15
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

REPORT

EXPERIMENT 3: DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT

1. DATA SHEET
1.1. Determining the distribution coefficient:
Table 3.1: …………………………………………………………………………………
Water phase Organic phase

Sample Vsample: …………... Vsample: …………

: ………… …………
V1 V2 V3 Average V1 V2 V3 Average
V V
1
2
3
4
2. RESULTS AND CALCULATION:
2.1. Determine the distribution coefficient:
 Calculation methods:
- Concentration of I2 in water phase (C2) and concentration of I2 in organic phase (C1)
(calculation for any vial)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Refractive index (n) (Choose one of two methods):
 Method 1 (Graph paper):
 Method 2 (Excel):
- Write the linear regression equation: ………………………………………

16
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Value of Kd: (calculation for any vial)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Table 3.2: …………………………………………………………………………………
Water phase Organic phase

Vsample: ……… Vsample: …………

Sample : ……… : ………
Average V C2 lg(C2) Average V C1 lg(C1) Kd
(mol/l) (mol/l)
1

Average Kd:

17
 QUESTIONS

1. Why is it necessary to add KI before the titration of the organic layer? If KI was not added
or inaccurately added 25.00 ml of the KI solution, will the titration result deviate from the result
of the above experiment? Explain why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Comment on the distribution coefficient results obtained in your experiment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

18
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

EXPERIMENT 4: DETERMINING THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF

WEAK ELECTROLYTES USING CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT AND
CONDUCTIVITY TITRATION

PREPARING QUESTIONS

1. Expressing the relationship between the equivalent conductivity Λ and the dissociation
constant (Ka) of a weak electrolyte (CH3COOH) from the correlation between the quantities Λ,
Λ0, α, K and concentration. Present the method to determine Ka and Λ0 values based on graph
construction.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

2. Is it possible to determine the precise value of Λ0 directly from the graph? Explain. Suggest
a method to accurately determine Λ0 of a weak electrolyte?
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

3. Clarify what are the factors that affect the dissociation constant of a weak electrolyte? What
steps should be taken in the experiment to ensure that Ka is not affected by these factors?
19
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
4. What are the principles of conductivity titration? Construct a titration curve (with notes) when
a weak acid CH3COOH was titrated with a strong base such as NaOH.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
5. Create a Grant chart for experimental planning. Note the volumetric instrument used in this
study.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

20
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

REPORT

EXPERIMENT 4: DETERMINING THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF

WEAK ELECTROLYTES USING CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT AND
CONDUCTIVITY TITRATION METHOD

1. DATA SHEET
1.1. Parameters of conductivity meter
- Reference temperature: TREF = .................................................
- Calibrated thermal conductivity coefficient: α = .....................................................
- Specific conductivity of water: κ =......................................................
- Temperature of distilled water: T = .....................................................
- Calibrated electrode constant K = .....................................................
1.2. Determining the concentration of CH3COOH solution by conductivity measurement
method
 Prepare CH3COOH solution with a concentration of 0.1 N
Present the dilution equation (note the units in the equation), deduce the equation and
calculate the volume of laboratory solution needed to prepare 250 mL of solution with a
concentration of 0.1 N.

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

21
 Determine the concentration of the freshly prepared CH3COOH solution by
conductivity titration
Table 4.1. ...................................................................................

CNaOH: ............................................ VCH3COOH: .........................................

Volume of water added to the reaction vessel: .........................

VNaOH (ml) κ (S/cm) VNaOH (ml) κ (S/cm) VNaOH (ml) κ (S/cm)

1.3. Measuring the conductivity of the CH3COOH solution and calculating the dissociation
constant, Ka

 Prepare CH3COOH solutions with the correct concentration

Table 4.2. ...................................................................................
Solution volume: ....................................
Sample
Concentration Volume for dilution Volumetric
(eq/L) (mL) instrument used
1

22
  Measure the conductivity of CH3COOH solutions
Table 4.3. ...................................................................................
T C κ
No. o
( C) ( ) ( )
1
2
3
4
5
6

2. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

2.1. Determine the precise concentration of CH3COOH solution
Chemical equation of the titration reaction:
 Describe the calculation:
- Determine the concentration of CH3COOH solution using graph (the graph can be
constructed using graph paper or Excel spreadsheet)
 Method 1 (graph paper):
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

 Method 2 (Excel spreadsheet):

 Linear regression equation: ....................................................................................
 Volume of NaOH (Vtđ): ..........................................................................................
 Concentration of CH3COOH: ................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

2.2. Determine the dissociation constant (Ka) of CH3COOH

 Describe the calculation:

23
- Equivalent conductivity (Λ) from specific conductivity (κ); Dissociation constant
(Kacalculated) uses Λ0 looked up from the handbook converted to experimental temperature
(applicable to any one experiment).
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
Table 4.4: . .................................................................................
C Λ 1/Λ ΛC Λo Kacalculated
Samples
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1

 Plotting a graph representing the linear equation 1/Λ = f(ΛC)

 Method 1 (graph paper):
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

 Method 2 (Excel spreadsheet):

 Linear regression equation: ....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
24
  Determine the maximum equivalent conductivity of the weak electrolyte from the
graph
- Maximum equivalent conductivity converted to a temperature of 25oC (thermal
coefficient of conductivity of CH3COOH is 1.49 %):
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

- Maximum equivalent conductance looked up in the manual at 25oC:.................................

- Maximum equivalent conductance at 25oC determined from exp. 1: ..................................
 Determine the dissociation constant, Ka:
- Use the Λ0 value extrapolated from the graph:
........................................................................................................................................................
- Use the value of Λ0 in the manual at 25oC:
........................................................................................................................................................
- Use the value Λ0 determined from exp.1:
........................................................................................................................................................
3. COMMENTS
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

25
 QUESTIONS

1. Explain why at the beginning of the titration (VNaOH < 3 mL) the specific conductivity in the
solution decreases and then increases?
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

2. Why was it necessary to bring all solutions to the same temperature when measuring specific
conductivity? If solutions were not measured at the same temperature, then it is essential to
identify the error.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

3. Should the maximum equivalent conductivity of a weak electrolyte be determined directly

from the graph? Why?
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

4. Based on this experiment, please suggest a method to determine the dissociation constant of
NH4OH using conductivity measurement.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

26
 Name: Practising code:

Student’s ID: Date:

EXPERIMENT 5: DETERMINING THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF WEAK

ELECTROLYTES USING POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION METHOD

PREPARING QUESTIONS

1. Expressing the relationship equation between pH of weak electrolyte solution H2C2O4 and
concentration for both levels of dissociation.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

2. Relationship equation between pH and concentration of substances in buffer solution H2C2O4

/NaHC2O4 and NaHC2O4 /Na2C2O4. Accordingly, describe the method to determine the
dissociation constant Ka1 and Ka2 of oxalic acid.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

27
3. Describe the potentiometric titration curves pH = f(V) and dpH/dV = f(V) to illustrate the
titration reaction of weak acid HA with strong base NaOH. Present how to determine the
equivalence point and pKa of a weak acid.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

4. Providing the structure of glass electrode and integrated glass electrode? Principles for
determining pH using the integrated glass electrode?
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................

5. Create a Grant chart for experimental planning. Note the volumetric instrument used in this
study.
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................

28
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

REPORT

EXPERIMENT 5: DETERMINING THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF WEAK

ELECTROLYTES USING POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION

1. DATA SHEET
1.1. Determining the concentration of C2H2O4 using potentiometric titration
Table 5.1. .............................................................................................

Volume of C2H2O4 solution (mL): ............. Volume of water (mL): .................

Concentration of NaOH: ........................... Temperature of solution (oC): .......

VNaOH dpH VNaOH dpH VNaOH dpH

pH pH pH
(mL) dV (mL) dV (mL) dV

2. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

29
2.1. Determine the concentration of H2C2O4 acid by potentiometric titration
- Titration reaction equation:
....................................................................................................................................................
- Correlation between CM and CN of H2C2O4: ....................................................................

- Laboratory H2C2O4 concentration: ...................................................................................

- Determine the equivalence point from the graphs of pH against VNaOH and the

against VNaOH.
✔ First equivalence point, V1 (mL): .................................................................................

