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Contributors
Jacqueline Agnew, MPH, PhD, RN, FAAN Julie Anne Cook, RN, MSN/MPH, APHN-BC
Professor, Department of Environmental Health Occupational Health Specialist
Sciences Suburban Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine
The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Healt Bethesda, Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland Chapter 10
Chapter 6
Christine Colella, DNP, CS, CNP
Kathleen Ballman, DNP, ACNP-BC, CEN, EMT-P Associate Professor of Clinical Nursing, Director, NP
Associate Professor of Clinical Nursing, Coordinator, programs
Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing
Program Cincinnati, Ohio
University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing Chapter 16
Cincinnati, Ohio
Mary K. Donnelly, DNP, MPH, CRNP
Chapter 15
Instructor
Derryl E. Block, PhD, MPH, MSN, RN Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
Dean, College of Health and Human Sciences Baltimore, Maryland
Northern Illinois University Chapter 19
DeKalb, Illinois
Elaine R. Feeney, PhD, RN
Chapter 22
Adjunct Faculty
Jenny Bradley, MSN, RN Towson University
Nurse Manager, Emergency Department Baltimore, Maryland
MultiCare Auburn Medical Center Chapter 11
Auburn, Washington
Sheila T. Fitzgerald, PhD, ANP, MSN, BS
Chapter 25
Associate Professor, Director, Occupational
Susan Bulecza, DNP, RN, PHCNS-BC and Environmental Health Nursing Program
State Public Health Nursing Director Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Florida Department of Health Baltimore, Maryland
Tallahassee, Florida Chapter 21
Chapter 14
Gordon Gillespie, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC, CEN,
Maureen Farrell Cadorette, PhD, RN, BSN, MPH, CPEN, FAEN
COHN-S Associate Professor & Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Assistant Scientist Nurse Faculty Scholar
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health University of Cincinnati
Baltimore, Maryland Cincinnati, Ohio
Chapter 6 Chapters 21 & 25
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x Contributors
Emily Johnson, MSN, RN, CPNP-PC Rose Chalo Nabirye, PhD, MPH, BNS
Part-time Clinical Faculty, Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Senior Lecturer and Chair, Department of Nursing
Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences
Baltimore, Maryland Makerere University
Chapter 19 Kampala, Uganda
Chapter 13
Elizabeth S. Kasameyer, RN, BSN, MSN/MPH, DrPH
Risk Assessment Certificate Mary R. Nicholson, RN, BSN, MSN CIC
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Infection Control Practitioner, Manager
Baltimore, Maryland The Christ Hospita
Chapter 6 Cincinnati, Ohio
Chapter 15
Rebecca C. Lee, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC, CTN-A
Associate Professor Krysten North, MPH
University of Cincinnati College of Nursing Chapter 24
Cincinnati, Ohio
Donna Shambley-Ebron, PhD, RN, CTN-A
Chapter 24
Associate Professor
Jeanne Leffers, PhD, RN University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing
Professor Emeritus Cincinnati, Ohio
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth College Chapter 23
of Nursing
Sarah Szanton, PhD, ANP, FAAN
North Dartmouth, Massachusetts
Associate Professor and PhD Program Director
Chapter 18
Associate Director for Policy, Center on Innovative Care
Barbara B. Little, DNP, MPH, RN, APHN-BC, CNE in Aging
Senior Teaching Faculty Joint Appointment with the Department of Health
Florida State University Policy and Management,
Tallahassee, Florida Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Chapter 14 Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
Baltimore, Maryland
William A. Mase, Dr.PH, MPH, MA
Chapter 24
Assistant Professor
Georgia Southern University Christine Vandenhouten, PhD, RN, APHN-BC
Statesboro, Georgia Assistant Professor
Chapter 3 University of Wisconsin, Green Bay Professional
Program in Nursing
Donna Mazyck, MS, RN, NCSN
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Executive Director
Chapter 3
National Association of School Nurse
Silver Spring, Maryland Tenner Goodwin Veenema, PhD, MPH, RN, FAAN
Chapter 19 Associate Professor
Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
Kathleen Michael, PhD, RN, CRRN
