Transportation

System
Humans have been developing ways to move themselves
and their goods for thousands of years. From walking and
carrying to boats and early wheeled carts, we've come a
long way.

by Muzammil khan
The Invention of the Wheel
The First Wheels
The earliest known wheel was
used in pottery production in
Mesopotamia, around 3500
BCE. Over time, the idea
spread, and wheels began to be
used for transportation.
Advancements in Spinning
By the Middle Ages, spinning
wheels helped automate the
textile industry. This
advancement allowed for more
efficient production of goods
and helped spur trade.
Improvements in
Transportation
Wagon wheels with spokes,
rims, and hubs allowed for
heavier loads and smoother
rides. As a result, trade and
commerce grew and the world
became more connected.
The Rise of Horse-Drawn Vehicles

1 Stagecoaches

By the 17th century, stagecoaches had become a common

way to move people and mail across Europe and parts of
America. They were rough, noisy, and sometimes dangerous
but were an improvement on earlier forms of transportation.

2 Carriages and Wagons

By the 18th century, carriages and wagons had become

symbols of wealth and status. They were especially popular
in Europe for leisurely rides and sightseeing.

3 Pony Express

In 1860, the Pony Express began carrying mail across the

United States using horseback riders. This was one of the
fastest ways to send a message at the time and was an
important part of communication in early America.
The Age of Steam and Locomotives
The Development of
Steam Engines
During the Industrial
Revolution, steam engines and
locomotives transformed
transportation. These powerful
machines could haul heavy
loads and travel quickly,
changing the way goods were
transported and boosting
economic growth.
The Transcontinental
Railroad
In 1869, the completion of the
Transcontinental Railroad
across the United States
allowed people and goods to
traverse the continent in record
time. This milestone opened
opportunities for trade, travel,
and settlement in the Western
US.
Steamboats
Steamboats transformed river
transportation in America. They
were used to move both goods
and people, making travel
faster and more efficient.
Steamboats also helped
expand trade and commerce to
new inland areas.
 The Impact of Automobiles and Aviation
The Age of the Automobile

The automobile changed everything. With the

mass production of cars, people could travel
longer distances and faster than ever before.
Cars also became symbols of freedom and
status in many parts of the world.

The First Flight

In 1903, the Wright brothers made history
with the first powered flight. This started a
new era in transportation, leading to the
development of commercial airlines and
revolutionizing the way people travel and
connect the world.
Spaceflight

Beginning in the 1960s, spaceflight allowed humans to

reach for the stars. This milestone helped us learn more
about the universe and paved the way for future missions
to explore our solar system and beyond.

Turboprop Planes

Turboprop planes allowed for faster travel over shorter

distances and enabled more people to fly. They've become
popular for regional travel and have helped connect
remote areas of the world.
`

Current Transportation Modes

``

Cars

Cars are the most common mode of

transportation but also contribute significantly
to pollution and congestion.

Public Transport

Buses, trains, and subways provide an

essential service for millions of people every
day, but they are often criticized for being
unreliable and outdated.
`

Bicycles

Cycling is a sustainable and healthy way to get

around, but lack of safe cycling infrastructure
and distance can make it impractical.

Walking

Walking is the most natural way to travel short

distances, but poorly designed cities and unsafe
streets can make it difficult or impossible.
Different Modes of Mass Transportation

Subw ay s Buses Bicy cle Lanes

Underground trains that can
move large numbers of people
quickly and efficiently.
Versatile and flexible buses can
adapt to changing traffic
patterns and connect different
parts of the city.
Bicycle lanes and bikeshare
programs provide an eco-
friendly alternative to
traditional transportation
methods.
 Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT)
Fast and Efficient 🚍 Cost-Effective 📊 Flexibility 🔄

BRT systems prioritize speed Compared to other modes of BRT routes can be easily
and efficiency, featuring transportation, modified or extended to
dedicated bus lanes and implementing BRT systems is adapt to changing
limited stops. often more cost-effective. transportation needs.
Light Rail Transit ( LRT)

Urban Integration 🌆 Capacity and Comfort 🚈 Sustainable Solution ♻️

LRT systems seamlessly LRT offers higher passenger LRT systems contribute to a
integrate into urban capacity and enhanced comfort greener future, reducing
environments, providing compared to traditional bus carbon emissions and
efficient transportation systems. promoting eco-friendly
connections within cities. transportation.
Metro Rail
1 Rapid and Reliable 🚇

Metro rail systems provide fast and reliable

transportation, ensuring minimal delays and
optimized travel times.

