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Ficha de Trabalho Função Racional Resolução
Ficha de Trabalho Função Racional Resolução
Matemática A
H
12.º Ano de Escolaridade Turma: B + C + H
1. .
1 1
1.1. Df = {x ∈ R : 1 − 2x 6= 0} = x ∈ R : x 6= =R\
2 2
Cálculos auxiliares
−1 1
1 − 2x = 0 ⇔ −2x = −1 ⇔ x = ⇔x=
−2 2
1 1
1.2. Df = x ∈ R : −3x2 − x 6= 0 = x ∈ R : x 6= 0 ∧ x 6= − = R \ − ;0
3 3
Cálculos auxiliares
1
−3x2 − x = 0 ⇔ −x(3x + 1) = 0 ⇔ −x = 0 ∨ 3x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ 3x = −1 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = −
3
1.3. Df = x ∈ R : x2 + 1 6= 0 = R
Cálculos auxiliares
x2 + 1 = 0 ⇔ x2 = −1 7→ equação impossı́vel em R
( √ √ ) ( √ √ )
2 1− 5 1+ 5 1− 5 1+ 5
1.4. Df = x ∈ R : −x + x + 1 6= 0 = x ∈ R : x 6= ∧ x 6= =R\ ;
2 2 2 2
Cálculos auxiliares
p √ √ √
−1 ± 12 − 4 × (−1) × 1 −1 ± 5 1− 5 1+ 5
−x2 + x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔x= ⇔x= ∨x=
2 × (−1) −2 2 2
1.5. Df = x ∈ R : x2 + 10x + 25 6= 0 = {x ∈ R : x 6= −5} = R \ {−5}
Cálculos auxiliares
x2 + 10x + 25 = 0 ⇔ (x + 5)2 = 0 ⇔ x + 5 = 0 ⇔ x = −5
1.6. Df = x ∈ R : x2 + 2x + 4 6= 0 = R
Cálculos auxiliares
√ √
2 22 − 4 × 1 × 4
−2 ± −2 ± −12
x + 2x + 4 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔x= 7→ equação impossı́vel em R
2×1 2
1.7. Df = x ∈ R : x2 − 2x + 1 6= 0 = {x ∈ R : x 6= 1} = R \ {1}
Cálculos auxiliares
x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 ⇔ (x − 1)2 = 0 ⇔ x − 1 = 0 ⇔ x = 1
Cálculos auxiliares
Se, −1 ∈
/ Df , então, −1 é zero do denominador
Assim,
−1 −1 2 2
−1 1 0 −2
−1 0 2 0
Logo, Q(x) = −x2 + 2
Assim,
3. Dg = x ∈ R : x3 − 2x2 − 9x + 18 6= 0 = {x ∈ R : x 6= −3 ∧ x 6= 2 ∧ x 6= 3} = R \ {−3; 2; 3}
Cálculos auxiliares
Se, 2 ∈
/ Dg , então, 2 é zero do denominador
Assim,
x3 − 2x2 − 9x + 18 = (x − 2) × Q(x)
1 −2 −9 18
2 2 0 −18
1 0 −9 0
Logo, Q(x) = x2 − 9
x3 − 2x2 − 9x + 18 = (x − 2) × (x2 − 9)
Assim,
4. .
Assim,
2 − 2x
f (x) = 0 ⇔ =0⇔
2x + 3
⇔ 2 − 2x = 0 ∧ 2x + 3 6= 0 ⇔
⇔ −2x = −2 ∧ 2x 6= −3 ⇔
−2 3
⇔x= ∧ x 6= − ⇔
−2 2
3
⇔ x = 1 ∧ x 6= − ⇔
2
⇔x=1
Assim,
x2 − 4
f (x) = 0 ⇔ =0⇔
x2 + 1
⇔ x2 − 4 = 0 ∧ x2 + 1 6= 0 ⇔
Cálculo auxiliar:
2 2
⇔ x = 4 ∧ x 6= −1 ⇔
x2 + 1 = 0 ⇔ x2 = −1 7→ Equação impossı́vel em R
√
⇔ x = ± 4∧ Condição universal em R ⇔
⇔ x = −2 ∨ x = 2
Assim,
x2 + 3x
f (x) = 0 ⇔ =0⇔
x2 − 9
⇔ x2 + 3x = 0 ∧ x2 − 9 6= 0 ⇔
Cálculo auxiliar:
⇔ x(x + 3) = 0 ∧ x 6= −3 ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔
x2 − 9 = 0 ⇔ x2 = 9
⇔ (x = 0 ∨ x + 3 = 0) ∧ x 6= −3 ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔ √
⇔ x = ± 9 ⇔ x = −3 ∨ x = 3
⇔ (x = 0 ∨ x = −3) ∧ x 6= −3 ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔
⇔x=0
Assim,
2x2 − 4x − 6
f (x) = 0 ⇔ =0⇔
x2 + x
Cálculo auxiliar:
⇔ 2x2 − 4x − 6 = 0 ∧ x2 + x 6= 0 ⇔
p x2 + x = 0 ⇔ x(x + 1) = 0 ⇔
−(−4) ± (−4)2 − 4 × 2 × (−6)
⇔x= ∧ x 6= −1 ∧ x 6= 0 ⇔
2×2 ⇔x=0∨x+1=0⇔
⇔ (x = −1 ∨ x = 3) ∧ x 6= −1 ∧ x 6= 0 ⇔
⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = −1
⇔x=3
Assim,
2x2 + x + 2
f (x) = 0 ⇔ =0⇔
x2 − x
Cálculo auxiliar:
⇔ 2x2 + x + 2 = 0 ∧ x2 − x 6= 0 ⇔
√ x2 − x = 0 ⇔ x(x − 1) = 0 ⇔
−2 ± 22 − 4 × 2 × 2
⇔x= ∧ x 6= 0 ∧ x 6= 1 ⇔
2×2
√ ⇔x=0∨x−1=0⇔
−2 ± −12
⇔x= ∧ x 6= 0 ∧ x 6= 1 ⇔
4 ⇔x=0∨x=1
⇔ Equação impossı́vel em R ∧x 6= 0 ∧ x 6= 1
Assim,
x2 − 2x − 3
f (x) = 0 ⇔ =0⇔
(x − 3)2
⇔ x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 ∧ (x − 3)2 6= 0 ⇔ Cálculo auxiliar:
p
−(−2) ± (−2)2 − 4 × 1 × (−3)
⇔x= ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔ (x − 3)2 = 0 ⇔ x − 3 = 0 ⇔
2×2
⇔ (x = −1 ∨ x = 3) ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔ ⇔x=3
⇔ x = −1
Assim,
x+1 x
g(x) = 0 ⇔ − =0⇔
x−3 x+1
(x + 1)(x + 1) − x(x − 3)
⇔ =0⇔
(x − 3)(x + 1)
x2 + 2x + 1 − x2 + 3x
⇔ =0⇔
(x − 3)(x + 1) Cálculo auxiliar:
5x + 1
⇔ =0⇔
(x − 3)(x + 1) (x − 3)(x + 1) = 0 ⇔
⇔ 5x + 1 = 0 ∧ (x − 3)(x + 1) 6= 0 ⇔
⇔x−3=0∨x+1=0
⇔ 5x = −1 ∧ x 6= −1 ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔
⇔ x = 3 ∨ x = −1
−1
⇔x= ∧ x 6= −1 ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔
5
1
⇔ x = − ∧ x 6= −1 ∧ x 6= 3 ⇔
5
1
⇔x=−
5
1
Resposta: − é o zero da função g
5
Assim,
x 2
g(x) = 0 ⇔ + =0⇔
x2 − 4 x − 2
x 2
⇔ + =0⇔
(x − 2)(x + 2) x − 2
x + 2(x + 2)
⇔ =0⇔
(x − 2)(x + 2)
x + 2x + 4 Cálculo auxiliar:
⇔ =0⇔
(x − 2)(x + 2)
3x + 4 (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0 ⇔
⇔ =0⇔
(x − 2)(x + 2)
⇔ 3x + 4 = 0 ∧ (x − 2)(x + 2) 6= 0 ⇔ ⇔x−2=0∨x+2=0
⇔ 3x = −4 ∧ x 6= −2 ∧ x 6= 2 ⇔ ⇔ x = 2 ∨ x = −2
−4
⇔x= ∧ x 6= −2 ∧ x 6= 2 ⇔
3
4
⇔ x = − ∧ x 6= −2 ∧ x 6= 2 ⇔
3
4
⇔x=−
3
4
Resposta: − é o zero da função g
3
2 1 −2 −1
1
− −1 0 1
2
2 0 −2 0
O quociente é 2 × Q(x) = 2x2 − 2 ⇔ Q(x) = x2 − 1
Assim,
Assim,
2x3 + x2 − 2x − 1
g(x) = 0 ⇔ = 0 ⇔ 2x3 + x2 − 2x − 1 = 0 ∧ x2 + 2x + 1 6= 0 ⇔
x2 + 2x + 1
1 √
⇔ (2x = −1 ∨ x2 = 1) ∧ x 6= −1 ⇔ (x = − ∨ x = ± 1) ∧ x 6= −1 ⇔
2
1 1
⇔ (x = − ∨ x = −1 ∨ x = 1) ∧ x 6= −1 ⇔ x = − ∨ x = 1
2 2
1
Resposta: − e 1, são os zeros da função g
2
Cálculo auxiliar:
x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 ⇔ (x + 1)2 = 0 ⇔ x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x = −1
Logo, x2 + 2x + 1 6= 0 ⇔ x 6= −1
7. .