Baltimore, Maryland
Associate Professor
Chapter 25
University of Maryland School of Nursing
Baltimore, Maryland
Chapter 20
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Reviewers
Jo Ann C. Abegglen, DNP, APRN, PNP Judith D. Brock, BA, BSN, MPH
Associate Professor of Nursing Assistant Professor of Nursing
Brigham Young University College of Nursing Mesa State College
Provo, Utah Grand Junction, Colorado
Evelyn L. Acheson, PhD, RN Voncelia Brown, PhD, RN
Director, WHO Collaborating Center (Affiliate Assistant Professor
Graduate Faculty Salisbury University
University of Oklahoma Salisbury, Maryland
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Marta A. Browning, MSN, RN
Kathleen Anderson, MS, RNP-C Clinical Associate Professor of Nursing
Assistant Clinical Professor University of Alabama in Huntsville
Binghamton University Huntsville, Alabama
Binghamton, New York
Annie Collins, RN, MSN
Lori Barber, RN, MN, LNC Assistant Professor
Professor of Nursing Washburn University
Utah Valley University Topeka, Kansas
Orem, Utah
Elizabeth B. Daniels, MN, RN
Margaret K. Bassett, MPH, MS, BSN Assistant Professor
Associate Professor Medical College of Georgia
Radford University Athens, Georgia
Radford, Virginia
Karen J. Egenes, EdD, RN, CNE
Susan Benson, MPH, RN Associate Professor and Chair, Dept. of Health
Clinical Faculty Promotion
University of Texas at El Paso Loyola University Chicago, Marcella Niehoff School
El Paso, Texas of Nursing
Chicago, Illinois
Lisa Marie Bernardo, PhD, MPH, RN, HFS
Associate Professor Aida L. Egues, DNP, RN, PHCNS-BC, CNE
University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing Assistant Professor
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania New York College of Technology of the City University
of New York
Joan T. Bickes, MSN, APRN, BC
Brooklyn, New York
Assistant Professor (Clinical)
Wayne State University Priscilla Faulkner, MS, MA, CNS, CDE
Detroit, Michigan Assistant Professor
University of Northern Colorado School of Nursing
Anne Bongiorno, PhD, APRN, BC, CNE
Greeley, Colorado
Associate Professor
SUNY Plattsburgh
Plattsburgh, New York
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xii Reviewers
Sue Gabriel, EdD, MSN, MFS, RN, SANE-A, CFN, Ginny Langham, MSN, RN
FABFN, FABFE Instructor
Associate Professor Auburn Montgomery School of Nursing
BryanLGH College of Health Sciences, College Montgomery, Alabama
of Nursing
Cheryl Leiningen, MA, RN, APN-BC
Lincoln, Nebraska
Assistant Professor, Program Coordinator
Candace Graber, RN, MSN, AOCNS New Jersey City University
Faculty Jersey City, New Jersey
Platt College
Alice L. March, PhD, RN, FNP-C, CNE
Aurora, Colorado
Assistant Professor
Linda P. Grimsley, DSN, RN The University of Alabam
Chair & Associate Professor, Department of Nursing Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Albany State College
Karen May, MSN, RN
Albany, Georgia
Assistant Professor
Mary Alice Hodge, PhD, RN Neumann University
Director, BSN Programs Aston, Pennsylvania
Gardner-Webb University
Elizabeth Henderson McIntosh, CRNP, FNP, MSN
Boiling Springs, North Carolina
Nurse Practitioner, Clinical Faculty
Beverley E. Holland, PhD, ARNP Auburn University
BSN Department Chair, Associate Professor Montgomery, Alabama
Bellarmine University
Jeanne Pfeiffer, DNP, MPH, RN, CIC
Louisville, Kentucky
Clinical Assistant Professor
Debbie Hooser, DNSc, RN University of Minnesota School of Nursing
Associate Professor of Nursing Minneapolis, Minnesota
Baptist College of Health Sciences
Rebecca Presswood, MS, RN
Memphis, Tennessee
Instructor, Associate Degree of Nursing Program
Faye Hummel, PhD, RN, CTN Blinn College
Professor Bryan, Texas
University of Northern Colorado School of Nursing
Sandy Sánchez, PhD
Greeley, Colorado
Professor and BSN Coordinator
Mary Agnes Kendra, PhD, RN University of Texas-Pan American
Associate Professor of Nursing Edinburg, Texas
The University of Akro
Regina Smeltzer, RN, MSN
Akron, Ohio
Assistant Professor, Coordinator of RN to BSN Program
Judith L. Keswick, RN, PHN, MSN Francis Marion University
Associate Professor of Nursing, Stanislaus Darlington, South Carolina
California State University
Diane L. Smith, RN, MSN
Turlock, California
Assistant Professor
Malena King-Jones, PhD, RN, MS College of the Ozarks
