Exercise questions for the

final
23-24 Fall
240109
Q1. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that an adult consume less than 2.4 g
of sodium per day. What mass of sodium chloride (in grams) can you consume and still be within the
FDA guidelines? Sodium chloride is 39% sodium by mass. (MWNaCl58,443 g/mol)
Q1. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that an adult consume less
than 2.4 g of sodium per day. What mass of sodium chloride (in grams) can you consume
and still be within the FDA guidelines? Sodium chloride is 39% sodium by mass.

? g NaCl = 2.4 g Na+ 100g NaCl / 39g Na+

? g NaCl = 6.1538 g NaCl

= 6.2 g NaCl
Q2. A sugar crystal contains approximately 1.8 x 1017 sucrose
(C12H22O11) molecules. What is its mass in mg? MW of C12H22O11 is 342.3 gr/mol.
Q2. A sugar crystal contains approximately 1.8 x 1017 sucrose
(C12H22O11) molecules. What is its mass in mg? MW of C12H22O11 is 342.3 gr/mol.

? gr C12H22O11 = 1.8 x 1017 sucrose molecule x 342.3 g/6.02 x 1023

= 1.0 x 10-4 g
= 1.0 x 10-1 mg
= 0.10 mg
Q3. During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C6H12O6)
according to the reaction:

6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) à 6 O2(g) + C6H12O6(aq)

Suppose that a particular plant consumes 37.8 g of CO2 in one week. Assuming that there is
more than enough water present to react with all of the CO2, what mass of glucose (in
grams) can the plant synthesize from the CO2?
molar mass CO2 = 44.01 gr/mol
molar mass C6H12O6 = 180.2 gr/mol
 Q3. During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C6H12O6)
according to the reaction:

6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) à 6 O2(g) + C6H12O6(aq)

Suppose that a particular plant consumes 37.8 g of CO2 in one week. Assuming that there is
more than enough water present to react with all of the CO2, what mass of glucose (in
grams) can the plant synthesize from the CO2?
molar mass CO2 = 44.01 gr/mol
molar mass C6H12O6 = 180.2 gr/mol

? C6H12O6 = 37.8 gr CO2 x 1 mole CO2 / 44.01 gr CO2 x 1 mole C6H12O6 / 6 mole CO2 x 180.2 gr C6H12O6 /1 mole C6H12O6

? C6H12O6 = 25.795501 gr C6H12O6

= 25.8 gr C6H12O6
Q4. A compound containing nitrogen and oxygen is decomposed in the laboratory.
It produces 24.5 g nitrogen and 70.0 g oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the
compound.
Q4. A compound containing nitrogen and oxygen is decomposed in the laboratory.
It produces 24.5 g nitrogen and 70.0 g oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the
compound.

# of moles of N = 24.5 gr / 14.01 gr/mole

= 1.75 moles
# of moles of O = 70 gr / 16.00 gr/mole
= 4.38 moles

N1.75O4.38 è N1.75/1.75 O4.38/1.75 è N1O2.5 è N2O5

Q5. Butanedione—the component responsible for the smell and taste of butter and
cheese—contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The empirical formula of
butanedione is C2H3O, and its molar mass is 86.09 g/mol. Determine its molecular formula.
 Q5. Butanedione—the component responsible for the smell and taste of butter and
cheese—contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The empirical formula of
butanedione is C2H3O, and its molar mass is 86.09 g/mol. Determine its molecular formula.

MW of C2H3O = 2 MWC x 12.011 + 3 MWH x 1.008 + 1 MWO x 16.00

MW of C2H3O = 2 x 12.011 gr/mol + 3 x 1,00784 gr/mol + 1 x 15,999 gr/mol

MW of C2H3O = 43.045 X gr/mole must be equal to 86.09 gr/mole

è X = 2 and C4H6O2
Q6. Balance the following chemical reactions.

C4H10(g) + O2(g) à CO2(g) + H2O(g)

SrCl2(aq) + Li3PO4(aq) à Sr3(PO4)2(s) + LiCl(aq)

Q6. Balance the following chemical reactions.