Numerador
Zeros: x + 3 = 0 ⇔ x = −3
x + 3 > 0 ⇔ x > −3
x + 3 < 0 ⇔ x < −3
Denominador
Zeros: 2 − x = 0 ⇔ x = 2
Sinal:
Tabela de sinais
x −∞ −3 2 +∞
x+3 − 0 + + +
2−x + + + 0 −
x+3
− 0 + n.d. −
2−x
Concluindo:
f (x) > 0 ⇔ x ∈] − 3; 2[
Cálculo auxiliar:
x2 − 3x = 0 ⇔ x(x − 3) = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = 3
Numerador
Zeros: 2x + 4 = 0 ⇔ 2x = −4 ⇔ x = −2
Sinal:
Denominador
Zeros: x2 − 3x = 0 ⇔ x(x − 3) = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = 3
Sinal:
x −∞ −2 0 3 +∞
2x + 4 − 0 + + + + +
x2 − 3x + + + 0 − 0 +
2x + 4
− 0 + n.d. − n.d. +
x2 − 3x
Concluindo:
Numerador
√
Zeros: −x2 + 1 = 0 ⇔ x2 = 1 ⇔ x = ± 1 ⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 1
Sinal:
Assim, −1 1
− −
−x2 + 1 > 0 ⇔ −1 < x < 1
Denominador
Zeros: x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x = −1
Sinal:
x + 1 > 0 ⇔ x > −1
x + 1 < 0 ⇔ x < −1
Tabela de sinais
x −∞ −1 1 +∞
−x2 + 1 − 0 + 0 −
x+1 − 0 + + +
−x2 + 9
+ n.d. + 0 −
−x + 3
Concluindo:
4 − 2x = 0 ⇔ −2x = −4 ⇔ x = 2
Numerador
p
2 −5 ± 52 − 4 × (−3) × (−2) 2
Zeros: −3x + 5x − 2 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔x=1∨x=
2 × (−3) 3
Sinal:
Denominador
Zeros: 4 − 2x = 0 ⇔ −2x = −4 ⇔ x = 2
Sinal:
Tabela de sinais
2
x −∞ 1 2 +∞
3
2
−3x + 5x − 2 − 0 + 0 − − −
4 − 2x + + + + + 0 −
−3x2 + 5x − 2
− 0 + 0 − n.d. +
4 − 2x
Concluindo:
2
f (x) > 0 ⇔ x ∈ ; 1 ∪]2; +∞[
3
2
f (x) < 0 ⇔ x ∈ −∞; ∪]1; 2[
3
Cálculos auxiliares
√
x2 − 16 = 0 ⇔ x2 = 16 ⇔ x = ± 16 ⇔ x = ±4
Numerador
√
2 −2 ± 22 − 4 × 1 × 5
Zeros: x + 2x + 5 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2×1
√
−2 ± −16
⇔x= 7→ Equação impossı́vel em R
2
Não existem zeros reais
Sinal:
Assim, + + +
x2 + 2x + 5 > 0, ∀x ∈ R
Denominador
√
Zeros: x2 − 16 = 0 ⇔ x2 = 16 ⇔ x = ± 16 ⇔ x = ±4
Sinal:
+ +
x2 − 16 > 0 ⇔ x < −4 ∨ x > 4
−4 4
x2 − 16 < 0 ⇔ −4 < x < 4 −
Tabela de sinais
x −∞ −4 4 +∞
x2 + 2x + 5 + + + + +
x2 − 16 + 0 − 0 +
2
x + 2x + 5
+ n.d. − n.d. +
x2 − 16
Concluindo:
f (x) < 0 ⇔ x ∈] − 4; 4[
Cálculos auxiliares
x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 ⇔ (x + 2)2 = 0 ⇔ x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = −2
Numerador
Sinal:
Assim,
−x2 − 2 < 0, ∀x ∈ R
Denominador
Zeros: x2 + 4x + 4 ⇔ (x + 2)2 = 0 ⇔ x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = −2
Sinal:
+ +
x2 + 4x + 4 > 0, ∀x 6= −2
−2
Tabela de sinais
x −∞ −2 +∞
−x2 − 2 − − −
x2 + 4x + 4 + 0 +
−x2 − 2
− n.d. −
x2 + 4x + 4
Concluindo: