PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics

Spring 2022

∆𝒑 = 𝑭∆𝒕 ∆𝑬 = 𝑾 + 𝑸 ∆𝑳 = 𝝉∆𝒕
Lecture 07
Tuesday, Feb. 1st
Young’s Modulus
• Young’s Modulus, 𝑌 …
– an intrinsic property of the material
– does not depend upon shape and size.

𝐹𝑇
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑇 𝐿
𝑌= →𝑌=
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴(∆𝐿)
𝐹𝑇 = 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔
∆𝐿
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐿
RECALL: Young’s Modulus & Spring Constants
• 𝑌 related to stiffness const. of wire, 𝑘𝑠,𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 :
– Treating wire as a spring: 𝐹𝑇 = 𝑘𝑠,𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 ∆𝐿
𝐹𝑇 𝐿
– From definition of Young’s Modulus: 𝑌 =
𝐴(∆𝐿)

𝐴
𝑘𝑠,𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 =𝑌
𝐿
• 𝑌 related to stiffness const. of
interatomic bond , 𝑘𝑠,𝑖 : 𝑘𝑠,𝑖 = 𝑌𝑑
– Relationship between stiffness
constants: 𝐴 𝑘𝑠,𝑖
𝑘𝑠,𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 =
𝐿𝑑
 Hooke’s Law
• Relates the…
– Force applied to wire (cause), to
– Extension of the wire (effect)
• Assumes wire stretches like a spring
• Young’s Modulus, 𝑌 …
– an intrinsic property of the material elastic limit
– NOT depend upon shape or size.
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑇 /𝐴
𝑌= →𝑌=
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (∆𝐿/𝐿)
• Beyond a certain point of Stress, the
wire is no longer behaves like a spring
– It disintegrates
– This is the elastic limit
 Problem – Ch 4 P37
Suppose we hang a heavy ball with a mass of 10kg from a
steel wire 3m long that in 3mm in diameter. Steel is very
stiff, and Young’s modulus for steel is 2 × 1011 N/m2.
Calculate the stretch ΔL of the steel wire.
Contact Interactions : Macro View
Two kinds discussed here:
• Normal Reaction
– Force exerted on object because it presses against
another object.
– Is perpendicular to interface between the objects.
– e.g. 𝐹Ԧ𝑁 by table on block, because block exerts on
𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 on table. 𝐹Ԧ𝑁 is perpendicular to table
• Friction
– Force exerted on an object because it slides or
attempts to slide on a surface.
– Is parallel to surface and opposite in direction to
motion or attempted motion
– e.g. 𝑓Ԧ by table on block, b/c block slides on table due to 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
exerted by you on the block.𝑓Ԧ is parallel to table, and opposite to
direction of motion
Direction of Friction
Q4. You push a block with your hand into the wall to
hold it stationary. What are the direction of 𝐹𝑁
and 𝑓𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 respectively on the block?
A. Up, Left
B. Up, Down
C. Left, Up
D. Left, Down
E. None of the above
Contact Interactions : Micro View
Table → Balls + Springs.
• Normal Force: Springs
below block get
compressed, exerting an
upward spring force
causing 𝐹Ԧ𝑁 .
• Friction: Springs toward
front of block are get
compressed, and toward
back of the block get
extended. causing, 𝑓Ԧ
Sliding Friction 𝑓𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 ≈ 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁

• Objects are in relative Coefficient of Kinetic

motion to each other: Friction
• Coefficient of Sliding
Friction, 𝜇𝑘
– Depends on type of
materials.
– Does NOT depend on
speed of motion or area
of contact
Static Friction 𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁

• Objects are at rest Coefficient of Static

relative to each other: Friction
• Coefficient of Static
Friction, 𝜇𝑠
– Depends on type of
materials.
– Is typically larger than
coefficient of sliding
friction: 𝜇𝑠 ≥ 𝜇𝑘
Friction & Applied Force
Block is initially at rest:
• If 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
– Remains at rest.
• If 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 > 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
– Begins to move.
Block is initially at moving:
• If 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 < 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
– Slows to a stop.
• If 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
– Moves at a steady speed.
• If 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 > 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
– Accelerates.
Comparing Applied Forces
Q5. You push a box across the floor at a constant speed of
1 m/s, applying a horizontal constant force of magnitude
20 N. Your friend pushes the same box across the same
floor at a constant speed of 2 m/s, applying a horizontal
force. What is the magnitude of the force that your
friend applies to the box?
A. 10 N
B. 20 N
C. 40 N
D. 80 N
E. None of above
 PROBLEM : CH 4, P48
If you place a box of mass 8 kg on a
moving horizontal conveyer belt, the
friction force of the belt acting on the
bottom of the box speeds up the box.
At first there is some slipping, until the
speed of the box catches up to the
speed of the belt, which is 5 m/s. The
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.6
(a) How much time does it take for the
box to reach its final speed of 5 m/s?
(b)What is the distance, relative to the
floor, that the box moves before
reaching the final speed of 5 m/s?
 RECAP: Momentum Principle
• Given : All forces acting
on a system exerted by ∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡
objects in its surroundings.
• Find : Change in momentum of system.
– From All Given Forces → Find Net Force, 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
– Choose appropriate time step, ∆𝑡 over which
Net Force does not change significantly
– Find Change in Momentum, ∆𝑝Ԧ
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 y

RECAP: Types of Forces z

x

• Spring Force : 𝐹Ԧ𝑠 = −𝑘𝑠 𝑠Ԧ

– Parallel to axis of spring.
– Opposite to displacement
from equilibrium.

• Tension Force : 𝐹𝑇
– Along the direction or rope
or string.
– Away from the object that
the rope or string is
connected to.
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 Motion Under Spring Force
Click to Run Demo 1 What will happen if we give the front
face of this solid a whack, that is, we
exert an impulsive force on it?

To answer this question, we must first

find out what happens when you give
a push to a mass attached to a spring
 Momentum Principle Revisited
∆𝑝Ԧ
Ԧ Ԧ
• ∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 → 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
∆𝑡
– Exact expression when 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 is constant over ∆𝑡
• But, when when 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 is NOT constant over ∆𝑡
– Need to make ∆𝑡 short enough so 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 is constant
over the time interval.
∆𝑝Ԧ
– 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
• Revised Momentum Principle: = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡
 Block – Spring System Revisited
• System: Block y
𝐹Ԧ𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 0, 𝐹𝑁 , 0
• Surroundings: z
x

– Spring, Earth. Table

𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
= 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡 =0 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 0, −𝑚𝑔, 0

𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
= 𝐹Ԧ𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ + 𝐹Ԧ𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑝𝑥 , 0,0
= −𝑘𝑠 𝑥, 0,0
𝑑𝑡
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 Block – Spring Problem y
𝑑𝑝𝑥
Previous Slide: = −𝑘𝑠 𝑥 x
𝑑𝑡 z

Unpacking Left Hand Side:

𝑑𝑝𝑥 𝑑(𝑚𝑣𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑣𝑥
→ = =𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
But: 𝑣𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
So: 𝑚 = −𝑘𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑚 2
= −𝑘𝑠 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Differential Equation of Motion
 Analytical Solution
𝑑2 𝑥(𝑡) AMPLITUDE
𝑚 2
= −𝑘𝑠 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Form of solution: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
Angular frequency
Plug it into equation to get:
−𝑚𝐴𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 = −𝑘𝑠 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝑘𝑠 𝑘𝑠
Equation solved if: 𝜔2 = → 𝜔=
𝑚 𝑚
t

𝑘𝑠 𝑘𝑠
Solution: 𝜔2 = → 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑚 𝑚
 Block-Spring Problem
T = 2
( ) ks Period T:
x = Acos w t w=
m 2 m
T= = 2 [s]
 ks

A Frequency: f = 1/ T
 1 ks [s-1]
t f = =
T 2T 2 2 m
-A
 Block-Spring System : Vertical
Choose origin at equilibrium position

y
Apply Momentum Principle:
𝑘𝑠 𝑠0
dp y
s0 0, , 0 = 0, −ks ( y − s0 ) − mg , 0
x dt