Assistant Professor Point Lookout, Missouri
D’Youville College School of Nursing
Gale A. Spencer, PhD, RN
Buffalo, New Yor
Distinguished Teaching Professor, Decker Chair in
Sandra Kundrik Leh, PhD, RN Community Health
Assistant Professor of Nursing Decker School of Nursing, Binghamton University
Cedar Crest College Binghamton, New York
Allentown, Pennsylvania
2199_FM_i-xviii 29/06/15 11:15 AM Page xiii
Reviewers xiii
Acknowledgments
xv
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Table of Contents
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■ Appendix 652
QSEN Crosswalk 652
Index 655
xviii
2199_Ch01_001-026 24/06/15 3:52 PM Page 1
Chapter 1
KEY TER MS
Aggregate Determinants of health Population health Public health nursing
Community Health Population-focused care Public health science
Core functions Population Public health
1
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Nightingale, recognized as an early pioneer in epidemi- BOX 1–1 Ten Essential Public Health Services
ology and public health science.
The 10 essential public health services provide the
framework for the National Public Health Performance
What Is Public Health? Standards Program (NPHPSP). Because the strength of
Although public health has contributed significantly t a public health system rests on its capacity to effectively
the health of the nation over the past century, it is ofte deliver the 10 Essential Public Health Services, the
difficul to define. In 1920, a respected public healt NPHPSP instruments for health systems assess how
figure, C.E.A. Winslow, defined public health a well they perform the following:
1. Monitor health status to identify community health
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life problems.
and promoting health and efficiency through organiz 2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health
community effort for the sanitation of the environment hazards in the community.
the control of communicable infections, the education 3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health
of the individual in personal hygiene, the organization issues.
of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis 4. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and
and preventive treatment of disease, and for the devel- solve health problems.
5. Develop policies and plans that support individual
opment of the social machinery to insure everyone a
and community health efforts.
standard of living adequate for the maintenance of
6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and
health, so organizing these benefits as to enable every cit ensure safety.
izen to realize his birthright of health and longevity.1 7. Link people to needed personal health services and
Winslow’s definition actually reflects what publ assure the provision of health care when otherwise
unavailable.
health is, the scientific basis of public health, and what i
8. Assure a competent public health and personal
does, and it remains relevant to this day.2 health-care workforce.
In 1988, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), in its report 9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of
The Future of Public Health, added clarity to the term by personal and population-based health services.
defining public health as what society does collectively 10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to
to assure the conditions for people to be healthy.6 It iden- health problems.
tified three core functions that encompass the purpose
Source: American Public Health Association, http://www.apha.org/programs/
of public health. These include (1) assessment, (2) policy standards/performancestandardsprogram/resexxentialservices.htm.
development, and (3) assurance. Assessment focuses on
the systematic collection, analysis, and monitoring of
health problems and needs. Policy development refers to
using scientific knowledge to develop comprehensiv BOX 1–2 Healthy People 2020: Public Health
public health policies. Assurance relates to assuring con- Infrastructure
stituents that public health agencies provide services Public health infrastructure is fundamental to the provi-
necessary to achieve agreed-upon goals. sion and execution of public health services at all levels.