2 Coverage and Connectivity 🔁

Extensive networks of metro rail lines connect

various parts of a city or region, providing
comprehensive transportation coverage.

3 Capacity and Volume 📈

Metro rail systems are designed to handle high

passenger volumes, ensuring smooth and efficient
operations during peak hours.
Modern Transportation Systems
High-Speed Rail
High-speed rail systems have
become popular in many parts
of the world. They offer fast and
efficient transportation options,
cutting down travel times and
reducing carbon footprints.
Hybrid and Electric Cars
Electric cars are becoming
increasingly popular as people
look for environmentally
friendly transportation options.
These cars produce less
pollution and can help reduce
our dependence on oil.
Self-Driving Cars
The future of transportation
may include self-driving cars.
These vehicles could change
the face of transportation,
reducing the need for human
drivers and improving safety for
everyone on the road.
Benefits of Modern Transportation Sy stems
Sustainable 🌍 Efficient ⏱️ Accessible 🚪

Mass transportation reduces Faster and better-organized New systems prioritize

carbon emissions and helps transportation systems accessibility and inclusivity,
combat climate change. save commuters time and making transportation
increase productivity. available to all members of
the community.
Future Trends in Transportation
1 Hyperloop 2 Flying Cars
The Hyperloop is a
proposed high-speed
transportation system
that would send pods
through a sealed tube at
speeds up to 760 mph
using magnetic levitation.
If successful, this system
could revolutionize
transportation.
3 Vacuum Trains
Flying cars have been a
futuristic dream for
decades, but recent
advancements in
technology could make
them a reality. These
vehicles would allow for
faster travel and could
help alleviate traffic
congestion.
Vacuum trains use the
principle of a vacuum to
propel trains at high
speeds. These trains
could revolutionize travel
and transportation,
reducing travel times and
helping the environment.
Env ironmental Impact of Transportation

Electric and Hy brid Cars Public Transport Bicycles and Pedestrians

Electric and hybrid vehicles are
becoming more common as
consumers demand greener
alternatives to gasoline-
powered cars.
Improvements in public
transportation networks can
significantly reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by getting more
people out of cars and onto
buses and trains.
Encouraging more people to
walk and cycle for
transportation can help reduce
emissions and promote
healthier communities.
Impact of Modern Transportation Sy stems on
Cities
Increased Property Reduced Traffic Improv ed Public
Values Congestion Health
Areas with good Efficient mass transportation Walking, biking, and using
transportation access become systems can help alleviate public transportation can
more desirable, driving up traffic on roads and highways. improve public health and
property values. reduce air pollution in cities.
Challenges and Problems

1 Congestion

Too many cars on the road lead to gridlock and

increased travel times, reducing productivity and
quality of life.

2 Pollution

The transportation sector is responsible for a

significant percentage of greenhouse gas emissions,
leading to poor air quality and negative effects on
human health.

