Math 3 Engineering

Calculus2
Integration Formulas (Continuation 2)
Illustrative Problem (Trigonometric Functions)
න sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + C

1
1. ‫ ׬‬sin 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
let 𝑢 = 2 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
therefore ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1
= −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
Illustrative Problem (Trigonometric Functions)
න cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sin 𝑢 + C

2. ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬cot 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Therefore: ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬cot 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= ln sin 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
Illustrative Problem (Trigonometric Functions)
න sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶

3. ‫ ׬‬tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
the function cannot be directly integrable hence, transform tan2 𝜃 in
terms of sec 2 𝜃 by the identity tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 − 1

therefore: ‫ ׬‬tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ‫ ׬‬sec 2 𝜃 − 1 𝑑𝜃

= න sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − න 𝑑𝜃

= tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝐶
 Transformations of Trigonometric Integrals
• Products of the form sin 𝑎𝑢 sin 𝑏𝑢 , sin 𝑎𝑢 cos 𝑏𝑢 ,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑎𝑢 cos 𝑏𝑢 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏, are constants, can be
integrated by use of the transformations:
1 1
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
2 2
1 1
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐵
2 2
1 1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
2 2
 Illustrative Problem
(Transformation of Trigonometric Integrals)
1) ‫ ׬‬cos 5𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
let 𝐴 = 5𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 3𝑥
1 1
therefore ‫ ׬‬cos 5𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬2 cos 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 cos 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= න cos 2𝑥 + cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= න cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= sin 2𝑥 + sin 8𝑥 + 𝐶
4 16
 Transformations of Trigonometric Integrals
• A product of the form sin𝑚 𝑢 cos𝑛 𝑢, where either 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 is a
positive odd integer, can be integrated by use of the trigonometric
identities
sin2 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 = 1 − sin2 𝑢
 Illustrative Problem
(Transformation of Trigonometric Integrals)
2) ‫ ׬‬sin2 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ‫ ׬‬sin2 𝑥 1 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ‫ ׬‬sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= sin3 𝑥 − sin5 𝑥 +𝐶
3 5
 Transformations of Trigonometric Integrals
• A product of the form sin𝑚 𝑢 cos𝑛 𝑢, where either 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 are both
positive even integers, can be integrated by use of the trigonometric
identities
2 1 1 2 1 1
sin 𝑢 = − 2 2
cos 2𝑢 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 = + 2 2
cos 2𝑢

1
sin 𝑢 cos 𝑢 = sin 2𝑢
2
 Illustrative Problem
(Transformation of Trigonometric Integrals)
3) ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬2 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= න sin 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න sin2 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 4
1 1 1
= න − cos 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 2
1
= න 1 − cos 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8
1 1 1 1
= 8
‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ − 8
‫ ׬‬cos 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8
𝑥 − 96
sin 12𝑥 +𝐶
 Transformations of Trigonometric Integrals
• A power of the form tan𝑛 𝑢 cot 𝑛 𝑢, where 𝑛 is a positive integer,
can be integrated by use of the trigonometric identities
tan2 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1
 Illustrative Problem
(Transformation of Trigonometric Integrals)
4) ‫𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
= න tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − ln sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
4 2 2
5) ‫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬− 1 𝑑𝑥
= න 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 dx − න 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= න 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 dx − න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

= න 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 dx − න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
 Transformations of Trigonometric Integrals
• A power of the form sec 𝑛 𝑢 c𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑢, where 𝑛 (>2) is a positive
integer, can be integrated by use of the trigonometric identities
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 1 + tan2 𝑢, 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 = 1 + cot 2 𝑢
Illustrative Problem.
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ‫𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬2 𝑥 + 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
 Transformations of Trigonometric Integrals
• A product of the form tan𝑚 𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑢, where 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 are positive integers, can be
integrated (a) as indicted in illustration above when 𝑛 is even, (b) as indicated in
illustration below when 𝑚 is odd.

Illustrative Problem.
න 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 + 𝐶
5
5 3