In 1994, the Public Health Functions Steering Com- A strong infrastructure provides the capacity to prepare
mittee, a group of public and private partners, added for and respond to both acute (emergency) and chronic
further clarification to the definition by establishing a (ongoing) threats to the Nation’s health. Infrastructure is
list of essential services. It developed the list of essential the foundation for planning, delivering, and evaluating
services through a consensus process with federal public health. Public health infrastructure includes 3 key
components that enable a public health organization at
agencies and major national public health agencies 7
the Federal, Tribal, State, or local level to deliver public
(see Box 1-1). health services. These components are:
Although the government is likely to play a leadership A capable and qualified workforce
role in ensuring that the essential services are provided, Up-to-date data and information systems
public, private, and voluntary organizations are also Public health agencies capable of assessing and
needed to provide a healthy environment and are a part responding to public health needs
of the public health system. 8 This is best depicted in the These components are necessary to fulfill the following
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Healthy 10 Essential Public Health Services
People 2020 explanation of the key components of the Sources: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?
public health infrastructure9 (see Box 1-2). topicId=35.
2199_Ch01_001-026 24/06/15 3:52 PM Page 3
Public Health Frameworks: Challenges cholera, measles and Ebola virus. Planning for commu-
and Trends nicable disease outbreaks such as a pandemic will require
new ethical frameworks to guide decision making re-
Public health in the 21st century is facing new chal-
garding appropriate action with limited resources.13 Th
lenges and trends that are likely to demand different
world needs new regulations to strengthen national and
frameworks for its practice today. The events that
global surveillance capabilities.14
brought this fact to the forefront were two disasters:
Public health also needs ethical frameworks to address
the attacks of September 11, 2001, and Hurricane
the advancement of scientific and medical technologies 12
Katrina. On September 11, 2001, 2,998 people in the
The increasing use of genomics, for example, raises
United States were killed in terrorist attacks. Before
questions of how to protect against discrimination. An-
this event, few would have thought that such an event
other challenge is the aging and more diverse population.
could happen on American soil. The world changed
With aging, there is an increase in noncommunicable
that day. The United States, along with the rest of the
(chronic) illness. Noncommunicable illness, in turn, oc-
world, recognized the existence of new public health
curs in part owing to lifestyle behaviors such as smoking
concerns, biological warfare, chemical weapons, and
and nutrition. In 1926, Winslow discussed the need
nuclear and radiological weapons.
for new methods to address heart disease, respiratory
In contrast, Hurricane Katrina, which savaged the
diseases, and cancer. 15 We still need frameworks to
Gulf Coast of the United States in the summer of 2005,
help improve noncommunicable disease outcomes and,
was a natural disaster. A horrified public watched as th
from a global perspective, to address how international
emergency systems in New Orleans collapsed, leaving
collective action becomes essential to combating the
people to suffer and die, not only from the destructio
tobacco epidemic.16
of the hurricane, but also from a lack of water, food, san-
itation, and medical attention. After Katrina and the at
tacks of September 11, 2001, the country acknowledged Emerging Public Health Frameworks
the need to strengthen the public health infrastructure, In 2003, the IOM produced a report, The Future of the
with an increasing emphasis on disaster preparedness Public’s Health in the Twenty-First Century, as an update
and emergency response. of the 1988 IOM report. 6,8 In this report, the IOM pre-
The lessons of September 11, 2001, and Katrina and sented the ecological model as the basis not only for un-
its aftermath have extended to the global community. derstanding health in populations but also for assuring
Any disaster can quickly escalate from direct injuries conditions in which populations can be healthy. 17 Th
and deaths to indirect illness and death because of committee built on an ecological model created by
the destruction of the public health infrastructure Dahlgren and Whitehead, 18 and based its model on the
and the denial of public health resources to vulnerable assumption that health is influenced at several levels
populations. Therefore, from a global perspective, individuals, families, communities, organizations, and
public health systems in developed and developing social systems (Fig. 1-1). The model is also based on th
countries deserve international public health resource assumptions that:
monitoring.10
• There are multiple determinants of health
Globalization is another challenge for public health in
• A population and environmental approach is
the 21st century. Globalization is defined as “the proces
critical.