3 Safety

Vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death

worldwide, with vulnerable road users like
pedestrians and cyclists at greatest risk.
 Efforts to Improv e Transportation Sy stem
Infrastructure
Inv estments
Investments in public
transportation, cycling
infrastructure, and
pedestrian-friendly streets
can make it easier and safer
to get around without a car.
Policy Changes
Policies like congestion
pricing, car-free zones, and
incentives for electric
vehicles can help promote
sustainable modes of
transportation.
Cultural Shifts
Shifting cultural attitudes
towards car ownership and
the environment can lead
to more people choosing
sustainable modes of
transportation.
Case Studies of Successful Modern
Transportation Sy stems

Toky o, Japan Bogotá, Colombia Copenhagen, Denmark

Tokyo has a complex and
efficient mass transportation
system that includes numerous
subways, buses, and trains,
moving millions of commuters
every day.
Bogotá has revolutionized its
transportation network with a
Bus Rapid Transit system that is
fast, reliable, and more
affordable than other modes of
transportation.
Copenhagen's cycle
superhighways make biking a
viable and safe option for
commuters, reducing traffic
and air pollution in the city.
1 INTRODUCTION.
Surat is India’ s eighth most populous cit y w ith a population of 4 . 5 million ( Census 2 0 1 1 ) a nd second most
populous cit y in the state of Gujarat . The cit y has recorded a decadal gro wth rate more than 6 0 % consistentl y o v er
the past fi v e decades . Surat is a major industrial and trade centre in the state of Gujarat . The cit y has a strong and
v i brant economic base and is a major destination for emplo y ment seekers in the countr y . Surat is called the diamond
capital of the w orld with 9 2 % of the w orld ’ s diamond being cut and polished in Surat . Another major economic dri v er
for the cit y is the te x tile sector and it is the biggest centre for manmade fibre in India and the largest manufacturer of clothes
in the country ( S GCCI , 2 0 1 7 ) . Surat has also emerged as the India ’ s highest ranked ‘ S mart Cit y ’ w ith the
largest number of projects implemented and completed in the Smart Cit y Mission stating the administrati v e and
determination of the people of Surat . Surat is also one of the cleanest cities in India and held the 4 t h rank in the ‘ S w achh
Sarv ekshan’ conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs - MoHUA in 2 0 1 7 .

The stud y area considered for the SUTI Indicators is the Surat Municipal Corporation ( S MC ) Area spanning o v e r
3 2 6 . 5 2 sq . km . It houses for a population of 5 . 2 1 million people . The SMC consists of 8 9 w ards in 7
z o nes with a gross population densit y of 2 4 5 PPH ( P ersons per Hectare ) . The stud y area has a built up of 2 6 2
sq . km i . e . 4 8 % of the total SMC area and 8 8 % of population in Surat resides within the SMC . The stud y area has a
built - up densit y of 3 0 5 PPH and an av e raged consumed FSI of 1 . 3 . Surat ’ s walled cit y is a densely populated
area , w ith a huge concentration of commercial acti v i t y . The tex t ile market, Agricultural Produce Market Committee
( A PMC ) , main rail way station and Gujrat State Road Transport Corporation ( GSRTC ) terminal are present in this
area . Surat also being an industrial to wn, the percentage of urbaniz e d area under industrial use is quite high and co v ers
almost one fourth of the total area . The av e rage household si z e in Surat in 2 0 1 1 w as 4 . 6 0 , w hich has sho wn a
decrease of 5 . 4 5 % from 2 0 0 1 . I t can be seen that the a v erage household si z e in case of Surat is much lo wer as
compared to India ( 5 . 3 ) and Gujarat ( 5 . 2 ) . It was found that the a v erage income per household is Rs .
3 1 , 3 0 0 per month w ithin the study area.

Surat is trul y an industrial cit y w ith ov e r 5 0 % of the workforce engaged in manufacturing acti v it y . The Surat is
ranked highest with 5 8 % of internal migration in India . It also implies that almost 2 6 % of the cit y ’ s population is
comprised of migrants . The majorit y of 7 immigrants who come to find work in the cit y belong to the w orking age
group . Work Force Participation Rate ( WPR ) is defined as the ratio of total number of workers in an area to the total
population of that area . A lo w ratio indicates high dependenc y of population on few jobs . WPR for the study area was
1.1 SMC as study area

The figure 1 show s the population density ov er the areas of Surat including Surat Urban
Dev elopment Area ( SUDA) and SMC area. It is found that the population density is greater w ithin
the SMC area and thus it becomes the area of concern.