C4H10(g) + O2(g) à CO2(g) + H2O(g)

SrCl2(aq) + Li3PO4(aq) à Sr3(PO4)2(s) + LiCl(aq)

Start with the most complex molecule.

2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) à 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)

3 SrCl2(aq) + 2 Li3PO4(aq) à Sr3(PO4)2(s) + 6 LiCl(aq)

Q7. Butane (C4H10) is the liquid fuel in lighters. How many grams of carbon are present
within a lighter containing 7.25 mL of butane? (The density of liquid butane is 0.601 gr/mL,
MW of C is 12.011, MW of H is 1.008 gr/mol)
Q7. Butane (C4H10) is the liquid fuel in lighters. How many grams of carbon are present
within a lighter containing 7.25 mL of butane? (The density of liquid butane is 0.601 gr/mL,
MW of C is 12.011, MW of H is 1.008 gr/mol)

? gr of C = 7.25 mL C4H10 x 0.601 gr/mL C4H10 x 48.0 gr C / 58.1 gr C4H10

= 3.60 gr C
 Q8. When 12.3 g of CO react with O2 according to the chemical equation
2CO + O2 à 2CO2
18.0 g of CO2 are obtained. What is the percent yield of CO2 for this reaction?
(MWCO: 12.3 g/mol, CO2: 44,01 g/mol)
 Q8. When 12.3 g of CO react with O2 according to the chemical equation
2CO + O2 à 2CO2
18.0 g of CO2 are obtained. What is the percent yield of CO2 for this reaction?
(MWCO: 12.3 g/mol, CO2: 44,01 g/mol)

Theoretical yield è
? gr C02 = 12.3 gr CO x 1 mol CO/ 28,01 g CO x 2 mol CO2/ 2 mol CO x 44.01 gr CO2 /1 mol CO2

? gr C02 = 19.3260621 gr = 19.3 gr

Percent yield of CO2 è

Percent yield of CO2 = actual yield / theoretical yeild x 100

Percent yield of CO2 =18.0 g / 19.3 gr x 100

Percent yield of CO2 = 93.2642487 % = 93.3 %

Q9. Consider the equation:
A(g) + B(g) ⟶ C(g)
The initial rate of reaction is measured at several different concentrations of the reactants with the
tabulated results shown here. From the data, determine:
A) the rate law of the reaction
B) the rate constant (k) for the reaction

SHOW CALCULATIONS!

[A] [B] Rate (M/s)

0.25 0.100 0.640

0.25 0.150 1.40

0.30 0.150 2.03

0.40 0.400 26.6

 Rate = ! [#]% [&]'
• Dividing Rate2 by Rate3 è
Rate1 = k 0.250x 0.100y = 0.640
()*+- / 0.234 0.5306 5.80
()*+@
= / 0.A04 0.5306
= 2.0A
Rate2 = k 0.250x 0.150y = 1.40
0.25%
/ 0.234 0.506
= 0.690
Dividing Rate1 by Rate2 è
()*+,
= =
0.780 0.30%
()*+- / 0.234 0.536 5.80

0.10' 0.83x = 0.690

= 0.457
0.15'
x log(0.83) = log(0.690)
'
0.68 = 0.457
x 0.081 = 0.161
y log(0.68) = log(0.457)
x=2
y (-0.17) = (-0.340)
Rate1 = k 0.402 0.4002 = 26.6
y = 2.0
k 0.026 = 26.6

k = 1,019.15709

k = 1.0 x 103
Q10. What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.6 M in acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and 1.5 M in
sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2)? The pKa for acetic acid is 4.74.
Q10. What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.6 M in acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and 1.5 M in
sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2)? The pKa for acetic acid is 4.74.

pH = pKa + Log([C2H3O2-]/[C2H3O2H])

pH = 4.74 + log(1.5/0.6)

pH = 4.74 + log(2.5)

pH = 4.74 + 0.40

pH = 5.14
Q11. In a nitric acid (HNO3)–potassium hydroxide (KOH) acid–base titration, 32.4 mL of
0.352 M KOH is required to neutralize 50.0 mL of HNO3 of unknown concentration. Find the
molarity of the HNO3 solution, given that the neutralization reaction that occurs is

HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) à KNO3(aq) + H2O(aq)

NEXT CLASS STARTS HERE

Q11. In a nitric acid (HNO3)–potassium hydroxide (KOH) acid–base titration, 32.4 mL of
0.352 M KOH is required to neutralize 50.0 mL of HNO3 of unknown concentration. Find the
molarity of the HNO3 solution, given that the neutralization reaction that occurs is

HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) à KNO3(aq) + H2O(aq)

[OH-] = 0.0324 L x 0.352 moles/L = 0.0114 moles

H3O+ = OH- = 0.0114 moles

[HNO3] = [H3O+] / 0.050L = 0.00114 moles / 0.0500 L = 0.228 M (moles/L)

Q12. Combustion of 30.42 g of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
produces 35.21 g CO2 and 14.42 g H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
 Q12. Combustion of 30.42 g of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
produces 35.21 g CO2 and 14.42 g H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

CxHyOz + O2 à CO2 + H2O

H20 à 14.42 gr / 18 gr/mole = 0.8002 moles CxHyOz + O2 à CO2 + H2O

0.6000 0.8000 0.8002
CO2 à 35.21 gr / 44.01 gr /mol = 0.8000 moles
1 1.333 1.333 X3
O2 à 35.21 g CO2 + 14.42 g H2O – 30.42 gr CxHyOz 3 4 4

O2 à 19.21 gr
C4H8O6 from the table

O2 à 19.21 gr / 32.00 gr/mole O2 = 0.6000 moles But the correct answer is C2H4O3 because the
empirical formula of a chemical compound is the
simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in
a compound.
 Q13. Ammonia, NH3, can be synthesized by the reaction:

2 NO(g) + 5 H2(g) à 2 NH3(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Starting with 86.3 g NO and 25.6 g H2, how many grams of NH3 can be synthesized?
molar mass NO = 30.01 gr/mol
molar mass H2 = 2.02 gr/mol
 Q13. Ammonia, NH3, can be synthesized by the reaction:

2 NO(g) + 5 H2(g) à 2 NH3(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Starting with 86.3 g NO and 25.6 g H2, how many grams of NH3 can be synthesized?
molar mass NO = 30.01 gr/mol
molar mass H2 = 2.02 gr/mol

86.3 gr NO = 2.88 moles

25.6 gr H2 = 12.7 moles
molar mass NH3 = 17.03 g/mol

NO is limiting reagents

? gr NH3 = 2.87 mole NO x 2 mole NH3 / 2 mole NO x 17.03 gr / mole NH3

= 48.8761 gr NH3 produced
= 48.9 gr NH3 produced
Q14. What volume (in L) of 0.150 M KCl solution will completely react with 0.150 L of a
0.175 M Pb(NO3)2 solution according to the following balanced chemical equation?

2 KCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) à PbCl2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Q14. What volume (in L) of 0.150 M KCl solution will completely react with 0.150 L of a
0.175 M Pb(NO3)2 solution according to the following balanced chemical equation?

2 KCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) à PbCl2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

mol Pb(NO3)2 = 0.175 mol/L x 0.150 L

= 0.0263 mol

? mol KCl = 0.0263 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 2 mol KCl / 1 mol Pb(NO3)2

= 0.0526 mol KCl
Molarity of KCl = # of moles of KCl / Volume

Volume = # of moles of KCl / Molarity of KCl

= 0.0526 / 0.150 M
= 0.350 L KCl solution
Q15. Consider the following hypothetical situation in which a chemical reaction happens.

