Kendriya Vidyalaya Koliwada.

*PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT*

TOPIC: TOUCH SENSOR

NAME: Harshal Dinkar Dagare

GUIDED BY: DR. RAVINDRA KAMBALE SIR [PGT]

ROLL NO:
 *acknowledgement*

I would like to express my immense gratitude to

my physics teacher DR. Ravindra N. Kambale sir
for the help and guidance, he provided for completing
this project.

I also thank to my parents who gave their ideas and

inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank
our school management, for providing us the
facilities and opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thank my classmates who

have done this project along with me. Their
support made this project fruitful.

-Harshal Dinkar Dagare

 *INDEX*

content Page no
Certificate
Acknowledgment
Topic
Introduction
Working Principal
Application
Types of touch sensor
Making of touch sensor model
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 *AIM*

- Investigation project on Touch Sensor

*Introduction*
 Touch sensor has been common nowadays for a display and IT project
with Arduino. They can be found in lamp, touch screen of smartphones, and
other wide arrays of applications as well. However, do you understand the
working principle of a touch sensor and how to make a simple touch
sensor?

What is a touch sensor?

Definition: A sensor that is capable enough of capturing and recording
the physical touch made by the operator can be defined as a touch sensor.
Further, it is also referred to as a touch detector.

Application of touch sensor

As mention in introduction, a touch sensor is use for wide array of

application, with those being:
. Touch sensor in robotics: a touch sensor is commonly used in robots,
enabling basic movement and ability to detect in its surrounding.

. Smartphones, automobile, industrial applications.

. Touch sensor switches are used in place of physical press switch.
. Most other applications that require pressure/distance measurements.

Touch sensor working principal

*The touch sensor is sensitive to touch, pressure as well as force.

*The touch sensor works similar to that of simple switch.

When there is contact or a touch on the surface of the Touch Sensor.

It acts like a closed switch and allows the current to flow through it. When
the contact is released it acts similar to the opened switch and hence there is
no flow of current.

From the below diagram you can understand how

touch sensor works.

No contact Contact

No flow of current Flow of current

Types of touch sensor

As we their functions, the Touch Sensor are classified into two types which
are used un different circumstances and utilities.

1.Capacitive touch sensor.

2.Resistive touch sensor.

Capacitive touch sensor:

A capacitive touch sensor measures touch based on electrical disturbance
from a change in capacitance. It consists of an electrode film on top of the
glass panel that’s conductivity coated with a printed circuit pattern around
the outer viewing area.

How capacitive touch sensor work:

1.THE USER APPLIES TOUCH ON THE GLASS PANEL.
2.The printed circuit panel around the outer viewing area pf the glass panel
creates an electrical charge across the surface.
3.It result in a decrease in capacitance and allow the system to determine
the touchpoint.
4.Multiple touchpoint can be detected as well as, allowing for touch pinch
and spread.
 Capacitive touch sensor applications:
⇛Portable devices such as smartphones and tablets (iPhone, Ipad, etc.)
⇛Home applications such as touch lamps.
⇛Automotive.
⇛Industrial.

Advantages of a capacitive touch sensor:

⇛Doesn’t require pressure to be applied since it’s built on the glass itself,
hence making force insignificant to sensing requirements.

⇛High responsiveness.
⇛Support for multi – touch.

Disadvantages of a capacitive touch sensor:

⇛Doesn’t work with gloves or stylus.
⇛Vulnerable to abrasion.
⇛Reliability concerns when used in harsh environments.
*CirCuit diagrams of touch sensor*
 Capacitive vs resistive touch sensor

Resistive touch sensor

Resistive touch sensor measures touch through responding to pressure
applied to their surface. It consists of two conductive layers and a non-
conductive separator. Unlike the capacitive touch sensors, it’s not multi-
touch compatible. Resistive touch sensor requires an amount force to
operate. And also, these sensors can’t sense the small contact or touch.

How resistive touch sensor work:

1.The user applies pressure against the surface.
2.The outside conductive are then compared to the starting voltage,
allowing for point at which the touch took place to be calculated.
3.The voltage changes are then compared to starting voltage, allowing for
the point at which the touch took place to be calculated.
RESISTIVE TOUCH SENSOR APPLICATIONS:

⇛Office equipment.
⇛Musical instruments, touchpads, etc.
⇛Older music players, game consoles, etc.
 Advantage of a resistive touch sensor:

*Cost- effective and durable to be in harsh environments.

*Able to be used with stylus and gloves.
* Less complex.
*Low power consumption.

Disadvantages of a resistive touch sensor:

*The inability for multi-touch technology unlike the capacitive touch
sensors.
*Dependent on pressure, require more pressure to be applied for sensing to
take place.
 *Making of a touch sensor*
Hopefully, you are quite familiar with the things like what is touch sensor,
type of touch sensor, it’s application in real life.
Now it’s time to make it, so can we make a simple working model by some
following’s steps.

Materials required
1.Cardboard
2.9v battery
3.Battery clip
4.3v led
5.1k Ω Resistor
6.BC547 Transistor
7.6 –12 Buzzer
8.Connecting wires
9.Metal pins
 procedure

⇛ Draw below the diagram on cardboard.

⇛ Now fix all the components at their respective places as shown in circuit
diagram.
⇛ And then connect the wire across the components with the help of circuit
diagram.
⇛ Now connect the battery and your model is ready to test.
 Observation
When we place finger on both touch sensor (Metal), led and buzzer gets
on.
When we place finger on both pin, due to high resistance of our body very
low positive current signal passes through base of transistor and the
transistors gets ON or it acted a closed circuit.

AS SHOWN IN FIG . 1
When we remove finger from both touch sensor (metal pin), led and buzzer
gets OFF.

Some making photo of touch sensor

 *Precaution*
1. All the connections should be neat and tight.
2. Connections the transistor in correct way considering
its Collectors, Emitter.
3. Be careful while connecting LED and Buzzer as they
to connect with correct polarity.
4. This model is does not used when your hand is dry so,
Make sure hand is little bit moist.
5. Don’t avoid using Resistor because it protects LED
From high power.
6. Do not use any insulated/coated metal pin as touch
Sensor.
7. Remove the battery from after testing your working
Model.
 *Bibliography*
= Wikipedia.com.
=www.youtube.com
= Google search engine.
= https://eeeproject.com
= Chat gpt