of increasing economic, political, and social independ-
• Linkages and relationships between the levels are
ence and integration as capital, goods, persons, concepts,
important.
images, ideas, and values cross state boundaries.” 11 It is
• Multiple strategies by multiple sectors are needed to
associated with increased travel, trade, economic growth,
achieve desired outcomes.19
and diffusion of technology, resulting sometimes i
greater disparities between rich and poor, environmental Conventional public health models such as the epi-
degradation, and food security issues. 12 It has also re- demiological model of the agent, host, and environment
sulted in greater distribution of products such as tobacco recognize this ecological approach (Chapter 3). However,
or alcohol. With globalization, there is also an emergence this newly defined ecological model reflects a deeper u
or reemergence of communicable diseases, including derstanding of the role not only of the physical environ-
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired im ment but also of the conditions in the social environment
munodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respira- creating poor health, referred to as an “upstream” ap-
tory syndrome (SARS), hepatitis, malaria, diphtheria, proach.8,20 Upstream refers to determinants of health that
2199_Ch01_001-026 24/06/15 3:52 PM Page 4
Local Public Health Departments collaborative entities that joined with their communities
The basic mandate of the local public health department in an inclusive process as described in the first sectio
is to protect the health of the citizens residing in their of this chapter.
county, municipality, township, or territory. However, Since September 11, 2001, health departments have
how public health departments implement this protec- taken on major responsibilities related to the disaster
tion varies across states. This results in variability in th preparedness and emergency response needs that were
services offered and the public health activities of th discussed earlier. For many public health departments,
local health departments. As a result of federal mandates, traditional public health programs and health priorities
public health departments uniformly perform certain ac- have become secondary to this new mandate. 23 Health
tivities. These include surveillance, outbreak investiga departments have become involved in setting policy and
tion, and quarantine as well as mandated reporting securing funds that will help to improve the ability of
of specific diseases and cause of death to state healt their department and their communities to respond to
departments and the Centers for Disease Control and natural and man-made disasters. The challenge for healt
Prevention (CDC). This allows the federal governmen departments is to keep the needs of disaster preparedness
to track the incidence and prevalence of disease from a in perspective in relation to the community they serve.
national perspective. The ability to do this requires a new application of the
In addition to these mandated activities related to assessment process mentioned earlier. What is the like-
disease, local health departments also oversee public san- lihood of a terrorist attack? How likely is the community
itation and the safety of the water supply. They accom to experience an outbreak of a communicable disease
plish this through laboratory testing of water samples, such as SARS (Fig. 1-2)? For some communities, the risk
inspection of sewer systems, and health-related mandates is much higher, but determining the level of risk requires
such as the boiling of water when they have identified gathering the facts related to a specific community. I
potential threat to health. For some health departments, some cases, local health departments can only determine
this oversight includes the actual provision of these serv- the risk by joining forces with other local health depart-
ices, but not always. Private water companies still exist ments or by initiating the effort from the state level
in the United States. Public health departments also over- as evidenced by large-scale earthquake disaster drills in
see food safety and carry out inspections of restaurants California because of the widespread risk of earthquakes
and food retailers. across that state (Fig. 1-3).
What else do local health departments do aside from Another serious issue for health departments is secur-
monitoring disease and sanitation in their community? ing funds. It is difficult for a health department to balan
Some also provide direct health care. For example, some
local health departments manage public health clinics that
provide direct care aimed at health promotion for their
residents, including vaccinations, prenatal care, and well-
baby visits. Other health departments provide care at the
individual level such as home health nursing services.