✔ Second equivalence point, V2 (mL): ............................................................................

- Dilution equation to calculate H2C2O4 concentration from V2

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

- Applying to calculate the concentration of H2C2O4 solution in the laboratory

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

2.2. Determining the first dissociation constant, Ka1

 Describe the calculation
- The excess concentration of H2C2O4 (Cacid) and NaHC2O4 (CNaHC2O4) formed in the
solution before the titration process reached the first equivalence point. Note: Only
calculate 4 points before and 4 points after the value V = ½V1 (Applicable to exp.1).
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

30
 Table 5.2. ...................................................................................

The volume of first equivalent point (mL): ...................

Concentration of the NaOH solution: ............................

VNaOH − [ ] − [ ]
pH [H+] Cacid CNaHC2O4
(mL) C +[ ] C +[ ]

[ ]
Determine pKa1 and calculate Ka1 from the following pH graph based on
[ ]

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

2.3. Determining the second dissociation constant, Ka2

 Describe the calculation Describe the calculation
- The excess concentration of NaHC2O4 (Cacid) and Na2C2O4 (CNa2C2O4) formed in the
solution after the titration process passed the first equivalence point and before
reaching the second equivalence point. Note: Only calculate 4 points before and 4
points after value V = 3/4V2 (Applicable to exp.1).
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

31
 Table 5.3. ..............................................................................................

The volume of second equivalent point (mL): ...............

Concentration of NaOH: ................................................

VNaOH
pH [H+] Cacid CNa2C2O4
(mL)

Determine pKa2 and calculate Ka2 from the following pH graph based on

........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

3. COMMENTS (about the Ka1 and Ka2 values obtained from the experiment and theory)
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
QUESTIONS

1. Why was it not possible to determine the equivalence point of the first level of dissociation
when titrating oxalic acid?
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

32
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

2. Titration of H2SO4 with NaOH as standard by potentiometric method. Draw the shape of the
titration curve (depending between pH and volume of standard solution). Explain in detail
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

3. Could the above method be applied to determine the dissociation constant of strong acids and
bases? Why?
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

33
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

34
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

EXPERIMENT 6: STUDYING THE KINETICS OF THE IODIZATION OF

ACETONE WITH ACID CATALYST BY THE OPTICAL METHOD

PREPARING QUESTIONS

1. Provide the iodization reaction equation of acetone and establish its kinetic equation from the
proposed mechanism in the study.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..

2. Present Arrhenius's Law and provide an equation that demonstrates the relationship between
the reaction rate constant and activation energy. Also, explain how to determine the activation
energy of a reaction using the graphical method.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

35
3. Present the method for determining the concentration of iodine. Why must the acetone
iodization reaction be carried out in the dark? Explain why it is important to carefully shake the
reaction mixture after leveling the solution to the mark on the fiols and before measuring their
absorbance (A).
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. In the case of investigating reaction kinetics, it is necessary to observe the reaction when the
reactant converses 2/3 of the initial concentration. Calculate the value of A before stopping;
suppose at time t1 (t1 is very close to the value), A was 0.900. Suggest a calculation method to
obtain 8 points of A values correctly (hint: calculate a reasonable sampling interval time) to
achieve 2/3 of the conversion degree.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

36
Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

REPORT

EXPERIMENT 6: STUDYING THE KINETICS OF THE IODIZATION OF

ACETONE WITH ACID CATALYST BY THE OPTICAL METHOD

1. DATA SHEETS
Table 6.1: ……………………………………………………….……………………
EXP 1 EXP 2 EXP 3
EN t (minute) A EN t (minute) A EN t (minute) A
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9
EXP 4 EXP 5 EXP 6
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8

37
2. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS:
2.1. Determining reaction rate constant, k
- Presenting how to calculate the initial concentrations of acid, acetone, and iodine (for any
sample)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

- Providing how to calculate k in one of two methods (graphs could be drawn on graph paper
or MS Excel) (for any entry)
⮚ Method 1: through reaction rate (k1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

⮚ Method 2: based on half-life approach (k2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