Extension
𝑚𝑔 dp y of Spring
= −k s y + k s s0 − mg
The same equation and motion dt
in the presence of gravity as for
horizontal case we analyzed, if =0
you choose origin at equilibrium dp y
point in the vertical case!
= − k s y At Equilibrium position,
dt spring force & force
Details: Sec. 4.16 (p. 161)
due to gravity balance
22
 𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
Q1. At Equilibrium Point
𝑑𝑡

Highest point
𝑘𝑠 𝑠

Equilibrium

Lowest point
𝑚𝑔
𝑑 𝑝Ԧ A. Up and Maximized
What is at the
𝑑𝑡
Equilibrium Point B. Zero
C. Down and Maximized
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 𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
Q2. At Lowest Point
𝑑𝑡

Highest point
𝑘𝑠 𝑠
Equilibrium

Lowest point
𝑚𝑔
𝑑 𝑝Ԧ A. Up and Maximized
What is at the
𝑑𝑡
Lowest Point B. Zero
C. Down and Maximized
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 𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
Q3. At Highest Point
𝑑𝑡

Highest point
𝑚𝑔
Equilibrium
𝑘𝑠 𝑠
Lowest point

𝑑 𝑝Ԧ A. Up and Maximized
What is at the
𝑑𝑡
Highest Point B. Zero
C. Down and Maximized
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 Speed of Sound In Solids
• Time to
move from
equilibrium
to extreme
1
~𝑇~
𝜔
• Separation
Distance ~𝑑
• Speed =
Distance / Time
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑑 𝑘𝑠
Where : 𝜔 =
𝑚 26
Buoyancy: Microscopic Perspective
• Air molecules constantly hit
surface and bounce off,
exerting forces on surface.
• Pressure: average force per
unit area: 𝑷 = 𝑭/𝑨
• More molecules at below
an object than above an
object
• So, 𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝑃𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
• So: 𝐹𝐵𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝐹𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
• Net Buoyant Force acts UP
27
Buoyancy: Macroscopic Perspective
dp
= Fnet
dt
Fbuoyant Fb
Fbuoyant + mair g = 0
Fbuoyant = -mair g

mair g
Archimedes principle: Fg = mball g
any body partially or
completely submerged in Fb mair g V air
= =
a fluid or gas is buoyed up Fg mball g V ball
by a force equal to the rair = 1.3 kg/m3
Fb air
weight of the fluid/gas =
displaced by the body. Fg ball At STP:
0 °C and 101.325 kPa
 Buoyant Force Fb
Buoyant Force : 𝐹𝑏
• Upward direction
• Equals weight of fluid displaced:
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑊𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝.𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔
• Depends on
– Submerged volume of object, 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏
– Density of fluid in which it
submerged, 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
• Microscopic Reason
– More fluid molecules below
submerged object than above.
– Force exerted on bottom pushing
up exceeds force exerted on top
pushing down 29
 Demo 2B-13

A boat carrying a large boulder is floating in a

lake. The boulder is thrown overboard and
sinks. Will the water level in the lake rise,
remain the same of fall?

Will the water level

rise, stay the same
or fall?
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RECAP & MORE: Momentum Principle
• Given : All forces acting on a
system due to surroundings. ∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡
• Find : Change in momentum
of system.
ALSO…
• Given : Rate of change of
momentum of system. 𝑑𝑝Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
• Find : Any unknown force acting 𝑑𝑡
on system due to surroundings.
31
 Finding Unknown Forces
• Explicitly choose a system & identify surroundings
• Identify all forces on system due to surroundings
• Draw a Free Body Diagram showing all forces
𝑑𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑦𝑠
• Note rate of system’s momentum change :
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑦𝑠
• Use 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = to deduce net force on system
𝑑𝑡
• Solve for unknown force contributing to net force.

