LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION

1. History of Five Models on How Policing is Conducted around the World

a. Democratic Anglo – Peelian – Police are citizen-focused, and service. The community is important as
crime control and prevention.
b. Democratic Continental – Legalistic approach that is government and law-based, less concern with
pleasing the public and Militaristic in dealing with citizens.
c. Developing Countries – Police have few financial resources, are paid poorly, Prone to corruption. The
police may not even run by the government.
d. Authoritarian – Police are largely a governmental and military force. Citizens are likely to encounter
repression, brutality, and torture. Policing may be based on religious law
e. Asian – Police place less emphasis on individual rights. Utilize cultural norms to augment social order

2. Five Models on How Policing is Conducted around the World

a. Proactive Policing Model – Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent
crime. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social
unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to
policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a
more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term “proactive policing” to refer to all policing
strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not
reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes
once they have occurred.
b. Reactive Policing – Reactive policing can be defined as the police responding to specific requests from
individuals or groups in the community which encompasses "immediate response to calls" and "follow-up
investigations". However, the rationale for routine patrol is not as straightforward. Traditional thinking suggests
that the mere presence of a police vehicle will act as a deterrent to crime, routine or random preventative patrol
is by definition reactive policing. There is no initiative on the part of the officer or the organization to target a
specific area or problem within the geographical patrol district. However, it can also be argued that routine
patrol is required in order to facilitate response in a timely manner to dispatch calls.
c. Community Policing Model – A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the
systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate
conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. Community
policing emphasizes proactive problem solving in a systematic and routine fashion. Rather than responding to
crime only after it occurs, community policing encourages agencies to proactively develop solution to the
immediate underlying conditions contributing to public safety problems.
d. Problem – Oriented Policing – Is an analytic method used by police to develop strategies that prevent and
reduce crime. Police agencies are expected to systematically analyses the problems of a community, search
for effective solutions to the problems, and evaluate the impact of their efforts. It also requires police to look
past traditional strategies and consider other possible approaches for addressing crime and disorder. Today, it
is one of the most widely used strategies among progressive law enforcement agencies.
Problem-Oriented Policing can take on many different forms and will vary depending on the specific
problems being combated. One of the most popular methods for implementing POP in practice is a four-step
process known as the SARA model;
First Step: Scanning, police rely on several different sources to identify and prioritize potential problems
associated with crime and disorder in a jurisdiction.
Second Step: Analysis, this stage of the process involves identifying and analyzing relevant data to learn
more about the problem, including potentially narrowing its scope and figuring out possible explanations why
the problem is occurring.
Third Step: Response, police and their partners select one or more responses or interventions based on the
results from the Analysis conducted previous step.
Fourth Step: Assessment, involves evaluating whether the responses were implemented in a way that was
consistent with response plan, and whether the responses achieved their intended effects.
e. Reassurance Policing – There has been a huge reduction in crime over past years. Unfortunately, the
public’s perception of crime rates and sense of safety does not reflect this success. As people are affected by
what they see, hear and feel, if a reduction in crime is not tangible or visible - despite positive statistics - they
will still feel unsafe. Antisocial crimes, such as bus depot vandalism, feature high on the public’s radar and
create a sense of insecurity.

3. The need for Innovative Policing (Comparative Research)

a. Safari Method – a researcher visits another country.
b. Collaborative Method – the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher.
Three Categories:
= Single-culture Studies – the police and the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed.
= Two – culture Studies – the most common type.
= Comprehensive Textbooks – cover three or more countries.

4. Globalization – a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information, ideas, and
authority.
a. Globalization as Internationalization – It describes the growth in international exchange and
interdependence. With growing flows of trade and capital investment there is the possibility of moving beyond
an inter-national economy, (where 'the principle entities are national economies') to a 'stronger' version - the
globalized economy in which, 'distinct national economies are subsumed and rearticulated into the system by
international processes and transactions.
b. Globalization as Liberalization – a process of removing government-imposed restrictions on movements
between countries in order to create an "open", "borderless" world economy.
c. Globalization as Universalization – the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at
all corners of the earth'. A classic example of this would be the spread of computing, television etc.
d. Globalization as Westernization or Modernization – the social structures of modernity (capitalism,
rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over, normally destroying pre-existent
cultures and local self-determination in the process.
e. Globalization as Deterritorialization (or as the spread of Supraterritoriality) – a reconfiguration of
geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances
and territorial borders.
= What are the Positive Effects of Globalization?
- It has helped communicate better.
- It has helped in war.
= What are the Effects of Globalization on Law Enforcement?
- The emergence of an "international regime" for state security and protection of human rights, growing
transnational social movement networks, increasing consciousness and information politics have the potential
to address both traditional and emerging forms of law violations.
= What are the Threats of Globalization on Law Enforcement?
- Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass killing.
- The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and security.
- Conflict between nations.
- Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
= What are the Opportunities of Globalization for law enforcement?
- Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems
- Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the enforcement power of
states
- Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes
- Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues
 LESSON II: THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION

International Criminal Police Organization or INTERPOL is an intergovernmental body established to

promote mutual cooperation between police authorities around the world and to develop means of effectively
preventing crime. It is the world’s largest international police organization founded in Vienna in 1923 and
reconstituted in 1946, Interpol is strictly nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any activities of a religious,
racial, or military nature. The majority of countries (100 in 1967, 150 in 1989, 177 in 1997 and 188 member
countries as of 2010) (194 in 2019 and 195 as of 2021) (recent members are Kiribati and Federated State of
Micronesia) belong to Interpol, and only government-approved police bodies may hold membership.
INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do not exist
between particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the
spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The Interpol is comprised of the following bodies:

1. General Assembly
2. Executive Committee
3. General Secretariat
4. National Central Bureaus
5. Advisers
6. The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files

The General Assembly

INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates appointed by each member
country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programs. The General Assembly is composed of delegates appointed by the governments of
Member countries. As INTERPOL's supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major
decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international co-operation, working methods,
finances and programmes of activities. It also elects the Organization's Executive Committee.

The Executive Committee

This member committee is elected by the General Assembly, and comprises the president, three vice-
presidents and nine delegates. The Executive Committee is INTERPOL’s select deliberative organ which
meets three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.
In accordance with Article 15 of (their) Constitution, the Executive Committee has 13 members comprising the:
president of the organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates. These members are elected by the General
Assembly and should belong to different countries. The president is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for
3. They are not immediately eligible for re-election either to the same posts, or as delegates to the Executive
Committee.
Note: *The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s Governance.

The General Secretariat

The general secretariat, based in Lyon, France, is the permanent administrative headquarters. It coordinates
the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international criminal records, and organizes
regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information on police work. the General Secretariat
operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80
countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and
Spanish. The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire,
El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at the United Nations in New
York and at the European Union in Brussels.
The National Central Bureaus (NCB)
The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member
countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.
Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement
officers.

The Advisers
These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.

The Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF)

This is an independent body whose mandate is threefold: (1) to ensure that the processing of personal
information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, (2) to advise INTERPOL on any
project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal information and (3) to
process requests concerning the information contained in INTERPOL's files.

INTERPOL’s Four Core Functions

The mandate and primary function of INTERPOL is to support the police services of its member countries in
their efforts to prevent crime and conduct criminal investigations as efficiently and effectively as possible. Thus,
together with the NCBs, INTERPOL facilitates cross border police cooperation and supports and assists all
organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat crime.
In order to achieve these aims, INTERPOL conducts all of its activities within the framework of the following
four ‘core services’ or ‘functions’:
1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
3. Operational Police Support Services
4. Training and Development

A. Secure Global Police Communications Services

A fundamental condition for successful international police cooperation. It is essential for police forces to be
able to communicate with each other, worldwide, in ‘real time’, and in a secure way. Realizing the dire need for
improved means of communication in today’s highly technical world, INTERPOL subsequently designed and
implemented a state-of- the-art global communications system for the law enforcement community, called “I-
24/7”. “I” stands for INTERPOL; 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

What is the I-24/7?

The I-24/7 system was created in January 2003, and is an enhanced communication service and an
innovative, user-friendly tool for international law enforcement. Information about suspected individuals and
groups and their activities is exchanged between INTERPOL’s member countries and its General Secretariat in
a fast, reliable and secure manner. I-24/7 provides a creative, modern and sophisticated way to make
international law enforcement efforts more effective, and easier to perform. The I-24/7 ‘dashboard’ is a unique
gateway that provides access to INTERPOL databases and contains a wealth of expert information on a
variety of crime issues. This makes I-24/7 an indispensable tool, not only for the NCBs, but also for control,
investigative and analytical units within national police forces. Furthermore, through INTERPOL’s
encouragement, many NCBs – all of which are connected to the I-24/7 system - are now extending I-24/7
access to additional authorized law enforcement entities, such as border control units and customs officials.
INTERPOL continues to provide technical assistance and support to further extending its I-24/7 system to
additional authorized law-enforcement organizations.

B. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

Once police have the capability to communicate internationally, they need access to information to either assist
in their investigations or to take necessary steps to prevent crime. Thus, INTERPOL provides its second core
service - Operational Data Services and Databases for Police.
In fighting transnational crime, international police cooperation “lives” on information. This means that without
gathering and sharing information that is timely, accurate, relevant and complete, cooperation is limited, if not
impossible. INTERPOL has, therefore, developed a broad range of global databases, incorporating key
information such as names of criminals and suspected individuals, fingerprints, photographs, DNA profiles,
requests for wanted persons, lost and stolen travel documents, stolen vehicles, and weapons related to
criminal cases. The information contained in these databases can be critical to assisting member countries in
the event of terrorist incidents or related investigations. Analysis of the information associated with these
databases is also extremely beneficial to achieving positive results in fighting and investigating terrorism cases,
particularly concerning making positive identifications. INTERPOL’s databases include:
1. ASF Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Database
Bearing in mind that terrorists and other serious criminals regularly use false documents to travel, INTERPOL
established its Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) database in 2002. This database has subsequently
proven to be an effective tool for intercepting such individuals when attempting to cross borders. Since its
creation, and across crime areas, the database has helped field officers with innumerable cases of individuals
using fraudulent travel documents. In many cases where the documents were identified as lost or stolen, they
were ultimately linked to high-profile cases involving suspected terrorists and war criminals.
2. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
Recognizing the increasing need for countries to exchange information on fingerprints for investigative
purposes such as those relating to terrorism, and individuals potentially associated therewith, INTERPOL
recommends amongst its Best Practices the implementation and utilization of its Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS). Through the INTERPOL AFIS Expert Working Group (IAEWG), INTERPOL
promotes the use of standards for the capture, storage, and transmission of fingerprints, electronically. The
IAEWG’s focus is to provide general guidance to countries/organizations acquiring, developing, integrating,
and operating national AFIS systems. The IAEWG actively promotes implementable approaches to the
international electronic exchange of fingerprint images and data. Recognizing that the technical capabilities of
various countries differ greatly, INTERPOL provides advice and guidance to member countries in the process
of acquiring and implementing national AFIS standards and systems.
3. DNA
In recognizing the ever-increasing value of DNA and DNA profiling, INTERPOL established an INTERPOL
DNA Unit in 1998. In so doing, INTERPOL has been able to foster and facilitate the advancement of
international law enforcement cooperation through the use of DNA in criminal cases world-wide, as well as in
terrorism cases. As such, the objective of the INTERPOL DNA unit is to ultimately provide strategic and
technical support to enhance member states' DNA profiling capacity, and promote its widespread use in the
international law enforcement environment. In order to assist member states and encourage DNA profile
comparison across international borders, the DNA Unit created and developed a DNA Database together with
the INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert Group. INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert Group: The external
INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert Group (MEG) is the main source of reference for the INTERPOL DNA Unit.
The MEG acts as an advisory board and provides expert guidance and direction for INTERPOL DNA policies
and projects. The MEG members consist of 10-12 senior experts in the fields of forensic science and law
enforcement who are drawn from member states across INTERPOL’s five regions. The MEG examines the
contemporary field applications of DNA profiling as an investigative tool and makes recommendations on the
use of DNA in criminal investigations with a view to promoting the international use of this technique,
particularly as terrorism incidents are occurring worldwide. INTERPOL DNA Database: The INTERPOL DNA
Database introduces a data matching system with the capacity to connect its international profile matching
system to all member states using DNA profiling in law enforcement. DNA profiles can be stored and searched
across international borders using the INTERPOL Standard Set of Loci (ISSOL). In compliance with
INTERPOL's regionalization policy, the INTERPOL DNA Unit provides regional support to Member States to
consolidate ‘best practices’ with the ultimate goal of increasing member state involvement in the international
transfer of DNA profiles.
4. Stolen Vehicle Database
The INTERPOL General Secretariat developed the Automated Search Facility Stolen Motor Vehicle (ASF-
SMV) database to support police in member countries in the fight against international vehicle theft and
trafficking.
5. IWeTS
The INTERPOL Weapons electronic Tracing System (IWeTS), which is currently in the development stage, is a
tool which will provide Member States with the capabilities to trace illicit firearms that are seized through law
enforcement investigations and activities in their countries. The value of such a system for law enforcement is
that it will make it easier to initiate the trace of a specific weapon. Furthermore, this database will be able to
enhance investigations relating to criminal and terrorism matters at both the national and international levels.
6. Fixed INTERPOL Network Database (FIND)/ Mobile INTERPOL Network Database (MIND)
Recognizing that direct access to such information should not be limited to NCBs, it is INTERPOL’s policy to
expand access beyond these national focal points. In order to make reliable, accurate and up-to-date
information available to the front-line officers in real-time, INTERPOL has developed new Integrated Solutions
to allow for instant access for example to its database on stolen and lost travel documents. This new
technology called FIND / MIND refers to the two different ways of connecting INTERPOL’s databases at border
entry points or other field locations.
7. INTERPOL Money Laundering Automated Search Service (IMLASS)
The IMLASS project - which is currently in the development stage – will assist anti-money laundering and
terrorism financing investigators and analysts throughout the world to automatically compare suspected money
laundering and terrorism financing-related queries against database records submitted by INTERPOL’s 190-
member countries. Queries concerning money laundering-related targets, associates, companies, ID
documents, addresses, telephones and suspicious transaction data will then be automatically compared with
the existing data in INTERPOL database for links with past and present investigations in other countries.
8. Border & Ports Security Center
To strengthen border protection, INTERPOL intends to establish a Border and Ports Security Center at its
General Secretariat in Lyon, France. The goal of the Center will be to increase security at borders and all
points of entry by supporting member countries in the monitoring, prevention and investigation of fraudulent
and illegal activities in these areas. The specific objective of this Center will be to analyse the use of
INTERPOL’S tools, such as the SLTD Database, by member countries and to co-ordinate the delivery of
training and other capacity building measures that would help member countries comply with the present
international security requirements for ports-of-entry. The Center will develop strong linkages with other
international organizations involved in port security and enforcement.
9. Operational Police Support Services.
Simply put, this means making available INTERPOL’s know-how, expertise and best practices to all
authorities, services and organizations world-wide, whose mission is to prevent, detect and suppress crime.
Through the extension of such services, INTERPOL helps enhance the role of NCBs and regional offices and
thus increases INTERPOL’s responsiveness to their needs. This involves the development of emergency
support and operational activities based on the organization’s priority crime areas - terrorism and public safety,
drugs and organized crime, fugitives, human trafficking, and financial and high-tech crime. Support Services
also include the collection, analysis and evaluation of information which INTERPOL’s headquarters receives
from its member countries.
Upon request, INTERPOL further extends support to its member countries by sending police officers with
special law enforcement expertise to investigation sites. For example, after various terrorist attacks worldwide,
INTERPOL assisted national law enforcement entities by facilitating - on-site - the exchange of information
regarding individuals and groups alleged to have been involved in the attacks. INTERPOL’s broad range of
‘support services’ includes the following:
a. INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center
INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center (CCC) operates around the clock – 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week - in each of INTERPOL’s four official languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic). The CCC serves
as the first point of contact for any member country faced with a crisis and/or terrorist situation. The Center’s
staff monitors INTERPOL messages exchanged between member countries and ensures that the full
resources of the Organization are ready and available whenever and wherever they might be needed. For
instance, if a terrorist attack or natural disaster occurs, the CCC mobilizes to offer and coordinate the
Organization’s response. All messages and requests for information and assistance from the affected member
countries are treated with the highest priority.
b. Incident Response Teams (IRT)
In the aftermath of a terrorist act or other critical incident, the affected member country/countries often request
INTERPOL’s support in the form of an Incident Response Team (IRT). The IRT consists of on-site specialized
personnel who are able to provide investigative and analytical support directly from the incident location. As a
result of the circumstantial elements, INTERPOL evaluates the situation and assists member countries in
determining the police requirements needed to further provide specific support, expertise, and information.
INTERPOL deploys police officers with special law enforcement expertise to the area where the specific
incident has occurred, and provides not only specialized police officers, but forensic experts and criminal
analysts as well.
While the investigation of terrorist acts is handled by the respective law enforcement agency in the concerned
country, many investigative leads and evidence span the globe, thus adding an international dimension to the
investigation. Through pro-active support and assistance of its member countries, INTERPOL is able to
coordinate information and resources to assist in these complex investigations, which can result in the
subsequent dismantling of terrorist groups and organizations, thus preventing them from carrying out further
attacks.
c. INTERPOL Network of Experts
In collaboration with INTERPOL member countries, the INTERPOL Command and Coordination Center is in
the process of establishing a crisis support strategy to coordinate multidisciplinary, international police
assistance through the implementation of a network of INTERPOL experts in areas such as counter-terrorism,
criminal intelligence analysis, forensics, case management, specialized crime investigations, fugitive tracing,
and linguistic capabilities. Together with a ‘menu’ of service options, a centralized contact database for these
experts will be maintained. The objective of this strategy, once completed, will be to enable, at the request of a
member country, the deployment of a team of said experts, upon short notice, to any location in the world
where there is appropriate need, with the team maintaining direct links to the Command and Coordination
Center at all times.
d. INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre
INTERPOL, together with the UN Department of Safety and Security (DSS) and the UN Interregional Criminal
Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) are the leading entities of the UN Counter Terrorism Implementation Task
Force (CTITF) Working Group on Protecting Vulnerable Targets, whose aim is to establish appropriate
mechanisms to facilitate both the sharing of existing best practices and the development of further best
practices to protect vulnerable targets. In order to achieve this, INTERPOL is currently in the process of
creating a “Vulnerable Targets Referral Center”, and will act as an intermediary, facilitating the exchange of
information in the area of vulnerable target protection. The main objective of the center is to identify
responsible units and relevant experts in countries where vulnerable target protection strategies have already
been developed and have this contact information available in order to bring those with relevant expertise
together with those who need such information.
e. INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams
INTERPOL implemented a strategy to support countries which are organizing international major events. An
important objective of this strategy is to help member countries plan for prevention of attacks and/or disruptive
action during major events, and to subsequently manage the consequences of such incidents. This includes
making available relevant INTERPOL services, such as I-24/7, INTERPOL databases and threat assessments,
in support of the organizing country. INTERPOL has established a mechanism for regular global sharing of
good practices in securing international major events, where one-member country organizing an event can
learn from other countries which recently hosted similar events.
f. The INTERPOL Notices System
An Interpol notice or international notice is issued by Interpol to share information between its members.
Based on requests from National Central Bureaus (NCBs), the General Secretariat produces notices in all of
the organization’s official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. In addition, notices are used by the
International Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court to seek persons wanted for genocide, war
crimes, and crimes against humanity. There are eight types, seven of which are known by their color codes:

g. The Fusion Task Force

In order to assist member countries in terrorism-related investigations at the international level, INTERPOL
created the Fusion Task Force (FTF). Established in September 2002, the FTF has evolved into a significant,
vital, specialized and multi-disciplinary entity for assisting member countries in their terrorism-related
investigations. The primary objective of the FTF is to identify members of criminal groups involved in
international terrorist activity through the establishment of a network of law enforcement contact officers. The
Task Force has put into place regionally focused projects which are designed to identify active terrorist groups
and their membership in specific regions. The Task Force also solicits collects, and shares information and
intelligence, provides analytical support, and enhances the capacity of member countries to address the
threats of terrorism and organized crime. The Task Force maintains a dedicated global database of information
on terrorist groups, organizations and individuals.
h. Criminal Analysis Unit
INTERPOL’s Criminal Analysis Unit contributes to investigations by assisting officers working at the General
Secretariat and in member countries by conducting research and analysis of crime trends. This service
includes the collection, analysis, evaluation, exchange, and storage of information which INTERPOL’s
headquarters receives from its member countries. In providing this service, INTERPOL’s goal is not only to
inform its member countries of new developments in the context of criminal activities, but also to provide
national law enforcement authorities with additional information which might be helpful to the progress of an
on-going investigation or contribute to the initiation of a new one.

ASEAN National Police (ASEANAPOL)