The study area is

subdiv ided into smaller
areas know n as Traffic
Analy sis Zones
( TAZs) . TAZs are
delineated taking into
account v arious factors
like administrativ e
boundaries, phy sical
barriers such as w ater
bodies, railw ay lines,
highw ay s and
homogenous land uses.

In SMC, 8 9 w ards
under 7 z ones w ere
further split to form TAZs
based on the abov e
criteria and around
3 1 3 TAZs w ere
2. EXISTING URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND SERVICE

The urban transport s y stem is highl y dependent on the land use character of the
cit y . The cit y of Surat has de v eloped o v er the y ears the transport s y stem with
large inv e stment in the de v elopment of roads and prov i ding the basic
connectiv i t y . The cit y is well connected b y road rail and water . Se v eral
National and State high wa y s pass through the cit y and ha v ing a high industrial
economic base has resulted in higher v o lume of traffic entering the cit y . T he
cit y ’ s transportation is predominantly road based . The dependence on indi v idual
motorised modes and intermediate public transport is high due to the absence of an
adequate public transport sy s tem . E v en w hen roads are generall y wide ,
net work design and de v elopment are not complete . The e x isting urban transport
s y stem w ill be anal y sed b y the follo wing components such as land use, road
netw ork, v ehicular grow th and public transportation sy stems
2.1 Land use

Based on the recent city lev el plans like Dev elopment Pan 2 0 0 4 , the ex isting the ex isting land use
scenario in 2 0 1 6 and the Dev elopment Plan 2 0 3 5 rev eals that the city has been grow ing rapidly on
the north- eastern, southern and south- w estern sides since the 1 9 9 0 s ow ing to the dev elopment of
many industries in Sachin, Haz ira etc. along w ith residential z ones. The urbanised area in Surat city
has
and increased
2 0 0 4 by, wnearly
ith three- folds betw een 1 9 7 8
dev elopment mostly occurring
w ithin the SMC limits. Surat being
an industrial tow n, the percentage
of urbanised area under industrial
use is quite high and cov ers almost
one- fourth of the total area. The
area under transport is about
1 7 . 8 3 %, indicating adequate
netw ork. Surat’ s w alled city is
a densely populated area, w ith a
huge concentration of commercial
activ ity . The tex tile market,
the APMC, the main railw ay
station and the GSRTC terminal are
present in this area. This results in
heav y congestion and an
increased risk of accidents.
 The population w ithin the SMC w as 4 4 . 7 lakhs in 2 0 1 1 and has increased to 5 2 . 1 lakhs in
2 0 1 6 as per the estimates prov ided in the Comprehensiv e Mobility Plan 2 0 4 6 . The population
increase ov er the last 5 y ears has occurred w ith no change in the boundary limits adding to the
densification of the city . The builtup area in 2 0 1 1 w ithin SMC w as 1 0 1 . 7 sq. km and has
increased to 1 3 8 . 5 sq. km in 2 0 1 6 . The av erage household siz e in Surat w as 4 . 6 0 in
2 0 1 1 , w hich has show n a decrease of 5 . 4 5 % from 2 0 0 1 .

The total households w ithin the SMC w as 5 . 8 6 lakhs in 2 0 1 1 and has increased to 9 . 7 5 lakhs in
2 0 1 6 . The migration census has not been released y et and as per a recent study conducted by the
UNESCO in 2 0 1 3 ( w hich used NSSO 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 data) w hich looked into migration trends in
selected million plus cities, it w as seen that 1 0 Surat ranked highest w ith 5 8 % of internal migration in
India. It also implies that almost 2 6 % of the city ’ s population is comprised of migrants w ith the highest
numbers coming from the statesof Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Maharashtra and Rajasthan and getting
employ ed in tex tile, construction and diamond sectors in the region ( Census, 2 0 0 1 )
2.2 Road network