38
 Table 6.2: ……………………………………………………….…………
Reaction rate
+ Reaction
[Iod]o [Acetone]o [H ]o constant, k
EN Temperature rate
(………) (………) (………) (………………)
(………)
k1 k2
1
2
3
4
5
6

2.2. Establishing the order for iodine, acetone and acid

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Expressing the rate equation from the experimental results. Was the mechanism proposed in
this study appropriate? Explain why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.3. Calculating the activated energy, Ea
- Method 1: through reaction rate constant (k1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
39
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Method 2: half-life method (k2): graphs can be drawn in graph paper or MS Excel)

Table 6.3: ……………………………………………………….…………

Reaction rate
T 1/T
EN constant, k lnk
(………) (………)
(………………)

⮚ Method 1 (in graph paper):

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
⮚ Method 2 (MS Excel):
 Expressing the regression linear equation: ……………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

 Comparing two Ea values:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

40
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

EXPERIMENT 7: INVESTIGATING THE ADSORPTION OF ACETIC ACID ON

ACTIVATED CARBON

PREPARING QUESTIONS

1. Describing the concept of adsorption. Distinguish between absorption and adsorption.

Compare physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Presenting the factors that mainly affect the adsorption process. Interpret in detail the
influence of these factors.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

41
3. Establishing the method for determining the adsorption equilibrium constant and maximum
adsorption according to the Langmuir theory.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.
4. Describing in detail the method for determining constant values in the Freundlich equation.
Point out the limitation of this method.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Explain the reason for thoroughly shaking the flasks during the adsorption process.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

42
 Name: Practising code:

Student ID: Date:

REPORT

EXPERIMENT 7: INVESTIGATING THE ADSORPTION OF ACETIC ACID ON

ACTIVATED CARBON

1. DATA SHEETS
1.1. Determining the concentration of CH3COOH before adsorption:
- Concentration of the laboratory's NaOH solution: ……………….
- Determine the precise concentration of 0.5 M CH3COOH solution in the laboratory
Table 7.1: ……………………………………………………….……………………

VNaOH (mL) VCH3COOH

V1 V2 V3 (mL)

1.2. Determining the amount of activated carbon used in the adsorption process:
Table 7.2: ……………………………………………………….……………………

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
mAC (g)

43
1.3. Determining the concentration of CH3COOH after the system reached the
equilibrium adsorption:
Table 7.3: ……………………………………………………….……………..S
VNaOH (mL)
Sample VCH3COOH (mL)
V1 V2 V3
1
2
3
4
5
6

2. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS:

2.1. Determining the concentration of CH3COOH before adsorption:
- Re-determine the precise concentration of CH3COOH 0,5 M: .…………………
- Establish how to calculate the concentration of CH3COOH (Co) before using it in the
adsorption process (for any flask).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Table 7.4: ……………………………………………………….……………………
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
VCH3COOH 0,5 M
Vsolution (mL)
Co (M)

2.2. Determining the concentration of CH3COOH after the system reached equilibrium
adsorption
- Establishing how to calculate concentration of CH3COOH after adsorption (Ceq) (for any
flask)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

44
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Table 7.5: ……………………………………………………….……………………
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
NaOH (mL)
Co (M)

2.3. Evaluating the values of amax; kLangmuir; n and kFreundlich based on the isothermal
adsorption, Langmuir and Freundlich theory

- Establishing how to calculate concentration of CH3COOH after adsorption (Ceq) (apply for
any flask)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Table 7.6:. ……………………………………………………….……………………
C a c/a lga lgc
Sample
(...............) (...............) (...............) (...............) (...............)
1
2
3
4
5
6

- amax value obtained from the isothermal adsorption: ………………….

- Providing amax and kLangmuir based on the Langmuir model (graphs can be drawn in
graph paper or MS Excel)

45
 ⮚ Method 1 (graph paper ):
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
⮚ Method 2 (MS excel):

 Expressing the linear regression equation: ……………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

 Compare two amax values:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

- Providing n and kFreundlich according to the Freundlich model (graphs can be drawn on graph
paper or MS Excel)
⮚ Method 1 (in graph paper ):
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
⮚ Method 2 (MS Excel):

 Expressing the linear regression equation: …………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. COMMENTS:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

46