A. Preface
=The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila, Philippines on the 21 to 23
October 1981.
=To discuss matters of law enforcement and crime control.
=This annual meeting was called ASEANAPOL Conference.
B. Requirement
=The basic requirement for a country to become a member of ASEANAPOL is that the country shall first be a
member of ASEAN and the application shall be tabled at the conference for approval.
C. Members
= Original Members are; Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.
=1984, Royal Brunei Police joined the conference for the 1st time.
=1996, The Republic of Vietnam National Police joined the conference
=1998, Laos General Department of Police and Myanmar police force joined the conference
=2000, Cambodia National Police joined the conference
=The current members of ASEANAPOL are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People Democratic Republic,
Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
D. ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat
a. History
=The Secretariat of ASEANAPOL was on a rotational basis with member countries taking turns to host the
ASEANAPOL Conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
=The 25th Joint Communique signed by the ASEAN Chiefs of Police during the 25th ASEANAPOL Conference
held in Bali, Indonesia, expressly stated the need to establish a Permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat.
b. Objectives of the establishment of a Permanent Secretariat
=To harmonize and standardize coordination and communication mechanisms amongst ASEAN police
institutions;
=To conduct a comprehensive and integrative study concerning the resolutions agreed in the ASEANAPOL
Joint Communiqués
=To establish a mechanism with responsibility to monitor and follow up the implementation of resolutions in the
Joint Communiqués; and
=To transform the resolutions adopted in the Joint Communiqués into ASEANAPOL Plan of Action and its work
program
=The working group which was set up to consider the viability of the permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
finalized that:
1. The Secretariat shall be administrated based on the Terms of Reference;
2. The Head of the Secretariat is an Executive Director and he is assisted by 2 Directors
The tenure of services are:
Executive Director - 2 years
Directors - 2 to 3 years
=During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat for the
Secretariat.
The ASEANAPOL Secretariat was fully operational from the 1st January 2010.
c. Executive Director and Directors
c.1. Director for Police Services
1. DACP Lim Kim Tak (SPF) – 2010 - 2012
2. ACP Mohamad Anil Shah Bin Abdullah (RMP) – 2013 - 2015
3. PSSUPT. Ferdinand R.P. Bartolome (PNP) – 2016 - 2017
4. DAC Jim Wee (SPF) – 2018 - 2019
5. SUPT. Joni Getamala (INP) – 2020 - present
c.2. Executive Director
1. ACP Mohd Nadzri Bin Zainal Abidin (RMP) – 2010 - 2011
2. LT. GENERAL Sar Moline – 2012 - 2013
3. SAC Pengiran Dato' Paduka Hj. Abdul Wahab Bin Pengiran Hj. Omar (RBPF) – 2014 - 2015
4. POL. INSP. General Yohanes Agus Mulyono (INP) – 2016 - 2017
5. POL. COLONEL Kenechanh Phommachack (LPF) – 2018 - 2019
6. DAC Jim Wee (SPF) – 2020 - 2021
7. POL. BRIGADIER GENERAL Zaw Lin Tun (MPF) – 2022 - present
c.3. Director for Plans and Programmes
1. SUPT. Desy Adriani (INP) – 2010-2012
2. SUPT. Reinhard Hutagaol (INP) – 2013 - 2014
3. SUPT. Yuli Cahyanti (INP) – 2015 - 2016
4. ACP Aidah Binti Othman (RMP) – 2017 - 2019
5. SUPT. Tang Yik Tung (RBPF) – 2020 - present
E. Logo
F. Objective of ASEANAPOL
a. Objective of ASEANAPOL
=Enhance police professionalism
=Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing
=Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries
b. Objectives and Functions of the Secretariat
b.1. Objectives
=Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the ASEANAPOL Conferences;
=Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members to establish and to maintain all
channels of interaction amongst members;
=Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and
=Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational crime.
b.2. Functions
=Prepare and implement work plans for effective implementation of all the resolutions adopted in the annual
Joint Communiqués signed at the ASEANAPOL Conferences;
=Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and information sharing and exchange;
=Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal investigations, the building and
maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database, training, capacity building, the development of scientific
investigative tools, technical support and forensic science;
=Provide support and necessary assistance in organising the ASEANAPOL Conferences;
=Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals on all planned programmed and
activities to be carried out;
=Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to the ASEANAPOL Executive
Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL Conference, and distributed to all members and to the
ASEANAPOL Conference; and;
=Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL
 LESSON III: COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

AA. COMPARATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT

A. Societal Type and Police System

1. Folk – communal Societies – which are also called primitive societies – has little codification of law, no
specialization among police, and a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention
until things become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to. Classic examples include
the early Roman gentiles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America.
2. Urban – commercial Societies – which rely on trade as the essence of their market system – has civil
law (some standards and customs are written down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses,
others for enforcing the King's law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient.
Most of Continental Europe developed along this path.
3. Urban – industrial Societies – which produce most of the goods and services they need without
government interference – not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribe good
behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on
market principles of creating incentives and disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal
path.
4. Bureaucratic Societies, or modern post – industrial societies – where the emphasis is upon technique
or the "technologizing" of everything, with the government taking the lead – has a system of laws (along with
armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of
punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other
nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic
society.

Some people also talk about a fifth type: Post-modern society, where the emphasis is upon the meaning of
words and the deconstruction of institutions.

B. Types of Police Systems

It is the consensus of experts that there are four types of criminal justice systems in the world: 1. Common –
Common law systems are also known as Anglo-American justice, and exist in most English-speaking countries
of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia, and New Zealand. They are distinguished by a strong
adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent. Common law systems are
distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent (the importance of previously decided cases). They
primarily rely upon oral systems of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point.
2. Civil – Civil law systems are also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice, and practiced
throughout most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden, Germany, France,
and Japan. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused,
and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. For example, a French maxim goes
like this: "If a judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to
regulations of procedure and evidence." By contrast, the common law method is for a judge to at least
suspend belief until the event of a trial is over. Legal scholarship is much more sophisticated and elitist in civil
law systems, as opposed to the more democratic common law countries where just about anybody can get into
law school. Romano-Germanic systems are founded on the basis of natural law, which is a respect for
tradition and custom. The sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil law system are considered above the law, as
opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above the law.
3. Socialist – Socialist systems are also known as Marxist-Leninist justice, and exist in many places, such as
Africa and Asia, where there had been a Communist revolution or the remnants of one. They are distinguished
by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the
ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and
mankind. It is also primarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the
decisions. For example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to make law. Law is the
same as policy, and an orthodox Marxist view is that eventually, the law will not be necessary.
4. Islamic – Islamic systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their procedures and
practices from interpretation of the Koran. There are exceptions, however. Various tribes (such as the Siwa in
the desert of North Africa) are descendants of the ancient Greeks and practice Urrf law (the law of tradition)
rather than the harsher Shariah punishments. Islamic systems in general are characterized by the absence of
positive law (the use of law to move societies forward toward some progressive future) and are based more on
the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with tradition). Religion plays
an important role in Islamic systems. Most nations of this type are theocracies, where legal rule and religious
rule go together.

C. Comparative Court System

Court systems of the world are of two types:
1. Adversarial – where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The U.S. adversarial system is unique in
the world. No other nation, not even the U.K., places as much emphasis upon determination of factual guilt in
the courtroom as the U.S. does.2
2. Inquisitorial – where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have more secret procedures.
Outside the U.S., most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the
purpose is to get the offender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an
appropriate sentence for themselves.

D. Comparative Correctional System

Correctional systems worldwide can be easily distinguished by whether they support corporal punishment
(beatings) or not. Some so-called "civilized" countries claim they are better than the U.S. because they don't
perform death penalty but actually practice such corporal punishments as beatings and whippings. Nations
that practice corporal punishment do tend, however, to have less of a correctional overcrowding problem.
Probation and parole, where they exist cross-culturally, are applied to the country’s citizens, and not for
foreigners or immigrants.

E. Comparative Juvenile Justice System

Juvenile Justice Systems vary widely. Scotland has the toughest system, regularly sentencing juveniles to
harsh boot camps with a strict military regimen and forced labor. Germany has a juvenile justice system similar
to the U.S., where more emphasis is upon education as punishment.

F. Theories of Comparative Policing

1. Alertness to Crime Theory – that as a nation develops, people's alertness to crime is heightened. They
report more crime to police and demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems.
2. Economic or Migration Theory – that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity Theory – that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory – is based on the event when a greater number of children are being born. As these
baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation Theory – that progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don't see themselves rising fast enough.
6. Modernization Theory – the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Anomie and Synomie – (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values) – that progressive
lifestyles and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together (anomie).

BB. POLICING POLICY MODELS

A. Expectation – Integration Model

1. Environmental Expectations
= Societal trends and problems – in general and each community – create and environment.
= Changing social and economic trends and problems in the society or a particular community often affect the
police.
= For instance, there may be rapid growth in population, an economic recession, a drug problem. The
community environment includes problems unique to a particular community.
2. Organizational Expectations
= Organizational expectations came from both formal and informal aspects of a police department.
= Formal expectations are derived from leaders, supervisors, training programs, and the goals, objectives,
policies, procedures, and regulations of the police department.
= Informal expectations are derived from the officers’ peers and work group.
= Officers are strongly influenced by their work experiences and the way they adjust to the emotional,
psychological, intellectual, and physical demands of police.
= They must attempt to do their job in a manner that is acceptable to both the police department and their
peers, they must try not to be injured or killed or allow other officers or citizens to be injured or killed, and their
conduct must not provoke citizen complaints.
= Together, formal and informal organizational expectations create an organizational culture that can be
defined as the pattern of basic assumptions that the police the police have invented, discovered or developed
in learning to cope with its problem of the external adaptation and internal integration that have worked well
enough to be considered valid.
3. Legal Expectation
= Legal expectation of the police is derived from substantial and procedural criminal laws and legal
requirements that have resulted from civil suits.
= These laws provide the basic framework in which the police are supposed to function.
= Although the police do not always follow the law, legal expectations have a substantial influence on what
they do and how they behave.
= In addition, as noted, the police do not enforce all laws, rather, they exercise discretion in deciding what laws
to enforce and how to enforce them. These discretionary decisions may not always be compatible with what
either the formal organization or the community expects. Attempts to integrate environmental, organizational
and legal expectations have resulted in several recurring debates about the police role in the society.

B. Legalistic or Political
a. The Rule of Law vs. Community Expectations
= The legalistic (or bureaucratic, quasi-military, professional or reform) approach assumes that justice is a
product of consistent application of laws and departmental policies and procedures.
= Ideally, the laws, policies and procedures are rationally developed and free of any bias that would be
inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the society.
= The political view of the police role rests on one of two assumptions, one is that laws and the police primarily
serves the interest of the most influential persons in the community. Such individual is considered to be above
the law, whereas others are treated more harshly. This view leads to politics of preference and discrimination.
= The second assumption focuses on responsiveness and individualization. It advocates that strict
enforcement of the rules does not consider the uniqueness of the problems and needs of individuals and
neighborhood groups in the community.
b. Three types of Police – Community Relation
1. Political Model – refers to the police-community relation that is plagued by problems of preferential
treatment, discrimination and corruption.
2. Legalistic Model – assumes that political influence has a corrupting influence on policing, therefore, the
police community – relationship must be more structured or bureaucratic.
3. Community Policing Model – based on the desirability of the police being responsive to individuals and
groups without engaging in preferential treatment or discrimination.

C. Crime Fighter or Social – Service Worker

= The question as to whether the police should only fight crime or also provide social services influence the
priority given to police activities, the type of personnel selected, the way officers are trained and styles of
officers.
= Crime fighters believe that crime is a function of a rational choice by the criminals and that the primary police
purpose is to patrol and conduct investigations to deter crime and apprehend offenders.
= A social-service worker believes that crime results from a variety of causes and there are other police
activities like crime prevention education and community building that may also reduce the crime rate.
= The social service orientation tends to result in more police community involvement and a less aggressive
and authoritarian approach to policing.

D. Proactive or Reactive Model

1. Proactive Police – work emphasizes police-initiated activities of the individual officers and the department.
Developing a response to a crime or another problem that is designed to keep a crime from occurring is
proactive. Example: undercover decoy programs, stakeouts, etc.
2. Reactive Police – work is more on a response to a problem by police when assistance is specifically
requested by citizens. Responding to specific problems based on citizens requests and following up on those
problems are reactive responses.