3A(aq) + 2B(aq) + 4C(aq) ⟶ D(aq) + E(g)

During the reaction, the temperature of the cell stays constant at 37°C and the external
pressure is 1.00 x 10-5 pascal. The volume of a healthy cell is 1.00 x 10-16 m3 and cell can
survive up to 10% volume increase. Calculated the energy released by consumption of 1.00
x 10-22 mole A and determine whether the cell can survive after the volume expansion
caused by this chemical reaction. Assume that all the energy released by this chemical
reaction is utilized by volume expansion. (1 µm3 = 1.00 x 10-18 m3)

Substance ΔH°f (kJ/mol)

A 158
B 244
C 111
D 500
E 700
 ΔH°rxn = ΣnpΔH°f (products) - ΣnrΔH°f (reactants)
Since ΔV > 0 for an expansion, PV must be written with a
negative sign to describe PV work done by the system as
ΔH°rxn = ΔH°f(D) + ΔH°f(E) – [3 ΔH°f(A) + 2 ΔH°f(B) + 4 ΔH°f(C)] negative.

ΔH°rxn = 500 + 700 -[3 x 158 + 2 x 244 + 4 x 111] W = − Pext ΔV

ΔH = - Pext (V2-V1) at constant P and T

ΔH°rxn = 1.20 x 103 - [474 + 488 + 444]
-7.00 x 10-18 J = - 1.00 x 10-5 Pa (V2 - 1.00 x 10-16 m3)
ΔH°rxn = 1.20 x 103 – 1.41 x 103
-7.00 x 10-18 J = - 1.00 x 10-5 Pa (V2 - 1.00 x 10-16 m3)
ΔH°rxn = - 0.210 x 103 kJ
-7.00 x 10-13 = -V2 + 1.00 x 10-16 m3
a volume of = 1.00 x 10-16 m3
V2 = -7.00 x 10-13 + 1.00 x 10-16 m3
!.##$%% &'(
ΔH for 1 µmol = - 0.210 x 106 Jx
) &'(
= -7.00 x 10-18 J V2 = 7.00 x 10-13 m3

ΔH = ΔE + W
Cell will not survive.
Q16. What is the final temperature when 25 gr of iron bar at 70°C are placed in 100 mL of water
containing 10 gr of gold at 10°C? the specific heat capacity of Fe, Au and water are 0.128 J/g °C, 0.129
and 4.18 J/g °C, respectively.
Q16. What is the final temperature when 25 gr of iron bar at 70°C are placed in 100 mL of water
containing 10 gr of gold at 10°C? the specific heat capacity of Fe, Au and water are 0.128 J/g °C, 0.129
and 4.18 J/g °C, respectively.

QAu + QFe + QW = 0, Tf is the same for all

MAu CpAu (Tf – TAui) + MFe CpFe (Tf – TFei) + MW CpW (Tf – TWi) = 0

10 x 0.128 x (Tf – 10) + 25 x 0.449 x (Tf – 70) + 100 x 4.18 (Tf – 10) = 0

1.28 x (Tf – 10) + 11 x (Tf – 70) + 418 x (Tf – 10) = 0

1.28 x Tf – 12.8 + 11Tf - 770 + 418 Tf – 4180 = 0

430 x Tf – 4963 = 0

$%&'
!" =
$'(

Tf = 11.5 = 12°C
Q17. A 0.0100 M solution of an acid, HA, is 15% ionized. Calculate the acid ionization constant
for this acid and pH of this solution.
Q17. A 0.0100 M solution of an acid, HA, is 15% ionized. Calculate the acid ionization constant
for this acid and pH of this solution.
The concentration of H3O+ will be 15% of the original HA concentration. Thus,
[H3O+] = 0.15 x 0.0100 M = 0.0015 M

The ionization of a monoprotic acid produces hydronium ions and the conjugate base of the acid in a 1:1 ratio.
[H3O+] = [A-] = 0.0015 M.

The concentration of HA is equal to the original concentration diminished by that which ionized (15%, or
0.0015 M):
[HA] = 0.0100 M - 0.0015 M = 0.0085 M

Substituting these values in the equilibrium expression gives

Ka = [H3O+] x [A-] / [HA]
Ka = 0.0015 x 0.0015 / 0.0085 è Ka = 2.6 x 10-4 M
pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(0.0015)
pH = 2.8 2pts