Surat city is w ell connected w ith tw o National Highw ay s ( NH- 8 and NH- 5 3 ) and six State
Highw ay s ( SH- 6 , SH- 1 6 7 , SH- 1 6 8 , SH- 1 6 9 , SH- 1 7 0 and SH- 6 0 2 ) .
NH- 8 is the busiest highw ay of the nation and passes tow ards the eastern periphery of the city and
prov ides connectiv ity from Delhi to Mumbai. The length of road netw ork w ithin the SMC is
3 , 8 5 9 Km. Hierarchy of roads is required to cater to v arious lev els of mobility needs of the
city . The hierarchy is predominantly defined by the function that the roads cater to. How ev er,
the road netw ork hierarchy defined by the SMC is based purely on road w idths, w ithout taking into
consideration the functionality of the road netw ork. The hierarchy adopted for the design of Surat’ s
road netw ork is as follow s:
2.3 Vehicular growth
The city of Surat has high motoriz ation rates ov er the y ears. The number of v ehicles registered w ith
the Surat RTO has risen from 0 . 6 2 lakh in 1 9 8 0 to 3 0 . 0 9 lakh in March 2 0 1 8 . In the last
fiv e y ears alone, the grow th in v ehicles has been around 9 % per y ear. In terms of the number and
ty pe of v ehicles being registered, it is seen that 2 - w heelers lead the grow th follow ed by cars and
3 - w heelers. In respect to 2 0 1 1 , 2 - w heelers per 1 0 0 0 population has increased from 9 6
to 2 7 5 w hile during the same period, 4 - w heeler per 1 0 0 0 population has increased from 1 9 to
2 2 . In terms of the share of v ehicles in the last 1 0 y ears, it is observ ed that the share of 2 -
w heelers is almost stable at around 7 8 % w hile that of 4 - w heelers has increased from 1 0 %‒1 8 %,
w hich is likely to hav e major implications in terms of congestion.
2.4 Travel characteristics

Travel characteristics can be defined

in terms of trip rate, mode share,
trip length etc. Trip rate is defined as
the total number of trips made per
capita per day. The per capita trip
rate (PCTR) for the study area is
observed to be 0.95. Two-wheeler is
a predominant transportation mode
in Surat, accounting for 63% of the
trips (without walk trips). As
discussed in the previous section,
the share of the public transport
mode is quite low at 2% (without
walk trips). The share of walk and
cycle trips is about 43%, which is
quite high because of compact and
mixed land use development in the
city
Public transport system SURAT

Currently in Surat, the city bus services (CBS), bus rapid transit services (BRTS) and high mobility corridor
(HMC) are being operated on gross cost basis by Sitilink Ltd a SPV under SMC.

City bus service (CBS)

In the ex isting situation there are
3 1 routes ply ing w ithin the
study area, w ith 2 4 2 buses on
road. Bus routes are scheduled to
operate at 8 ‒2 0 min.
headw ay . The bus sy stem is
carry ing an av erage of about
1 , 0 0 , 0 0 0 riders per day
( June 2 0 1 8 ) . All these buses
are midi buses and operated by
three different priv ate operators on
Gross Cost Contract ( GCC) .
Currently , the City Bus cov erage
is 7 3 % of the study area. City is
also ex pecting another 3 0 0 midi
buses w hich w ould be operated on
CBS routes.
These would ha v e the
additional ne w Cit y Bus
routes in the cit y and some
upgradation in frequencies of
the e x isting 3 1 routes
w ould be needed .
Recentl y , Surat cit y has
prepared a Public Transport
Operations Plan , w hich
outlines about 5 5 0 k m of
PT net work proposal for
Cit y Bus serv i ces
integrating w ith BRTS, to
be operated b y Sitilink Ltd .
A total of 1 0 0 0 buses are
planned for this planned cit y
bus netw ork.
City bus service (CBS)
Sitilink inaugurated BRTS Phase I of 3 0 km in 2 0 1 4 a nd no w it has the largest BRTS in India , w ith
1 0 2 km net work operational. The BRT net work is currently attracting about 8 0 , 0 0 0
passengers per da y . Sitilink BRTS connects major transit nodes such as rail w a y station, GSRTC
terminal , residential and commercial hubs, recreational and public areas of the city , w ith
pro v isions for NMT ( pedestrian path wa y s and c y cle tracks ) along the corridors . The a v erage
speed of BRTS buses is 2 4 kmph , w hich is quite high in comparison to the e x isting cit y bus
serv ices and auto rickshaw s.
With future proposals of expansion in BRTS and City
Bus network under CMP-2046, it is expected to cater
24% of road network by rapid transit network and
76% by the city bus network. This will increase the
accessibility to transit by 23% thereby predicting a
public transit ridership of 36 lakhs per day by 2046.