E. Three Methods Used to Define Police Role

1. Values
= Fundamental assumptions that guide department and the individual officer in the exercise of discretion the
values of the department determine police goals, how resources are used, strategies, and the styles of officers.
a. Law Enforcement Oriented Values – Police authority is based on the law, and law enforcement is the
primary police objectives. Communities can provide police with assistance and information in enforcing the law.
Responding to calls for service is the highest priority, and calls must receive the possible fastest response.
Social and neighborhood problem are not the responsibility of the police unless they threaten the breakdown of
public order. Police, as experts, are best suited to determine crime-control priorities and strategies
b. Community - Oriented Values – The police will involve the community in all activities, including the
development of policies that affect the quality of community life. The police believe that strategies must
preserve and advance democratic values. The police must structure the delivery of services so that it will
reinforce the strengths of the neighborhood. Employees must have inputs into matters that influence job
satisfaction and effectiveness.
2. Goals
Sometimes called purposes or objectives or aims. When the goals approach is used to define the police role,
several goals are usually listed for the police.
Some positive goals for the police
1. Prevention of crimes
2. Reduction of the fear of crime
3. Maintenance of peace and order
4. Protection of lives and properties
5. Enforcement of laws
6. Detection of crimes
7. Apprehension of offenders
8. Traffic control
9. Responsiveness to community needs
10. Management of intergroup conflict
11. Protection of individual rights
12. Provision of additional public service
3. Strategies
Broadly conceptualized police activities that are assumed to have an impact on the attitudes and behavior of
individuals.
Basic police strategies
1. Law Enforcement Strategies – invoke the formal sanctions of government. Example: making arrest,
issuing citations, conducting investigations, stopping suspicious persons, etc.
2. Presence Strategy – the police are visible, or identifiable in the community, that is, wearing uniforms,
patrolling in marked vehicles, etc.
3. Education Strategy – involves providing knowledge and skills that will reduce the likelihood they will
become victimized. For potential and convicted criminals, education involves appeals for moral behavior and
clarifying the possible consequences of criminal conduct not only for themselves but also for the individuals
they victimize.
 UNIT IV: BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONS

A. Participation of The PNP in U.N. Peace Keeping Missions

PNP MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2009-006 “Rules and Procedures on the Selection of the PNP Personnel
for Secondment, Detail to International Organizations, Peacekeeping Missions”
a. UN Special Action Team (UNSAT)
COVERAGE of the UNSAT Pre-Qualifying Exam (conducted by the PNP DPL)
= 1st Stage – Written Examination which covers Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Report
Writing
= 2nd Stage – Driving Proficiency Test
= 3rd Stage – Firing Proficiency Test.
b. Qualifications
1. Age Requirement
= Applicant must not be less than 25 years old or more than 53 years old upon actual deployment.
= An applicant shall be considered 25 years of age on his/her actual 25th birthday, or more than fifty-three 53
years of age on his/her actual 54th birthday.
2. Rank Requirement
= For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): Only those with the rank of Police Senior Inspector, Police Chief
Inspector, or Police Superintendent are allowed to apply.
= For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs): Only those within the rank bracket of Police Officer 3 to
Senior Police Officer 4 are allowed to apply.
= All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective present ranks.
3. Service Requirement
= All applicants must have attained a minimum of 5 years of active police service (excluding cadetship, officer
orientation/trainee course, and police basic course)
4. Physical Requirement
= All applicants must have passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by the PNP Directorate for
Human Resource and Doctrine Development, as well as medical, dental, and neuropsychiatric examinations.
5. Special Skills Needed
= Computer Literacy Requirement – All applicants must be knowledgeable of basic computer operations,
including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and use of the Internet.
= Driving Proficiency Requirement – All applicants must have at least one (1) year of recent driving
experience and must possess a valid national or international driver's license issued at least one (1) year to the
application.
6. Unit Recommendation Requirement
= All applicants must be recommended by Unit Commanders (Command Group or Directors of their respective
Directorial Staff, National Support Units, or Police Regional Offices).
7. Other Requirements
= All applicants must hold a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a minimum Very Satisfactory
evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters prior to the UNSAT examinations.
= All applicants must not have been repatriated from any previous UN mission for disciplinary reasons.
= All applicants must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal offense; have no pending
administrative/criminal cases in any body/tribunal/court.
= No applicant should be a witness to any administrative/criminal case, especially those covered by Republic
Act 9165, or a summary hearing officer with unresolved cases.
8. Term of Deployment
= All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the UN Peacekeeping Mission shall have one (1) year
tenure, extendable to 6 months.

B. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 1069

PRESCRIBING THE PROCEDURE FOR THE EXTRADITION OF PERSONS WHO HAVE COMMITTED
CRIMES IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY
Section 1. Short-Title. This Decree shall be known as the "Philippine Extradition Law".
Section 2. Definition of Terms. When used in this law, the following terms shall, unless the context otherwise
indicates, have meanings respectively assigned to them:
(a) "Extradition" The removal of an accused from the Philippines with the object of placing him at the disposal
of foreign authorities to enable the requesting state or government to hold him in connection with any criminal
investigation directed against him or the execution of a penalty imposed on him under the penal or criminal law
of the requesting state or government.
(b) "Extradition Treaty or Convention" An extradition agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and
one or more foreign states or governments.
(c) "Accused" The person who is, or is suspected of being, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines,
and whose extradition has been requested by a foreign state or government.
(d) "Requesting State or Government" The foreign state or government from which the request for extradition
has emanated.
(e) "Foreign Diplomat" Any authorized diplomatic representative of the requesting state or government and
recognized as such by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
(f) "Secretary of Foreign Affairs" The head of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the
Philippines, or in his absence, any official acting on his behalf or temporarily occupying and discharging the
duties of that position.
Section 3. Aims of Extradition. Extradition may be granted only pursuant to a treaty or convention, and with a
view to:
(a) A criminal investigation instituted by authorities of the requesting state or government charging the accused
with an offense punishable under the laws both of the requesting state or government and the Republic of the
Philippines by imprisonment or other form relevant extradition treaty or convention; or
(b) The execution of a prison sentence imposed by a court of the requesting state or government, with such
duration as that stipulated in the relevant extradition treaty or convention, to be served in the jurisdiction of and
as a punishment for an offense committed by the accused within the territorial jurisdiction of the requesting
state or government.
Section 4. Request; By whom made; Requirements.
(1) Any foreign state or government with which the Republic of the Philippines has entered into extradition
treaty or convention, only when the relevant treaty or convention, remains in force, may request for the
extradition of any accused who is or suspected of being in the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines.
(2) The request shall be made by the Foreign Diplomat of the requesting state or government, addressed to
the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and shall be accompanied by:
(a) The original or an authentic copy of either -
(1) the decision or sentence imposed upon the accused by the court of the requesting state or government; or
(2) the criminal charge and the warrant of arrest issued by the authority of the requesting state or government
having jurisdiction of the matter or some other instruments having the equivalent legal force.
(b) A recital of the acts for which extradition is requested, with the fullest particulars as to the name and identity
of the accused, his whereabouts in the Philippines, if known, the acts or omissions complained of, and the time
and place of the commission of these acts;
(c) The text of the applicable law or a statement of the contents of said law, and the designation or description
of the offense by the law, sufficient for evaluation of the request; and
(d) Such other documents or information in support of the request.
Section 5. Duty of Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Referral of Request: Filing of Petition. (1) Unless it appears to
the Secretary of Foreign Affairs that the request fails to meet the requirements of this law and the relevant
treaty or convention, he shall forward the request together with the related documents to the Secretary of
Justice, who shall immediately designate and authorize an attorney in his office to take charge of these case.
(2) The attorney so designated shall file a written petition with the proper Court of First Instance of the province
or city having jurisdiction of the place, with a prayer that the court take the request under consideration and
shall attach to the petition all related documents. The filing of the petition and the service of the summons to
the accused shall be free from the payment of docket and sheriff's fees.
(3) The Court of First Instance with which the petition shall have been filed shall have and continue to have the
exclusive power to hear and decide the case, regardless of the subsequent whereabouts of the accused, or the
change or changes of his place of residence.
Section 6. Issuance of Summons; Temporary Arrest; Hearing, Service of Notices. (1) Immediately upon
receipt of the petition, the presiding judge of the court shall, as soon as practicable, summon the accused to
appear and to answer the petition on the day and hour fixed in the order. We may issue a warrant for the
immediate arrest of the accused which may be served anywhere within the Philippines if it appears to the
presiding judge that the immediate arrest and temporary detention of the accused will best serve the ends of
justice. Upon receipt of the answer, or should the accused after having received the summons fail to answer
within the time fixed, the presiding judge shall hear the ace or set another date for the hearing thereof.
(2) The order and notice as well as a copy of the warrant of arrest, if issued, shall be promptly served each
upon the accused and the attorney having charge of the case.
Section 7. Appointment of Counsel de Oficio. If on the date set for the hearing the accused does not have a
legal counsel, the presiding judge shall appoint any law practitioner residing within his territorial jurisdiction as
counsel de oficio for the accused to assist him in the hearing.
Section 8. Hearing in Public; Exception; Legal Representation.
(1) The hearing shall be public unless the accused requests, with leave of court, that it be conducted in
chamber.
(2) The attorney having charge of the case may upon request represent the requesting state or government
throughout the proceeding. The requesting state or government may, however, retain private counsel to
represent it for particular extradition case.
(3) Should the accused fail to appear on the date set for hearing, or if he is not under detention, the court shall
forthwith issue a warrant for this arrest which may be served upon the accused anywhere in the Philippines.
Section 9. Nature and Conduct of Proceedings. (1) In the hearing, the provisions of the Rules of Court insofar
as practicable and not inconsistent with the summary nature of the proceedings, shall apply to extradition
cases, and the hearing shall be conducted in such a manner as to arrive as a fair and speedy disposition of the
case.
(2) Sworn statements offered in evidence at the hearing of any extradition case shall be received and admitted
as evidence if properly and legally authenticated by the principal diplomatic or consular officer of the Republic
of the Philippines residing in the requesting state.
Section 10. Decision. Upon conclusion of the hearing, the court shall render a decision granting the
extradition, and giving his reasons therefor upon showing of the existence of a prima facie case. Otherwise, it
shall dismiss the petition.
Section 11. Service of Decision. The decision of the court shall be promptly served on the accused if he was
not present at the reading thereof, and the clerk of the court shall immediately forward two copies thereof to the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs through the Department of Justice.
Section 12. Appeal by Accused; Stay of Execution
(1) The accused may, within 10 days from receipt of the decision of the Court of First Instance granting
extradition cases shall be final and immediately executory.
(2) The appeal shall stay the execution of the decision of the Court of First Instance.
Section 13. Application of Rules of Court. The provisions of the Rules of Court governing appeal in criminal
cases in the Court of Appeals shall apply in appeal in Extradition cases, except that the parties may file
typewritten or mimeograph copies of their brief within 15 days from receipt of notice to file such briefs.
Section 14. Service of Decision of Court of Appeals. The accused and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs,
through the Department of Justice, shall each be promptly served with copies of the decision of the Court of
Appeals.
Section 15. Concurrent Request for Extradition. In case extradition of the same person has been
requested by two or more states, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, after consultation with the Secretary of
Justice, shall decide which of the several requests shall be first considered, and copies of the former's decision
thereon shall promptly be forwarded to the attorney having charge of the case, if there be one, through the
Department of Justice.
Section 16. Surrender of Accused. After the decision of the court in an extradition case has become final and
executory, the accused shall be placed at the disposal of the authorities of the requesting state or government,
at a time and place to be determined by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, after consultation with the foreign
diplomat of the requesting state or government.
Section 17. Seizure and Turn Over of Accused Properties. If extradition is granted, articles found in the
possession of the accused who has been arrested may be seized upon order of the court at the instance of the
requesting state or government, and such articles shall be delivered to the foreign diplomat of the requesting
state or government who shall issue the corresponding receipt therefor.
Section 18. Costs and Expenses; By Whom Paid. Except when the relevant extradition treaty provides
otherwise, all costs or expenses incurred in any extradition proceeding and in apprehending, securing and
transmitting an accused shall be paid by the requesting state or government. The Secretary of Justice shall
certify to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs the amounts to be paid by the requesting state or government on
account of expenses and costs, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs shall cause the amounts to be collected
and transmitted to the Secretary of Justice for deposit in the National Treasury of the Philippines.
Section 19. Service of Court Processes. All processes emanating from the court in connection with extradition
cases shall be served or executed by the Sheriff of the province or city concerned or of any member of any law
enforcement agency;
Section 20. Provisional Arrest. (a) In case of urgency, the requesting state may, pursuant to the relevant treaty
or convention and while the same remains in force; request for provisional arrest of the accused pending
receipt of the request for extradition made in accordance with Section 4 of this Decree.
(b) A request for provisional arrest shall be sent to the Director of the National Bureau of Investigation, Manila,
either through the diplomatic channels or direct by post or telegraph.
(c) The Director of the National Bureau of Investigation or any official acting on his behalf shall upon receipt of
the request immediately secure a warrant for the provisional arrest of the accused from the presiding judge of
the Court of First Instance of the province or city having jurisdiction of the place, who shall issue the warrant for
the provisional arrest of the accused. The Director of the National Bureau of Investigation through the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs shall inform the requesting of the result of its request.
(d) If within a period of 20 days after the provisional arrest the Secretary of Foreign Affairs has not received the
request for extradition and the documents mentioned in Section 4 of this Decree, the accused shall be
released from custody.
(e) Release from provisional arrest shall not prejudice re-arrest and extradition of the accused if a request for
extradition is received subsequently in accordance with the relevant treaty of convention.
 UNIT V: SELECTED CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM MODELS