In 1988, the IOM identified assessment of the com
munity as a core function of public health. This require
that public health departments base their activities on a
planned methodological assessment of the community
they serve.6 After the IOM published The Future of Public
Health, models of community assessment emerged (see
Chapter 4), some from within the public health system
and some from the healthy communities movement. Th
healthy communities movement used a grass roots
approach aimed at mobilizing communities to come to- Figure 1-2 Sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
gether and promote health within their community. All epidemic: Deborah Cannon of the Special Pathogens
of the models were collaborative and required that com- Branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
munity members and stakeholders actively participate in processing SARS specimens. (From the Centers for Disease
the process. This process shifted public health depar Control and Prevention, courtesy of Anthony Sanchez. Photographer,
ments from pure governmental top-down structures to James Gathany, 2003.)
2199_Ch01_001-026 24/06/15 3:52 PM Page 6
Terwijl het in de vertellingen der negers van Sierra Leone (Cr.) en van
de Goudkust (Ba.), waar de Tshi-taal gesproken wordt, doorgaans de
spin is, hier Mr. Spider genoemd, over wiens heldendaden verteld
wordt, bij de Yoruba’s van de oostelijke deelen der Slavenkust en bij de
Bantoe-stammen van Aequatoriaal West-Afrika daarentegen de
schildpad, die als Trorkey of Mr. Turtle ook in vele Sierra Leone-
vertellingen optreedt, hebben de negers van Zuid-Afrika als nationale
held een dier, dat zij Cunnie 36 Rabbit noemen en dat ook herhaaldelijk
in de verhalen de Goudkust-negers optreedt.
Dat sluwheid het meestal boven kracht wint, hiervan is de neger overal
in Afrika doordrongen (zie o.a. in „Avond op het water”, Bijvoegsel II).
Wij treffen deze waarheid ook aan in de reeds aangehaalde
vertellingen, door inboorlingen aan Stanley gedaan (zie blz. 203), en
waarin nu eens door een aardig bedrog of sluwe krijgslist de loeiende
buffel het onderspit moest delven voor het scherpe vernuft van het
konijntje, dan weêr de hond het won van zijn forschen meester, het
luipaard.
Welk een belangrijke plaats de vertellingen in het leven van den West-
Afrikaanschen neger innemen, blijkt wel uit de slotregels eener
pakkende vertelling in het belangwekkende werkje van Florence
Cronise en Henry Ward—niet alleen voor Sierra Leone, doch ook
voor [233]het verder oostwaarts liggende gebied (Ivoorkust, Goudkust en
Slavenkust) geldend.—„Bijna den ganschen nacht was met vertellen in
een der hutten doorgebracht en nog waren sommigen wakker genoeg,
om naar meer te verlangen. Sorpee was juist bezig, om zich voor te
bereiden voor een volgende vertelling, toen allen een vogel hoorden
schreeuwen. „Dah fowl craze”, 39 riep Oleemah uit, die juist zijn vertelling
geëindigd had, en niet kunnende gelooven, dat de morgen reeds
aanbrak, stond hij op, om zijn hoofd buiten de hut te steken.
„Nar true word dah fowl duh talk”, 40 zei hij, toen hij de eerste teekenen
van den naderenden dag had gezien. De wolken hingen zwaar, de
regen had opgehouden, en de dampen begonnen op te trekken”.
„Oleemah, door deze teekenen er aan herinnerd, dat het leven niet
uitsluitend verdichtsel 41 is, liep naar buiten en begaf zich naar zijn hut.
En, toen hij het sein aan de anderen had gegeven, om op te staan en
huiswaarts te keeren, voelde iedereen, dat de nacht goed besteed was
geweest”.
Suriname.
Anansi,
1. die een half dorp verovert.
Spin 2.
en de prinses.
Het huwelijk
3. van Heer Spin.
Anansi,
4. Tijger en de doode koe.
Anansi
5. en zijn kinderen.
Hoe Spin
6. zijn schuldeischers betaalt.
Een feest
7. bij de Waternimf.
Spin 8.
en kat.
Spin 9.
en krekel.
Heer10.
Spin als Geestelijke.
Heer11.
Spin als roeier.
Spin12.
neemt Tijger gevangen.
Heer13.
Spin en Hond.
Tijger’s
14. verjaardag.
Spin15.
voert de Dood in.
Spin16.
wedt, Tijger te berijden.
Verhaal
17. uit het leven van vriend Spin.[236]
Anansi
18. als Amerikaan verkleed.
Heer19.
Spin en de Waternimf.
Anansi,
20. Hert en Kikvorsch.
Heer
21.Spin als landbouwer.
Anansi
22. en de Bliksem.
Ieder
23.volwassen man moet een rood zitvlak hebben.
Hoe24.
Anansi aan schapenvleesch wist te komen.
De geschiedenis
25. van Fini Foetoe, Bigi bere en Bigi hede.
Legende
26. van Leisah I.
27. II.
,, ,, ,,
Verhaal
28. van het land van „Moeder Soemba”.
Boen29.no habi tangi, of: ondank is ’s werelds loon.
Geschiedenis
30. van Kopro Kanon.
De Meermin
31. of Watra-mama.
De Boa
32. in de gedaante van een schoonen jongeling.
Het 33.
huwelijk van Aap.
Hoe Heer
1. Spin, door zijn bekwaamheid als geneesheer,
de mooie dochter van den landvoogd wist te krijgen.
(Cuenta di nansi).
[237]
Jamaicaansche neger-vertellingen. 46
(Annancy-stories).
Annancy
1. in Krabbenland (met muziek).
Reiger
2. (met muziek).
Annancy,
3. Poes en Rat (met muziek).
[Inhoud]
Vreemd mag het daarom schijnen, dat Anansi in No. 22, getiteld:
„Heer Spin en de Bliksem”, met zijn gansche familie vernietigd wordt.
Welk dier de Surinaamsche neger op het oog heeft, als hij vertelt
van de slimme streken van „het konijn”, is moeilijk te zeggen. Is dit
nog dezelfde „cunnie 54 Rabbit”, waarover de inboorlingen van West-
Afrika zoo gaarne opsnijden, en waarmede, zooals reeds werd
opgemerkt 55, het dwergmuskusdier*, Hyomoschus aquaticus
bedoeld wordt, een dier, dat in Suriname niet voorkomt, of is hiervoor
in de plaats getreden de Agoeti*, door de Surinaamsche negers koni
koni genoemd?
Het is duidelijk, dat waar de negers zich vrij gemakkelijk naar hunne
nieuwe omgeving weten te schikken en er steeds behagen in
scheppen, over zaken en toestanden te redeneeren en
philosopheeren, de Europeesche invloed in hunne vertellingen zich
meer en meer heeft doen gevoelen. Deze invloed moet reeds
uitgegaan zijn van de eerste kolonisten, meer in het bijzonder van
hunne kinderen, die de slaven ook met hunne sprookjes bekend
wilden maken; en later, toen de slavernij werd afgeschaft en er een
intiemere verhouding tusschen negers en blanken [242]ontstond,
moet de Europeesche invloed in de negervertellingen steeds meer
op den voorgrond getreden zijn.
Zoo vindt de lezer in het reeds genoemde verhaal: „Uit het leven van
vriend Spin” zelfs de herinnering aan Napoleon 56 en aan den slag bij
Quatrebras in 1815 bewaard, en in No. 18, getiteld: „De Spin als
Amerikaan verkleed” vindt hij een uiting van den haat der negers
tegen Amerikanen, die in den laatsten tijd ten behoeve der goud-
exploitatie en andere ontginningen van delfstoffen herhaaldelijk de
kolonie bezoeken, terwijl wij in de vertelling No. 21, getiteld: „Heer
Spin als landbouwer” zelfs melding gemaakt vinden van het uitgeven
van perceelen tot uitbreiding van den kleinen landbouw, waarmede
eerst geruimen tijd na de opheffing der slavernij een aanvang is
gemaakt.
Belangrijk zou het zijn, uit een veel grooter aantal vertellingen, dan
waarover tot nu toe beschikt kan worden, aanknoopingspunten te
zoeken met de vertellingen van de negers van West-Afrika. Hier mag
de aandacht gevestigd worden op de groote overeenkomst van No.