High Mobility Corridor (HMC)

The 12 km High Mobility Corridor is around the inner
ring road of Surat. It is expected to cater the high
mobility demand of the core city area. The HMC in the
existing situation has only two major routes of
operation.
 Intermediate public transport system
The cit y of Surat is know n for auto ricksha w transportation for y e ars .
Currently , there are about 3 8 , 0 0 0 registered autos in the cit y . Most of
the autos in Surat operate on fix ed routes w ith fix ed fares based on distance.

• Around 8 . 6 lakh trips

are being undertaken as
per 2 0 1 6 household
surv ey s on these auto
rickshaw s. To ensure the
last mile accessibility , a
feeder sy stem w ith an
initial fleet of 4 0
rickshaw s know n as
“ Pink Autos” , had
started operating by
w omen in the old city .
These autos act as major
feeders to the public
transports sy stem.
Air quality monitoring
stations

In Surat , w ithin SMC there are

si x air monitoring stations as
gi v en in GPCB ( G ujarat
Pollution Control Board)
2 0 1 6 - 1 7 report was
considered. The stations are
located on the building
rooftop . 3 Zoning area were
defined , and it is based on the
w ind direction in the cit y
considering SMC z one
boundar y and ward
boundar y . The population
co v ered w ithin the indi v idual
z o nes were then calculated .
Both PM 1 0 and PM2 . 5 are
being analy s ed in the Surat but
for the indicator , PM 1 0
v alues are considered.
Issues and challenges
The section summari z e s the issues and challenges for mobilit y from the data anal y z e d along with
the stakeholder sur v e y s carried out through online consultation and stakeholder workshop done as
part of the Comprehensi v e Mobilit y Plan - 2 0 4 6 . The key challenges identified are : •
Doubling of population from 6 0 lakhs in 2 0 1 6 t o 1 2 5 lakhs in 2 0 4 6 • 2 . 9 times
increase in personal v ehicles ( 2 - w h eelers and cars ) on roads from 1 8 lakhs in 2 0 1 6 to 7 2
lakhs in 2 0 4 6 • 2 . 3 times increase in passenger journe y s from 5 4 . 6 4 lakh passenger
trips to 1 2 5 lakh passenger trips.
• Increase in congested net work from 1 4 % to 5 7 % • Reduction in net work speeds from a v erage
2 8 kmph to belo w 1 8 kmph • 2 . 6 t imes increase in the av e rage trav e l time of Surat ’ s
residents from 1 3 minutes to about 3 4 minutes • 2 . 8 times increase in accident probabilit y •
2 times increase in GHG ( greenhouse gases) emissions
• The existing transportation situation in Surat is summarized in the table given
below:
• Public transport quality and reliability

The data source for the indicator 4 is Performance Assessment of Public Transport in
Surat – Quarterly report 5 ( 2 0 1 8 ) carried out by the Centre of Ex cellence in
Urban Transport, CEPT Univ ersity . .
• Air quality (PM10)

The data source for the indicator 9 is the Gujarat Pollution Control Board ( GPCB) report 2 0 1 6 - 1 7 , w herein 6 air monitoring stations
w ithin the SMC are considered for the PM1 0 v alues.