A. U.S.
1. The U.S. Police Department
= Policing in the United States (U.S.) is divided into four broad categories: federal, state, county and municipal
agencies. Each branch of law enforcement has been created to enforce a specific set of laws within a specific
geographical area. This means that the key to understanding which law enforcement has the authority to
respond to a crime is two-fold. First, one must determine which government unit prohibits the acts. For
example, homicide is an act that is prohibited at the state level. So, as a general rule, only law enforcement
agencies with authority to enforce state laws may investigate the crime of murder. Second, one must look at
the place (venue) where the criminal act occurred. If the murder occurred in Alabama, the Alabama authorities
will be responsible in investigating the crime.
2. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Police officers that work for the national government are generally called federal police officers. These
police officers enforce criminal federal laws that are passed by the United States Congress and signed into law
by the president. They have the authority to arrest anyone who commits violation of federal criminal laws within
the specific area they are hired to protect.
Police agencies that hire federal police officers include the White House Police, Capital Police,
Supreme Court Police, and Park Police. Each of these Police agencies has specific responsibilities.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is probably the best known of the federal law enforcement
agencies. The FBI is under the U.S. DOJ. This agency is not a police agency, instead it investigates matters
involving violations of federal law including civil rights violations, espionage, treason, bank robbery of federally
insured institution, serious crimes that crosses state lines, and terrorism. The FBI is estimated to have more
than 12,000 agents employed primarily in the United States.
The United States Marshals Service is the nation’s oldest federal law enforcement agency. Marshals
serve to protect federal judicial officials, maintain security in federal courthouses, and protect the safety of the
witnesses in federal trials who are endangered by testifying. The U.S. Marshals also track down fugitives from
justice from across the world, transport federal prisoners who needs to be moved across jurisdictions, and
maintain detention facilities for unsentenced prisoners.
3. Other Federal Agencies
a. Secret Service
Two primary missions:
= Protecting all living current and former U.S. president and their families
= Controlling counterfeiting
b. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives
= Assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal firearms, and explosives.
c. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
= The federal agency that enforces federal drug laws.
= Agents of the DEA primarily carry out their responsibilities by assisting local and state authorities in
investigating illegal drug use and drug trafficking. They also work with foreign governments to reduce the
number of illegal drugs entering the United States, as well as operate independent investigations into drug
crime.
4. State Law Enforcement Agencies
= All 50 states have state police agencies. Generally, there are two models of state police agencies. Some
states like New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan have a single State Police Department that is responsible
for both traffic and criminal investigative responsibilities. One unit is responsible for patrolling state turnpikes
and highways. The second unit is responsible for investigating criminal offenses.
= The second model of policing used by state agencies has been adopted by state such as California, Florida,
Georgia, and Kansas. These states have two separate state police agencies. One agency is called the
Highway Patrol. The Highway Patrol monitors state turnpikes and highways. The second state level policing
agency is assigned the responsibility for state level criminal investigations. The names of these agencies are
varied and include the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Georgia Bureau of Investigation, and Kansas
Bureau of Investigation.
= In addition, state law enforcement may be responsible for running state law enforcement training academies,
providing emergency medical services, maintaining a crime lab, and providing other services that are needed
to support local level law enforcement efforts.
5. County Law Enforcement Agencies
= The third level of policing occurs at the county level and typically involves an elected sheriff and appointed
deputies. A few states may forego the title of the sheriff and maintain a county police department.
= The duty of the sheriff’s department varies according to the size and population of the county. Nearly all
sheriffs’ office provides basic law enforcement services to areas outside incorporated municipalities. These
duties include routine patrol, responding to citizen calls for service and investigating crimes. They are
authorities to enforce laws within their county as well as enforcing county level laws including traffic
enforcement and, in many counties, animal control.
= In addition, sheriffs’ departments are usually responsible for county jail or detention facility. Although some
states still maintain separate local detention facilities in every city and town, most have consolidated this
function into a single county are facility utilized by all municipalities within the county. Detention duties may be
rotated among all appointed deputies, or deputies may be hired for the single purpose of staffing and
monitoring the detention facility.
= Finally, the sheriff’s department is typically assigned duties associated with court services. These duties
include serving civil court summons, providing court security, providing courthouse security, and dealing with
criminal warrants.
6. Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies
= Municipal law enforcement agencies are those police departments created to serve an incorporated city,
town, village or borough. The primary reason municipalities establish a police department is to maintain order.
= The American Bar Association (ABA) outlines the function of the municipal police officer to include a broad
range of activities. Municipal police officers are expected to:
1. Identify criminal offenders and criminal activity and where appropriate, apprehend offenders and participate
in subsequent court proceedings.
2. Reduce the opportunities for the commission of some crimes through preventive patrol and other measures.
3. Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm.
4. Protect constitutional guarantees.
5. Facilitate the movement of people and vehicles.
6. Assist those who cannot care for themselves.
7. Resolve conflict.
8. Identify problems that are potentially serious law enforcement and governmental problems.
9. Create and maintain a feeling of security in the community.
10. Promote and preserve civil order.
11. Provide other services on an emergency basis.
7. Police Activities
Study of police activities indicate that most police work involves activity that is non-criminal in nature. Primary
police activities involve:
1. Handling domestic issues
2. Working traffic accidents
3. Finding missing persons
4. Directing traffic
5. Filling out paper works
However, one of the key tasks assigned the police is to respond to calls regarding criminal conduct.
8. Recruitment and Training
General Requirements
Specific requirements for being accepted to a law enforcement training academy vary from department. The
general requirements are the applicant:
1. Is a U.S. citizen
2. Is at least 21 years of age
3. Has at least 20/20 vision uncorrected; (or 20/20 corrected by glasses)
4. Is able to distinguish colors
5. Is physically and mentally healthy.
6. Applicants who have served in the military must have been honorably discharged.
7. May not have been convicted of driving while intoxicated and must hold a valid license for at least three
years prior to application and have a driving record.
8. Applicants should have no criminal conviction, although some misdemeanor crimes may bar applicants from
a law enforcement position.
9. All applicants are expected to be free from drug use, be of good moral character, and have personal
integrity.
10. No applicant should have any history of criminal or improper conduct, have a poor employment record, or
have an irresponsible financial history.
11. Generally, applicants should at least have a GED equivalency or a high school diploma, however, some
departments, such as that in Dallas, Texas, are requiring 60 or more hours of completed college coursework.
9. Probation Period
= When a candidate receives an appointment to the police department, the candidate must then successfully
complete recruit training, which can last from several months to more than a year, depending on the training
requirements of the police department. Once the recruit has successfully completed the training academy, the
recruit then usually receives field training under the supervision of seasoned officers. Upon the successful
completion of the field training, the officer is considered eligible to be on their own.
= Police recruits are on probation during the entire period of training and usually are on probation for a period
of time after they have completed their training. The length of time that a recruit serves on probation varies
from department to department. It should be noted that officers will not generally be eligible for a promotion
until the probationary period is successfully completed.
= It is important that police officer candidates understand that the goal of probationary period is to evaluate
their ability to perform on the job and to fit into the department. Probies may be dismissed during the
probationary period without cause and no reason needs to be provided. Damaging a police vehicle, a single
incident of excessive use of force, violating the chain of command, or making negative comments about
superior officers may all demonstrate that the probie is not the right fit for a department’s needs.
= Once police recruit successfully completes the probationary period, more workplace protections are
acquired. Generally, following the probationary period, law enforcement officers are given civil status. The
actual rights and protections associated with this status differ from municipality to municipality and from state to
state, but they will always provide at least a few rights that are missing during the probationary period.
10. Opportunities for Promotion
= Opportunities for promotion vary from police department to police department. The size of the Department
plays an important role in opportunities. Larger departments are likely to have greater opportunities for
advancement and a wider variety of areas of specialization available to officers.
11. Opportunities for Women and Minorities
= Since the 1970s the opportunities for women and minorities in policing have increased substantially as law
enforcement agencies have begun to recognize importance of ensuring that police force they hire resembles
the public it polices. Today, police departments do not have a sufficient number of women and minorities
applying for policing to meet that goal. For this reason, many police departments are actively recruiting women
and minorities because they would like the opportunity to hire them.
= In today’s policing environment, both women and racial minorities who meet the criteria and qualifications to
be police officers have unlimited opportunities.
12. Affirmative Action/EEOC
= Affirmative Action is a part of the civil rights laws that has been implemented through the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission’s attempt to implement programs established by the congress. EEOC is an
independent federal agency that oversees federal civil rights laws. EEOC is the agency that investigates cases
of discrimination and takes action to eliminate discrimination when they locate it. Affirmative Action policies and
federal law make it a crime to discriminate against any person because of race, national origin, religion,
gender, age or sexual orientation. This means that a person cannot be discriminated against in hiring process,
promotional process, or in wage determination.
13. Screening Process
The screening process differs in relation to the needs and size of the specific department being applied to.
However, screening processes tend to be similar between departments of the same size. The following list
provides an overview of the typical screening process.
1. Individuals must apply for a police officer position by completing the required application for the police
department.
2. A written examination is required for all police departments in medium-to-large cities.
3. A Police Candidate Who Successfully Passes the Written Examination is then Required to Take a Physical
Abilities/Agility Test.
4. A Police Candidate Who Successfully Passes the Physical Abilities/Agility Test is Then Given a Date to
Take a Pre-Employment Polygraph Examination.
5. A Candidate Who Successfully Passes the Pre-Employment Polygraph Examination Must Then Undergo a
Background Investigation.
6. A Candidate Who Successfully Passes the Background Examination is then Given an Oral Interview.
7. A candidate who successfully passes the oral examination is then scheduled for a psychological
examination.
8. A candidate who passes the psychological examination is then scheduled to take a medical examination.
9. A candidate who passes all the previous examinations may be asked to participate in a final oral interview
with the police chief, the head of the training academy, or police command staff to determine whether the
candidate should be offered a police position in the department.
14. ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE POLICE OFFICER
1. Foot patrol
2. Traffic officer
3. Bicycle patrol
4. Motorcycle patrol
5. Horse patrol
6. Marine Patrol
7. Aircraft patrol
8. Juvenile officer
9. Canine officer
10. Crime scene investigator
11. Crime prevention officer
12. Community policing officer
13. Hostage negotiation teams
14. Bomb squad officers
15. Warrant officers
16. Airport police
17. Housing police
18. Port authority police
19. Transit police