16, „Spin wedt Tijger te berijden” met „Mr. Turtle makes a riding-
horse of Mr. Leopard” uit de verzameling van Miss Cronise; op de
merkwaardige overeenkomst van het „Verhaal uit het leven van
Vriend Spin” (No. 17) met „Spider, Elephan’ en Pawpawtamus” van
denzelfden oorsprong (Zie Bijvoegsel II „Avond op het water in
Sierra Leone”), doch met dit verschil, dat het nijlpaard in Suriname
vervangen is door „de walvisch, de grootste visch (?) van de
Spaansche groene zee”; op „No. 4, Anansi, [244]Tijger en de doode
Koe”, die een variant is op „Mr. Spider pulls a supply of beef” in de
verzameling van Miss Cronise en eindelijk op het voorkomen ook in
onze verzameling van een bekende verschijning in de mondelinge
litteratuur der negers, nl. de teerpop (No. 9, „Spin en de Krekel”) die
wij in de bekende Uncle Remus serie, in Noord Amerika verzameld,
als de „Tar Baby” aantreffen en in de verzameling uit Sierra Leone
van Miss Cronise als „the Wax Girl” weêrvinden. Ook de oorzaak
van den eigenaardigen lichaamsbouw der spin vinden wij in een der
vertellingen van den door Miss Cronise bijeengebrachten bundel
vermeld, nl. in de vertelling „Why Mr. Spider’s waist is small”, terwijl
er ten slotte nog de aandacht op gevestigd wordt, dat een aantal
vertellingen der Surinaamsche negers, evenals die van de negers
der Goudkust en van Sierra Leone, van een hongersnood verhalen,
die onder de dieren was uitgebroken. (Zie: „Spin, Olifant en
Hippopotamus” in Bijvoegsel II). Daar de neger in weinige landen
zóó gemakkelijk aan den kost kan komen als in Suriname en daar er
dus wel nimmer voor hem van hongersnood sprake zal zijn geweest,
blijkt hier wederom eene herinnering aan Afrika, waar tijden van
groote voedselschaarschte herhaaldelijk voorkomen, niet alleen door
veelvuldige oorlogen (in vroegere tijden) en vernieling door branden,
doch ook door langdurige droogte en door gemis aan de noodige
zorg voor de toekomst bij den aanplant van een voldoende
hoeveelheid rijst.
De litteratuur van een volk mag de beste uiting van diens zieleleven
worden genoemd en daar de mondelinge litteratuur van den
Surinaamschen neger nog weinig bekend is, en bij eene
beoordeeling van de zwarte bevolking onzer kolonie de slechte
eigenschappen doorgaans breed worden uitgemeten en van de vele
goede karaktereigenschappen dikwijls gezwegen wordt 59, heb ik
gemeend [246]een goed werk te doen, om in de laatste mijner
bijdragen tot de kennis van Suriname, die een uitvloeisel zijn van
mijn reis in 1900, de aandacht te vestigen op de belangrijke neger-
folklore, die evenals zoo veel oorspronkelijks bij de natuurvolken,
bezig is te verdwijnen.
[Inhoud]
„Je weet toch, dat anansi-tori’s niet ieder oogenblik mogen verteld
worden en vooral niet als het dag is; hij die er zich niet aan houdt,
moet zich een ooghaar uittrekken”. 62
„Máss’ra, joe a no wan pikíen, joe kánkan Sranam krioro, en joe sabi
srefi sani anansi-tori wanni taki”. 64
„Arnitri”. 65
Ik vroeg hem daarop, om welke reden men geen anansi-tori’s bij dag
wil vertellen en waarom, als er gevraagd wordt „vertel een anansi-
tori”, men steeds ten antwoord krijgt „mi no sabi” 66.
„Ja, maar ik word door jelui uitgelachen, en jelui denkt, dat ik lieg;
om U de waarheid te zeggen, anansi-tori’s zijn dingen, die niet maar
zoo besproken worden en die in een sterfhuis thuis hooren, niet bij
ons op dit oogenblik.