32
 Two Kinds of Situations
𝑑𝑝Ԧ DYNAMICS
STATICS 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑝Ԧ 𝑑 𝑝Ԧ
= 0 → 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 ≠ 0 → 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Example: You pull a block Example: Both boxes are initially at
suspended so that it hangs as rest on ice. You push with a
shown. Angle, 𝜃 and mass, 𝑚 constant horizontal force 𝐹Ԧ on the
are given. Find the forces 𝐹Ԧ1 and lower box, boxes begin to move
𝐹Ԧ2 in the diagram below. together across the ice. What is the
friction force between m2 and m1 ?

𝐹Ԧ1 m2

𝐹Ԧ2 m1
𝑚 33
 STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Problem
System: mass, 𝑚

𝐹1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Surrounding: Earth, Strings 𝐹Ԧ1

Start with Momentum Principle: 𝐹Ԧ2

𝑑 𝑝Ԧ 𝐹1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑚
= 0 → 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
→ 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 0, −𝑚𝑔, 0
In component form:
→ −𝐹1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝐹1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 0 + 𝐹2 , 0, 0 + 0, −𝑚𝑔, 0 = 0, 0, 0
Y-component: X-component:
𝐹1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 −𝐹1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +𝐹2 = 0

Solve for 𝐹1 Solve for 𝐹2 34

 𝐹𝑁 m
DYNAMICS Problem 2

System : m1 and m2 together 𝑑 𝑝Ԧ

m1
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
Surrounding : Hand, Earth, Ice 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑔

𝑑 𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑝Ԧ ≈ 𝑚𝑣Ԧ 𝑑 𝑣Ԧ𝑠𝑦𝑠

𝐹, 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑔, 0 = 𝐹, 0, 0 ≈ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Relate to Block 2.
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑 𝑣Ԧ1 𝑑 𝑣Ԧ2 𝑑 𝑣Ԧ2
Blocks accelerate = = 𝐹, 0, 0 ≈ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
together 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑁1 𝑜𝑛 2
System : m2 only 𝑑 𝑝Ԧ2
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡2 =
Surrounding : m1, Earth 𝑑𝑡 m2 𝑓1 𝑜𝑛 2
𝑑𝑝Ԧ2 𝑑 𝑣Ԧ2 m1−𝑚2 𝑔
𝑓1 𝑜𝑛 2 , 𝐹𝑁 1 𝑜𝑛 2 − 𝑚2 𝑔, 0 = ≈ 𝑚2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑓1 𝑜𝑛 2 , 0, 0 = 𝐹, 0 , 0 𝑓1 𝑜𝑛 2 = 𝐹
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 35
Net Force : Case with Friction
Q5. You push two boxes as shown
m2
on the floor with friction. The
boxes move at a constant m1
speed. What is the net force on
m2 ?
A. It is the same as in the previous
𝑚2
example : 𝐹
𝑚1 +𝑚2
B. It is zero.
C. There is no way to tell, unless
you know the coefficient of
friction

36
 PROBLEM : Buoyant Force
A square wooden block
1/3
is floating in water 1
(𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
with 1/3rd of its 1
thickness above water.
What is the density of
the block, 𝜌𝑏 ?

37
Multi-Object Problem:
Two boxes of hockey equipment
are in contact and at rest 𝐹റ
m2 m
on the ice surface of a 1

skating rink when you

begin to push as shown on box 1 with a constant force
of magnitude F.
a) What is the acceleration of the boxes while you push?
b) What is the net force acting on box 1 while you push
and what objects in its surroundings interact
significantly with box 1 to produce that net force?
 Be Sure To…
• Complete
– Go to Brightspace
• See Syllabus and Course Schedule
– iClicker Registration
– HW 06 due 11:59 PM Wednesday (2/2)
– HW 07 due 11:59 PM Friday (2/4)
– Attend your assigned Recitation (by Registrar) this week! Recitation 04
can be found in Brightspace, Week 04 Folder.
– Attend your assigned Lab (by Registrar) this week! Lab 04 can be found
in Brightspace, Week 04 Folder.
• Read relevant sections in text as per syllabus, before next lecture

SEE YOU NEXT LECTURE!

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