B. Australian Federal Police

Australia is a federal state; it has only one police force for each of its six states as well as for the Northern
territory. There is also a commonwealth agency known as the Australian federal Police (AFP) which provides
police services for the Australian Capital Territory. Consequently, there are eight separate police forces
namely:
1. New South Wales
2. Victoria
3. Queensland
4. Western Australia
5. South Australia
6. Tasmania
7. Northern Territory
8. Federal Police
= The Australian Federal Police is involved in preventing and investigating crimes against the commonwealth.
It was established by the Federal Police Act of 1979 and is under the Home Affairs Ministry, a responsibility of
the minister for Home Affairs.
a. Duties and Functions of the AFP
1. Investigate crimes against the Commonwealth law which occurs throughout the nation.
2. Responsible for a community policing role in Commonwealth territories.
3. Provide liaison officers to various overseas post
4. Australia’s international law enforcement and policing representative. (AOCC-Interpol NCB)
b. Western Australia Police Force
1. Operations jurisdiction- State of Western Australia, Australia
2. The Western Australia Police services an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, the world's largest non-
federated area of jurisdiction.
3. In 2008, its 7,526 employees included 5,647 police officers.
4. The Police Headquarters is located in East Perth overlooking the Causeway, near the WACA Ground.
5. Recruits are trained at the Western Australian Police Academy at Joondalup.
6. All police recruits begin their service as uniformed constables and are required to serve time in a country
district.
7. The command structure has the state divided into three regions and sub-divided into fourteen districts. The
highest-ranking police officer in the Western Australia Police holds the title of Commissioner of Police.
c. Specialist Units
1. Tactical Response Group (TRG),
2. Gang Crime Squad,
3. Crime Investigation and Intelligence Services
4. Water Police,
5. Traffic Enforcement Group,
6. Specialist Police Motorcycle Unit,
7. Regional Operations Group, Police Airwing and the Gold Stealing Detection Unit.
d. South Australia Police Force
1. Operations jurisdiction - State of South Australia, Australia
2. It is an agency of the Government of South Australia within the South Australian Department of Justice.
3. the force is the oldest in Australia and it is the third oldest organized Police Service in the World.
4. Unlike other Australian police forces, which originally employed soldiers or former convicts, the South
Australia Police enlisted only volunteers.
5. This occurred because South Australia was the only free province on the continent.
6. Recruit training is conducted at Fort Largs Police Academy located in the western Adelaide suburb of
Taperoo.

C. German Police System

= POLICING in Germany is constitutionally vested in the states. Each of the sixteen states (laender) of
Germany has its own police organization. Police forces for each laender are controlled by the INTERIOR
MINISTRY. Within each laender are several kinds of police such as;
= Schutzpolizei (Schupo) which is equivalent to municipal police. They are the first to arrive at the crime
scene of most crimes and handle all general law enforcement and simple investigation.
= Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) who are plainclothes police who handle serious crime investigations and situations
that require developing a case against a suspect.
= Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepo) who are actually officers-in-training living in barracks, but they serve as civil
order police when the situation arises.
= The German federal gov’t also has some police agencies as its disposal.
= Federal Border Police (Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS) under the Interior Ministry which is in charge for
border control, sea patrol, airport and railroad security. They may also assist in major civil disturbances beyond
the scope of the Laender police. Included in the BGS is a special task force called Special Group 9 (BGS-9),
that handles terrorist incidents.
a. Federal Criminal Police Office
= Acts as a clearing house for criminal records and provides support to the Laender relative to criminal
investigations, forensics and research. It also serves as the National Central Bureau for the Interpol.
b. Recruitment
= An individual who aspires to a career of policing usually joins the German police at the young age of sixteen
or seventeen (16-17).
= First 2 ½ -3 year are spent living in the barracks and undergoing basic training. A large part of this training
focuses on riot control, the rest involves conventional school subjects, the law and the law enforcement.
= After years of basic training and civil disorder control work, the Bepo officers spend about six months in
general law enforcement training prior to beginning street patrol work.

D. Canada: Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

= The national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the
world as a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. The RCMP provides federal policing
service to all of Canada and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight of Canada's
provinces. The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP,
founded 1873) with the Dominion Police (founded 1868). The former was originally named the North-West
Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-
day organization's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP, including the distinctive Red
Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier force. The RCMP/GRC wording is specifically
protected under the Trade-marks Act.
= As the national police force of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is primarily responsible for
enforcing federal laws throughout Canada, while general law and order including the enforcement of the
Criminal Code and applicable provincial legislation is constitutionally the responsibility of the provinces and
territories. This responsibility is sometimes further delegated to municipalities which can form their own
municipal police departments. This is common in the largest cities.
a. ORGANIZATION
1. International
= The RCMP International Operations Branch assists the Liaison Officer (LO) Program to deter international
crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is a section of the International Policing, which is part of the
RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate. Thirty-five Liaison Officers are placed in 25 other
countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other countries, developing and
maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence, especially national security with other countries, to aid in
investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to
represent the RCMP at international meetings.
2. National
= The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is organized under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Act. In accordance with the Act, it is headed by the Commissioner, who, under the direction of the Minister of
Public Safety, has the control and management of the Force and all matters connected therewith.
= The Commissioner is assisted by a Senior Deputy Commissioner who is second in command of the force.
SDC primarily functions to review, consult, or advice agency matters before they are considered by the
Commissioner.
= Under the Commissioner and Senior Deputy Commissioner, operational direction is provided by Deputy
Commissioners in charge of
1. Federal and International Policing
2. Police Support Services
3. Contract and Aboriginal Policing
4. Human Resources
5. East
5.1. Ontario (“O” Division)
5.2. National Capital Region (“A” Division)
5.3. National Headquarters,
5.4. Quebec (“C” Division)
5.5. New Brunswick (“J” Division)
5.6. Nova Scotia (“H” Division)
5.7. Prince Edward Island (“L” Division)
5.8. Newfoundland and Labrador (“B” Division)
6. West
6.1. British Columbia (“E” Division)
6.2. Alberta (“K” Division)
6.3. Saskatchewan (“F” Division)
6.4. Manitoba (“D” Division)
6.5. Yukon (“M” Division)
6.6. Northwest Territories (“G” Division)
6.7. Nunavut (“V” Division)
3. Regional
= In 1996, the RCMP began moving towards a more regional management system under the direction of
deputy commissioners. These are: Pacific, Northwestern, Central and Atlantic. This was done to allow greater
grass-roots involvement in decision-making and also allows the RCMP to invest more resources into frontline
services.
= The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes. In general, each division is coterminous
with a province (for example, C Division is Quebec). The province of Ontario, however, is divided into two
divisions: A Division (Ottawa) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division – Depot
Division, which is the RCMP Academy at Regina, Saskatchewan, and the Police Dog Service Training Centre
at Bowden, Alberta. The RCMP headquarters are located in Ottawa, Ontario.
= The RCMP employs three categories of employees to handle the wide scope of its responsibilities:
Regular Members (Police Officers), Civilian Members and Public Service Employees.
4. Regular Member (Police Officers)
= Regular Members are responsible for preserving the peace, upholding the law and providing quality service
in partnership with our communities. Working in the RCMP offers a variety of dynamic and meaningful
challenges, opportunities to be posted across Canada and a competitive salary and benefits package. A
Career Nowhere Near Ordinary is waiting for you to discover.
5. Civilian Members
= Hired for their specialized scientific, technical or analytical skills, in areas such as human resources,
forensics, computer programming and project management, Civilian Members provide support to front-line
policing operations.
6. Public Service Employees
= Public Service employees in areas such as administration, communications and internet technology provide
the additional support to the business management of the RCMP.
7. Police Ranks in the RCMP
1. Commissioner
2. Senior Deputy Commissioner
3. Deputy Commissioner
4. Assistant Commissioner
5. Chief Superintendent
6. Superintendent
7. Inspector
8. Corps Sergeant Major
9. Sergeants Major
10. Staff Sergeants Major
11. Staff Sergeants
12. Sergeants
13. Corporals
14. Constables

E. Japan Police System

= Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the National Police
Agency or NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public Safety Commission thus ensuring that Japan's
police are an apolitical body and free of direct central government executive control. They are checked by an
independent judiciary and monitored by a free and active press.
a. Organizational Structure
1. National public safety commission
2. National police agency
3. Regional police bureaus
4. Prefectural police headquarters
5. Local and city police station
6. Local police post
b. National Public Safety Commission
= A civilian commission which supervises the National Police Agency with respect to most aspects of police
organization and administration including training, equipment, recruitment, communications and criminal
statistics. It guarantees the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure
the maintenance of democratic methods in police administration. Further, it has the authority to appoint or
dismiss senior police officers
c. Composition of the NPSC
= Chairman with the rank of Minister of State
= Five members appointed by the prime minister with the concern of both houses of the Diet.
d. NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
= The central coordinating body for the entire police system. The National Police Agency determines general
standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. It is headed by a
commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the
prime minister. The NPA also provides funding for the local police needs such as equipment, salaries, riot
control, escorts and natural disasters and it handles all matters of national security. The Central Office includes
the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information, finance, management, and
procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus.
e. BUREAUS
1. Police Administration Bureau
2. Criminal Investigation Bureau
3. Traffic Bureau
4. Security Bureau
5. Regional Public Safety Bureaus
f. POLICE ADMINISTRATION BUREAU
= The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit
inspections.
g. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU
= It is in-charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally important and international cases. This
bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution
control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys, formulates, and recommends legislation on
firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The Communications Bureau supervises police
communications systems.
h. TRAFFIC BUREAU
= It is concerned of the licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive traffic
safety and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's
Expressway Division addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.
i. SECURITY BUREAU
= It formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on equipment and tactics
for suppressing riots and oversaw and coordinates activities of the riot police. The Security Bureau is also
responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including investigation of
violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry and Exit Control Law. The bureau also
implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.
j. REGIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY BUREAUS
= The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of prefectures
which is headed by a Director and they are organization similar to the Central Office. Headed by a Director
General, each RPB exercises necessary control and supervision over and provides support services to
prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General.
Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with
education and training required of staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.
k. THE REGIONAL POLICE BUREAUS
1. Tohoku - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures
2. Kinki/kansai - Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures
3. Shikoku - Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi Prefectures
4. Kanto - Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka
Prefectures
5. Chubu - Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Prefectures
6. Kyushu - Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa Prefectures
7. Chugoku - Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi Prefectures
l. TOKYO METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENT AND PREFECTURAL POLICE HEADQUARTERS
= The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are excluded from
the jurisdiction of RPBs. They are run more autonomously than other local forces, in the case of Tokyo,
because of its special urban situation, and of Hokkaidō, because of its distinctive geography. The National
Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination
needed between national and local forces.
= The head of the Metropolitan Police Department is the Superintendent General and that of the Prefectural
Police headquarters is the Chief. The Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police Department is
appointed and dismissed by the National Public Safety Commission with the consent of the Metropolitan Public
Safety Commission and with the approval of the Prime Minister. The Chief of the Prefectural Police
headquarters is appointed and dismissed by the National Public Safety Commission with the consent of the
Prefectural Public Safety Commission.
m. PREFECTURAL POLICE
= Prefectures refers to the Japan sub-national jurisdiction. In Japanese, they are commonly referred to as
todōfuken. One "metropolis" (to), Tokyo; one "circuit" (dō), Hokkaidō; two urban prefectures (fu), Osaka and
Kyoto; and 43 other prefectures (ken) Prefectures are governmental bodies larger than cities, towns, and
villages.
n. THE KOBAN AND CHUZAISHO: JAPANESE Police distinctive features
THE Koban and the Chuzaisho is the large network of local police post that makes the Japanese Police
distinctive. They are tiny police post which constitute the heart of the Japanese police operation.
1. KOBAN – is a police post located in urban neighborhood. In large cities, a koban can be found in every few
blocks. The officers in the Koban account for about 40% of the total police strength in Japan. For the most part,
it functions as a “community safety center.

a. Duties of A Koban Officers

- Administrative Service
- Initial response to incidents and accidents
- Prevention of crimes and accidents
b. Administrative Service
- Giving directions to visitors
- Handling lost and found articles
- Taking charge of unaccompanied children
- Provide counseling services for residents
c. Initial Response to Incidents and Accidents
- Arresting suspect
- Locating eyewitnesses
- Caring for victim
- Securing the scene
d. Preventions of Crimes and Accidents
- Routinely visits houses and workplaces
- Meet with residents and workers to know their concerns
- Lead community relations meeting to discuss the community problem
2. CHUZAISHO – is the rural equivalent of the urban Koban. Rural police officers are known as chuzaishan
who lives with his family in a small house provided by the government that also serves as an office for
conducting police business. The chuzaishan ranks with the school principal and the village headman as the
prestigious officials in the local communities. Chuzaishan spend most of his time in patrolling his district,
usually in motorcycle, visiting the residents.
3. IMPERIAL GUARD – It provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the
Imperial Family of Japan, as well as protection of imperial properties, including the Tokyo Imperial Palace,
Kyoto Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial
Repository in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama, Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.
4. KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE) – These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to
respond quickly and effectively to large public disturbances. They are used in crowd control during festival
periods, times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. The overwhelming majority
of officers are bachelors who live in dormitories within riot police compounds. Training is constant and focuses
on physical conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems.
5. SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM (SAT) – It is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit under the Japanese
National Police Agency.
o. RANKS OF JAPANESE POLICE
Police officers are divided into nine ranks, namely:
- Keishi-sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department)
- Keishi-kan (Superintendent Supervisor)
- Keishi-cho (Chief Superintendent)
- Keishi-sei (Senior Superintendent)
- Keishi (Superintendent)
- Keibu (Police Inspector)
- Keibu-ho (Assistant Police Inspector)
- Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant) and
- Junsa (Policeman)
The Commissioner-General of the NPA also has the status of a police officer and functionally holds the highest
position in the Japanese police forces but he does not have a police rank.
p. Recruitment and Training – Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to
the force is determined by examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees are divided into two
groups: upper-secondary-school graduates and university graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous training—
one year for upper-secondary school graduates and six months for university graduates—at the residential
police academy attached to the prefectural headquarters. On completion of basic training, most police officers
are assigned to local police boxes.
q. Promotion – Promotion is achieved by examination and requires further course work. Police officers with
upper-secondary school diplomas are eligible to take the examination for sergeant after three years of on-the-
job experience. University graduates can take the examination after only one year. University graduates are
also eligible to take the examination for assistant police inspector, police inspector, and superintendent after
shorter periods than upper-secondary school graduates.
r. Retirement – police officers of Japan are considered government employees thereby they are mandatorily
retired AT THE AGE OF 60.

F. Singapore Police System

a. Singapore Police Force
- The main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state.
- Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police.
- Parent agency, Ministry of Home Affairs
b. Organizational Structure – Organization structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line functions,
roughly modeled after the military.
- 15 staff departments and 13-line units
- Headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by
the Ministry of Home Affairs
1. Staff Department
- Administration & Finance Department
- Commercial Affairs Department
- Criminal Investigation Department
- International Cooperation Department
- Manpower Department
- Operations Department
- Planning and Organization
- Police Custodial Department
- Police Intelligence Department
- Police Logistics Department
- Police National Service Department
- Police Technology Department
- Public Affairs Department
- Service Development & Inspectorate Department
- Security Industry Regulatory Department
2. Line Units
a. Airport Police Division
Responsible for the maintenance of law and order within its jurisdiction, which encompasses the Singapore
Changi Airport precincts and its perimeters.
APD, as the executive arm of the Police within the airport, is responsible for the development, implementation
and maintenance of the Airport Security Program.
b. Ang Mo Kio Police Division
- Serves a residential population of over 1 million residents.
- 'F' Division covers the second largest land area. Our area of coverage includes mature housing estates such
as Ang Mo Kio, Yishun, Hougang, Serangoon.
- Under its wing are also young but fast growing and developing residential estates like Sengkang, Punggol
and Sembawang.
c. Bedok Police Division
- In addition to its core policing duties of protecting lives and property, 'G' Division works closely with the
community in a myriad of Community Safety and Security Programmes (CSSPs) and activities. ‘
- G' Division also collaborates closely with other Home Team agencies and community partners to provide
more effective and efficient services to the public.
d. Central Police Division
- The oldest police division in Singapore, responsible for protecting Singapore's early trade and economy.
- Division safeguards the commercial buildings that are housed within the CBD.
e. Clementi Police Division
- Clementi Police Division comprises of 4 Neighborhood Police Centres (NPCs) namely, Clementi,
Queenstown, Bukit Merah West and Jurong East NPC.
- Apart from the primary duty of preventing and detecting crime, Delta Division also plays an integral role in
ensuring the safety and security of its community.
f. Jurong Police Division
- first came into existence as the 'Rural West' Division on 24 Sep 1965 and operated using a standalone
building located at Bukit Panjang.
- occupies the largest land area (38%). Besides residential areas and key industrial sites, it is home to 14
tourist attractions and boasts the longest coastal area. It is also responsible for the ever-bustling Woodlands
and Tuas Checkpoints. In addition, it serves a total of 131 grassroots organizations.
g. Police Coast Guard
- Enforce the law and maintain order in Singapore Territorial Waters and to prevent and detect crime.
- Conduct Search and Rescue and assist other maritime agencies.
- Public Transport Security Command
- specialist unit established to oversee and manage all policing efforts throughout the entire public land
transport network in Singapore, which comprises rail (both MRT and LRT) and bus networks.
- Its functions include security planning, contingency planning and deployment of foot and fast response car
patrols in both day-to-day and major deployments for effective response and management of security incidents
in the public land transport system.
h. Public Transport Security Command
i. Security Command
- responsible for the personal safety and security of all Cabinet Ministers including the Speaker of Parliament.
- SecCom also provides protection for visiting foreign dignitaries.
j. Special Operations Command
- The Special Operations Command (SOC) was formed on 10 Sept 1992 to unify the Singapore Police Force's
elite tactical units, namely the Police Task Force (PTF), the Police Tactical Team (PTT) and the Police K-9 Unit
(PDU) under one command.
- It was subsequently expanded to include the Special Tactics and Rescue (STAR) Unit in 1993, which replace
the PTT, the National Servicemen Key Installation Unit (NSKU) Training in 1994 and the Police National
Service Full-time Light Strike Force (PNSF LSF) in 1998.
- It also provides secretariat support for the United Nations Peace Keeping Force (UNPKF) and the Crisis
Negotiation Unit (CNU). The UNPKF comprises volunteers specially selected from various units in the SPF.
k. Tanglin Police Division
- responsible for policing in Bishan - Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency, Potong Pasir Single
Member Constituency, Jalan Besar Group Representation Constituency, Tanjong Pagar Group Representation
Constituency and Holland - Bukit Panjang Group Representation Constituency.
- there are 5 Neighborhood Police Centres under its charge: Bishan Neighborhood Police Centre, Kampong
Java Neighborhood Police Centre, Toa Payoh Neighborhood Police Centre, Bukit Timah Neighborhood Police
Centre and Orchard Neighborhood Police Centre.
l. Traffic Police
- It maintains law and order on the roads of Singapore and promote road traffic safety
m. Volunteer Special Constabulary
n. Police Task Force (PTF)
- It is an effective ground response force to serious incidents such as major disasters, firearm situations and
riots. They are called upon to restore public order in times of riots and demonstrations.
o. Special Tactics and Rescue (STAR) Unit
- the STAR Unit provides the Singapore Police Force with a tactical armed-response capability.
- it is an elite, well trained and well-equipped unit to apprehend armed criminals and conduct hostage rescue
operations on land and at sea.
- besides dealing with highly dangerous criminals, STAR is also involved in risky protective security operations
and prisoner escort.
p. Police K-9 Unit (PDU)
- the Police K-9 Unit has dogs trained specifically for explosive detection, drug detection, guard duties and anti-
crime operations.
- its dogs are also trained to support the PTF in public order operations.
- the unit also supports the Central Narcotics Bureau, Customs and Prisons Departments in their operations at
checkpoints, ferry terminals, airport and penal institutions
3. Manpower
- Regulars (uniformed, full-time officers)
- Police national servicemen (usually serve up to two years typically from age 18)
- Volunteers (Volunteer Special Constabulary (VSC)
- Civilian staff (deployed in areas such as technology, logistics, human resource and administrative and finance
services as well as planning and intelligence)
- Staff Welfare
4. Entry Requirements (Regular)
a. Police Officers
- normal fitness levels,
- good eyesight, and
- at least five passes in the GCE Ordinary level or a NITEC from the Institute of Technical Education
- Singaporean or Singapore Permanent Resident
b. Senior Police Officers
- pass degree in any discipline
- Male Singaporeans must have completed their Full-Time National Service and have a PES A or B.
- Singaporean or Singapore Permanent Resident
5. TRAINING
a. Police Officers
- 6-month Police Officer Basic Course at the Home Team Academy
- All newly appointed officers will be placed on a one-year probation period
b. Senior Police Officers
- 9-month basic residential training programme at the Home Team Academy
- The trainees would also undergo a 6-week leadership programme which consist of 2 main components:
a.) 3 weeks training in Singapore to develop core leadership skills and to prepare for the overseas training
stint.
b.) 3 weeks overseas training to further develop and assess trainees' leadership potential
6. Assignments
a. Police Officers
Upon completion of the Police Officers' Basic Course, officers will be posted to: Land Division HQ,
Neighborhood Police Centre, Specialist Police Unit.
b. Senior Police Office
rotated for the Investigation, Command and Staff postings in the first 6 years of your career at an interval of
about 2 years in one posting.
7. Ranks
a. Senior Police Officer
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Assistant Commissioner
Superintendent
Deputy Superintendent
Assistant Superintendent
Inspector
b. Police Officers
Senior Station Inspector (2)
Senior Station Inspector
Station Inspector
Senior Staff Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
*Special Constable
*Constable

G. Hong Kong Police Force

The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF，alias Hong Kong Police，HKP) is the largest disciplined service under
the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a
modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844, with a strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II
granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force in 1969 for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967
riots — renaming them: The Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is
once again named: the Hong Kong Police Force.
a. Ranks and Insignia
The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St
Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong
Kong government. The crest of the force was modified in 1997. The rank structure, organization and insignia
are similar to that used by the Metropolitan Police Service until the mid-1970s.
- Commissioner of Police (CP)
- Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
- Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
- Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
- Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
- Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
- Superintendent of Police (SP)
- Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
- Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
- Inspector of Police (IP)
- Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
- Station Sergeant (SSGT)
- Sergeant (SGT)
- Senior Constable (SPC)
- Police Constable (PC)

H. Indonesia Police System

a. Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia (POLRI)
- The official police force for Indonesia.
- POLRI, the Indonesian National Police, was incorporated into the armed forces in 1964 during the Sukarno
era.
- Under Suharto steps were taken to militarize the Police by means of the National Defence Law of 1982 and
the Police Law of 1997.
- The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999.
- Although POLRI has been separated from the armed forces (ABRI), it remains under the jurisdiction of the
Defence Minister.
Markas Besar/Mabes
Headquarter which is located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
b. Organizational Structure
- POLRI has a centralized command and divided into territorial forces.
- provincial police (Kepolisian Daerah or Polda),
- regional police (Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil),
- city or regency police (Kepolisian Resort or Polres)
- and sub-district police (Kepolisian Sektor or Polsek)
c. Special Branches
1. Brigade Mobil or Brimob (mobile brigade)
Which have paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing security protection for
VIP or vital facilities.
2. Polisi Udara or Air Police, Polisi Air or Marine Police, Forensics and Detachment 88, specially trained for
anti-terrorist operations.
d. Metropolitan Jakarta
- Polda Metrojaya
- subdivided into precincts,sections, and police posts
* It was commonly referred to as the Jakarta Raya Metropolitan Regional Police.
e. Ranks of the POLRI
1. High ranking officers
- Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in the army
- Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent Lieutenant General
- Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
- Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier General
2. Mid rank officers
- Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
- Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent Lieutenant Colonel
- Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major
3. Low rank officers
- Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) - equivalent Captain
- First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First Lieutenant
-Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) - equivalent Second Lieutenant
4. Warrant officers
- First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief Warrant Officer
- Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent Warrant Officer
5. Non-commissioned officers
- Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) - equivalent Sergeant Major
- Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief Sergeant
- First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First Sergeant
- Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent Second Sergeant Enlisted
- Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief Corporal
- First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First Corporal
- Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) - equivalent Second Corporal
- Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) - equivalent Chief Private
- First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent Private First Class
- Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private
f. Recruitment and Training
Police recruits were volunteers. Applicants were required to have at least a sixth-grade education and to pass
a competitive examination. Other qualifications included physical fitness and good moral character. After
three years' service as ordinary police, personnel with junior secondary-school diplomas could enter training to
become NCOs. Those with three years' experience as NCOs were eligible for further training to enable them to
become candidate officers and eventually enter the officer corps. Most higher-ranking officers entered the force
as graduates of the Police Division of Akabri.

I. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THAILAND

a. Thailand National Police Department (TNPD)
Charged with performing police functions throughout the entire country subdivision of the Ministry of Interior
TNPD was headed by a director general, who held the rank of police general. He was assisted by three deputy
directors general and five assistant directors general, all of whom held the rank of police lieutenant general.
Throughout the TNPD system, all ranks except the lowest (constable) corresponded to those of the army.
b. MAJOR OPERATIONAL UNITS OF THE FORCE
- Provincial Police,
- the Border Patrol Police (BPP),
- the Metropolitan Police,
- and smaller specialized units supervised by the Central Investigation Bureau.
c. LAW ENFORCEMENT STRUCTURE
1. MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
- Royal Thai Police
- Border Patrol Police
- Bangkok Metropolitan Police
- Central Investigation Bureau
- Office of Immigration Bureau
- Narcotics Suppression Bureau
- Office Of Logistics
- Office of Royal Court Security Police
- Provincial Police
- 191 Special Branch Police
- Tourist Police
2. Royal Thai Police Headquarters - Bangkok
2.1. Border Patrol Police Division
- Special Operations Unit "Naraesuan 261" has the responsibility of counter-terrorism and resulting criminal
cases.
- The company also plays an important role as executive protection for His Majesty the King, Her Majesty the
Queen and other members of the Royal Family when they travel around Thailand.
- Furthermore, the company acts as escorts for other foreign dignitaries and heads of state visiting Thailand.
2.2. Metropolitan Police Division, Bangkok
- Responsible for providing all law enforcement services for the capital city of Bangkok and its suburbs.
- This largely uniformed urban force operated under the command of a commissioner, who held the rank of
police major general and was assisted by six deputy commissioners.
- Organizationally, the force consisted of three divisions, each responsible for police services in one of the
three urban areas: northern Bangkok, southern Bangkok, and Thon Buri.
2.3. Central Investigation Bureau
- National coordinating headquarters which assist provincial and metropolitan components in preventing and
suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing threats to national security.
d. Specialized units of the bureau
- railroad,
- marine,
- highway,
- and forestry police
e. Five other division
- Crime Suppression Division
- Special Branch--sometimes referred to by critics as the "political police”
- Criminal Records Office
- Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory
- Licenses Division
f. Office of Immigration Bureau
g. Narcotics Suppression Bureau
h. Office of Logistics
i. Office of Royal Court Security Police
j. Provincial Police Division
Provincial Police formed the largest of the TNPD operational components in both manpower and geographic
responsibility.
k. 75 Provinces of Thailand covered by 9 regions.
- Region 1 Ayuthaya
- Region 2 Chonburi
- Region 3 Nakhon Ratchasima
- Region 4 Khon Kaen
- Region 5 Chiang Mai
- Region 6 Phitsanulok
- Region 7 Nakhon Pathom
- Region 8 Surat Thani
- Region 9 Songkhla
l. 191 Special Branch Police
- Arintharat 26, special operation unit
m. Tourist Police
- uniformed personnel who lack police powers and are largely responsible for writing out reports for insurance
companies for victims of theft.

M. CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

a. POLICING IN CHINA: A BRIEF HISTORY
a.1. 2100 -1600 BCE- Xia Dynasty
- Si Tu was established to be responsible for maintaining order in the tribal state.
- Shi was also created to operate jails and investigates crimes committed by tribal members.
a.2. 221-206 BCE - Qin Dynasty
- China became a unified country
- various law enforcement mechanisms were developed
- Zhongwei was given responsibility to for maintaining law and order in the capital.
- patrol, investigating crimes, and handling emergencies.
a.3. 206-220 CCE – Han Dynasty
- Chaganling, the chief administrative official in the capital which maintains law and order.
- Xianwei, was appointed by the Chaganling as the chief law enforcement officer in the capital
- Xianyu, officers under the command of the Xianwei which were tasked to patrol the streets, maintain order,
investigate crime and apprehend offenders.
*Outside the capital, it fell under the administrative official of each prefectures to maintain law and order.
a.4. Ting, the basic law enforcement agency, was established in villages, towns, marketplaces, ports and
along post roads.
* headed by the Ting Chief which was usually selected from among retired army officers.
* patrol streets, maintain peace, apprehend offender and bring it before local courts for trial.
a.5. DURING THE QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES
Frank Pledge (Wu) and household registration system started to develop.
Law required that all people be registered with the gov’t shortly after his birth.
a.6. 1644-1911 – Qing Dynasty
- last dynasty
- Bao-Jia, frank pledge system
In tightly knit Bao-Jia system, every ten households formed, Pai which was headed by a Pai Chief, every ten
Pais formed a Jai which was headed by a Jia Chief. Every ten Jias formed a Bao, the Bao chief was the chief
law enforcement officer at the local level
a.7. Late 19th Century
- Concept of modern policing was introduced in China.
- 1901, Qing gov’t established the first modern police agency, the Capital Police Bureau placed under the
direct command of the emperor
- Ministry of Police was created to direct the police operation throughout the country.
- 1911, Qing was overthrown
a.8. Goumintang Government
- a centralized police system emerged
- Special police were also created like, mine police, taxation police, rail road police, fishing zone police,
highway patrol police and forest police.
a.9. 1949, founding of the People’s Republic of China.
- Ministry of Public Security, top of the police hierarchy which directs and coordinates police operations
throughout the country.
b. MODERN POLICING IN CHINA
b.1. POLICE ORGANIZATION
- Laid down in the Police Law of 1995
- Chinese police consists of five components.
a. Public Security Police
b. State Security Police
- Protecting national security and preventing and detecting foreign espionage, sabotage, and conspiracies
against the state.
- Under the Ministry of State Security
c. Prison Police
- Responsible for supervising incarcerated offender
- Under the Ministry of Justice
- Bureau of Prison Management, supervises the overall administration and operation of the country’s prison
system
d. Judicial Police of the people’s court
e. Judicial Police of people’s procuratorates
b.2. Judicial Police
Organic Law of the Peoples Court and People’s Procuratorate gives the authority for the foregoing agency to
establish their own judicial police.
a. Functions of Judicial Police
1. Responsible for providing security for people’s courts and people’s procuratorates
2. Serving subpoenas
3. Conducting searches
4. Executing court orders and judgment
5. Carry out death sentences meted out by the courts
b.3. Public Security Police
The largest and most visible component of the Chinese Police that performs a wide range of ordinary police
functions.
c. Organization of the Public Security Police
Ministry of Public Security
In practice, is responsible in setting professional standards, making rules and regulations, directing and
coordinating major criminal investigations and aiding such as crime detection and forensic analyses to local
police agencies.
c.1. Provincial Public Security Bureaus
- County and municipal Public S.B.
- Police Stations
c.2. Autonomous Region Public Safety Bureaus
- County and Municipal Public Safety Bureaus
- Police Stations
c.3. Municipality Directly under the Central Government Public Security Bureaus
- County and District Public Security Police
- Police Stations
c.4. Special Police
- Railway Police
- Civil Aviation Police
- Transportation Police
- Forest Police
- Anti-smuggling Police
d. RECRUITMENT
Set by the Police Law of 1995
To become a police officer, a candidate must have the following:
1. At least 18 years of age but not more than 25 years old.
* As a preferential treatment for candidates from ethnic minority groups, the regulation extends the
maximum age limit to 30
2. Must support the constitution
3. Must be of Good moral character
4. Be in good health
5. Education level no less than high school graduate
6. Be willing to serve as a police officer
7. No criminal records and must not have been expelled from public employment.
e. Disqualifications:
1. Criminally punished either as adults or juveniles
2. Suspected of crime
3. Discharged from public employment
4. Bad moral character
5. With family members or relatives sentenced to death or are still serving sentences
6. With family members or relatives who have been engaged in overthrowing the Chinese gov’t.
f. SELECTION
- written examination
- Agility test
* Once selected, the new recruit is required to go through a one-year probationary period.
* Only those who perform satisfactorily and pass the end-of-term examinations will be formally hired.
g. Promotion
- Must be a college graduate
- Have legal knowledge and practical experience in police work
- Have administrative talent and skills
- Must complete the in-service training
g. Ranks
- General Superintendent (Government Minister) and Deputy General Superintendent (Deputy Government
Minister)
- Superintendent (1st ,2nd, 3rd grade)
- Inspector (1st, 2nd, 3rd grade)
- Sergeant (1st, 2nd ,3rd grade)
- Officer (1st, 2nd grade)
32
33
34
RML 35